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Frequency Analysis of Ventricular Fibrillation in Swine Ventricles
Miguel Valderrábano, Junzhong Yang, Chikaya Omichi, John Kil, Scott T. Lamp, Zhilin Qu, Shien-Fong Lin, Hrayr S. Karagueuzian, Alan Garfinkel, Peng-Sheng Chen and James N. Weiss

Circulation Research. 2002;90:213-222, originally published December 13, 2001
https://doi.org/10.1161/hh0202.103645

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Frequency Analysis of Ventricular Fibrillation in Swine Ventricles
Miguel Valderrábano, Junzhong Yang, Chikaya Omichi, John Kil, Scott T. Lamp, Zhilin Qu, Shien-Fong Lin, Hrayr S. Karagueuzian, Alan Garfinkel, Peng-Sheng Chen, James N. Weiss

Circulation Research February 2002, 90 (2) 213-222; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/hh0202.103645

By Miguel Valderrábano, Junzhong Yang, Chikaya Omichi, John Kil, Scott T. Lamp, Zhilin Qu, Shien-Fong Lin, Hrayr S. Karagueuzian, Alan Garfinkel, Peng-Sheng Chen and James N. Weiss

Figure 1. Spatiotemporal instability of frequency domain distributions during VF. Data from...
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Figure 1. Spatiotemporal instability of frequency domain distributions during VF. Data from 9.3 seconds (4000 frames) of continuous VF in epicardial RV are shown. A, panels a through f, DF maps in successive 2.3- (a, b, d, and e) and 4.6-second (c and f) intervals. No consistent stable pattern is present. Red vertical line is the line sampled for STPs. Adjacent to each panel are FFT spectra of pixels at circled positions labeled 1, 2, and 3. B, STPs during 4.6 seconds of the acquisition. Occasional alternating bands are seen consistent with the presence of unstable reentry. No Wenckebach patterns are present. C, Optical action potentials (in arbitrary fluorescence units [F]) at sites 1 through 3, and the pseudo-ECG during the first 4.6 seconds of the recording, showing VF. FFT spectra obtained from the full 9.2 seconds of data are shown at the far right.
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Frequency Analysis of Ventricular Fibrillation in Swine Ventricles
Miguel Valderrábano, Junzhong Yang, Chikaya Omichi, John Kil, Scott T. Lamp, Zhilin Qu, Shien-Fong Lin, Hrayr S. Karagueuzian, Alan Garfinkel, Peng-Sheng Chen, James N. Weiss

Circulation Research February 2002, 90 (2) 213-222; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/hh0202.103645

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Table 1.
By Miguel Valderrábano, Junzhong Yang, Chikaya Omichi, John Kil, Scott T. Lamp, Zhilin Qu, Shien-Fong Lin, Hrayr S. Karagueuzian, Alan Garfinkel, Peng-Sheng Chen and James N. Weiss

Characteristics of Reentry During VF in Biological Tissue and Simulated 3D Tissue (5×5×2.2 cm)Show More

Characteristics of Reentry During VF in Biological Tissue and Simulated 3D Tissue (5×5×2.2 cm)Show Less
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Frequency Analysis of Ventricular Fibrillation in Swine Ventricles
Miguel Valderrábano, Junzhong Yang, Chikaya Omichi, John Kil, Scott T. Lamp, Zhilin Qu, Shien-Fong Lin, Hrayr S. Karagueuzian, Alan Garfinkel, Peng-Sheng Chen, James N. Weiss

Circulation Research February 2002, 90 (2) 213-222; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/hh0202.103645

By Miguel Valderrábano, Junzhong Yang, Chikaya Omichi, John Kil, Scott T. Lamp, Zhilin Qu, Shien-Fong Lin, Hrayr S. Karagueuzian, Alan Garfinkel, Peng-Sheng Chen and James N. Weiss

Figure 2. Spatiotemporal instability of local DFs. A, 11.5-second recording of VF showing S...
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Figure 2. Spatiotemporal instability of local DFs. A, 11.5-second recording of VF showing STPs, optical action potentials, and DF maps obtained at 2.3-second intervals. Horizontal red line is the STP sampling line. Yellow star denotes pixel of which action potential is shown. Black dotted line marks an endocardial trabecula, visible in the raw optical picture (rightmost panel). B, FFT of the optical action potential recording in panel A, divided into five 2.3-second intervals (left). Five different DFs are present. Time course of DF in 5 tissues, showing its temporal instability (right). C, Sample of a 1-minute TMP recording (12 seconds shown), with its FFT (rightmost end), along with the DF time course determined at 1- and 10-second intervals (bottom left). DF time course from TMPs in 5 additional tissues is shown at bottom right.
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Frequency Analysis of Ventricular Fibrillation in Swine Ventricles
Miguel Valderrábano, Junzhong Yang, Chikaya Omichi, John Kil, Scott T. Lamp, Zhilin Qu, Shien-Fong Lin, Hrayr S. Karagueuzian, Alan Garfinkel, Peng-Sheng Chen, James N. Weiss

Circulation Research February 2002, 90 (2) 213-222; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/hh0202.103645

By Miguel Valderrábano, Junzhong Yang, Chikaya Omichi, John Kil, Scott T. Lamp, Zhilin Qu, Shien-Fong Lin, Hrayr S. Karagueuzian, Alan Garfinkel, Peng-Sheng Chen and James N. Weiss

Figure 3. Reentry as a cause of frequency domain boundaries. A, Stationary boundary between...
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Figure 3. Reentry as a cause of frequency domain boundaries. A, Stationary boundary between frequency domains in separate acquisitions is indicated by the red arrow in panels a through f. B, Corresponding isochronal maps during the episode in Aa show reentry intermittently anchored at the site of the red arrow. Black arrows indicate wavelet direction. C, STPs corresponding to DF map and isochronal maps in Aa and B, respectively. The STP sampling line was at the horizontal bar in B and showed a branching pattern produced by double potentials arising from the drifting core of a spiral wave (see Figure 4). Red lines are the corresponding time segments of the isochronal maps in Ba-l. See text for details.
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Frequency Analysis of Ventricular Fibrillation in Swine Ventricles
Miguel Valderrábano, Junzhong Yang, Chikaya Omichi, John Kil, Scott T. Lamp, Zhilin Qu, Shien-Fong Lin, Hrayr S. Karagueuzian, Alan Garfinkel, Peng-Sheng Chen, James N. Weiss

Circulation Research February 2002, 90 (2) 213-222; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/hh0202.103645

By Miguel Valderrábano, Junzhong Yang, Chikaya Omichi, John Kil, Scott T. Lamp, Zhilin Qu, Shien-Fong Lin, Hrayr S. Karagueuzian, Alan Garfinkel, Peng-Sheng Chen and James N. Weiss

Figure 4. Optical action potentials at the stationary frequency domain boundary in Figure 2...
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Figure 4. Optical action potentials at the stationary frequency domain boundary in Figure 2A. A, DF map during a 2.3-second acquisition of VF. A small domain of 11.0 Hz lays between larger domains of 10.2 and 9.8 Hz. B, STPs sampled from the red line in panel A (with position now displayed vertically and time horizontally). C, Optical action potentials (in fluorescence units [F]) from sites labeled 1 through 7 in panel B, along with their corresponding FFT (0 to 2 seconds) and pseudo-ECG. Sites 3 through 5 in the 11.0-Hz domain show clear double potentials and higher DF in the FFT compared with surrounding sites with lower DFs.
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Frequency Analysis of Ventricular Fibrillation in Swine Ventricles
Miguel Valderrábano, Junzhong Yang, Chikaya Omichi, John Kil, Scott T. Lamp, Zhilin Qu, Shien-Fong Lin, Hrayr S. Karagueuzian, Alan Garfinkel, Peng-Sheng Chen, James N. Weiss

Circulation Research February 2002, 90 (2) 213-222; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/hh0202.103645

By Miguel Valderrábano, Junzhong Yang, Chikaya Omichi, John Kil, Scott T. Lamp, Zhilin Qu, Shien-Fong Lin, Hrayr S. Karagueuzian, Alan Garfinkel, Peng-Sheng Chen and James N. Weiss

Figure 5. Apparent Wenckebach conduction. A, panels a through k, Isochronal maps showing ac...
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Figure 5. Apparent Wenckebach conduction. A, panels a through k, Isochronal maps showing activation patterns during apparent Wenckebach conduction in the STPs shown below in panel B. Numbers refer to starting frame. All isochrones span 5 frames. Black arrows and asterisks indicate wavelet direction and breakthrough activations, respectively. Al shows the DF map during this episode, with the vertical line marking the STP sampling line in panel B. B, STPs showing apparent Wenckebach conduction near frames 400 and 550. C, Schematic of the tissue with the location of the PM. D, Optical action potentials (in arbitrary fluorescence units [F]) and their FFTs recorded at the sites labeled 1 through 3 in panel B and the pseudo-ECG. Note the broad and complex FFT spectrum at site 2 where conduction block occurs. Red lines mark starting points in respective isochronal maps in panel A. Gray arrows reflect apparent progressive conduction slowing. See text for details.
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Frequency Analysis of Ventricular Fibrillation in Swine Ventricles
Miguel Valderrábano, Junzhong Yang, Chikaya Omichi, John Kil, Scott T. Lamp, Zhilin Qu, Shien-Fong Lin, Hrayr S. Karagueuzian, Alan Garfinkel, Peng-Sheng Chen, James N. Weiss

Circulation Research February 2002, 90 (2) 213-222; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/hh0202.103645

By Miguel Valderrábano, Junzhong Yang, Chikaya Omichi, John Kil, Scott T. Lamp, Zhilin Qu, Shien-Fong Lin, Hrayr S. Karagueuzian, Alan Garfinkel, Peng-Sheng Chen and James N. Weiss

Figure 6. Spatiotemporal instability of frequency domain distribution during VF in simulate...
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Figure 6. Spatiotemporal instability of frequency domain distribution during VF in simulated 2D heterogeneous cardiac tissue (10×10 cm) with steep APD restitution slope, reproducing the findings in Figure 1. Data from 8 seconds of simulated VF are shown. A, panels a through f, DF maps in successive 2.0- (a, b, d, and e) and 4-second (c and f) intervals for a 5×5-cm area. No consistent pattern stationary in time or space is present. Red vertical line is the line sampled for STPs. Adjacent to each panel are FFT spectra at sites labeled 1, 2, and 3. B, STPs during 0 to 4 seconds of simulated VF. Discontinuities resembling conduction block result from drifting spiral wave cores and wave collisions, but no true Wenckebach patterns are present. C, Action potentials at sites 1 through 3 and pseudo-ECG corresponding to the STPs above. FFT spectra are shown at the far right.
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Frequency Analysis of Ventricular Fibrillation in Swine Ventricles
Miguel Valderrábano, Junzhong Yang, Chikaya Omichi, John Kil, Scott T. Lamp, Zhilin Qu, Shien-Fong Lin, Hrayr S. Karagueuzian, Alan Garfinkel, Peng-Sheng Chen, James N. Weiss

Circulation Research February 2002, 90 (2) 213-222; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/hh0202.103645

By Miguel Valderrábano, Junzhong Yang, Chikaya Omichi, John Kil, Scott T. Lamp, Zhilin Qu, Shien-Fong Lin, Hrayr S. Karagueuzian, Alan Garfinkel, Peng-Sheng Chen and James N. Weiss

Figure 7. Spatiotemporal stability of frequency domain distribution during VF in simulated...
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Figure 7. Spatiotemporal stability of frequency domain distribution during VF in simulated 2D heterogeneous cardiac tissue (10×10 cm) with shallow APD restitution slope, reproducing previously reported findings.^18,19 Data from 8 seconds of simulated VF are shown. A, panels a through f, DF maps in successive 2.0- (a, b, d, and e) and 4-second (c and f) intervals for a 5×5-cm area. DF domains are stable over both time and space. Red vertical line is the line sampled for STPs. Adjacent to each panel are FFT spectra at sites labeled 1, 2, and 3, illustrating the DF stability of each region. B, STPs during 0 to 4 seconds of simulated VF, showing Wenckebach conduction block patterns. C, Action potentials at sites 1 through 3 and pseudo-ECGs corresponding to the STPs above. FFT spectra are shown at the far right.
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Frequency Analysis of Ventricular Fibrillation in Swine Ventricles
Miguel Valderrábano, Junzhong Yang, Chikaya Omichi, John Kil, Scott T. Lamp, Zhilin Qu, Shien-Fong Lin, Hrayr S. Karagueuzian, Alan Garfinkel, Peng-Sheng Chen, James N. Weiss

Circulation Research February 2002, 90 (2) 213-222; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/hh0202.103645

By Miguel Valderrábano, Junzhong Yang, Chikaya Omichi, John Kil, Scott T. Lamp, Zhilin Qu, Shien-Fong Lin, Hrayr S. Karagueuzian, Alan Garfinkel, Peng-Sheng Chen and James N. Weiss

Figure 1. Spatiotemporal instability of frequency domain distributions during VF. Data from...
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Figure 1. Spatiotemporal instability of frequency domain distributions during VF. Data from 9.3 seconds (4000 frames) of continuous VF in epicardial RV are shown. A, panels a through f, DF maps in successive 2.3- (a, b, d, and e) and 4.6-second (c and f) intervals. No consistent stable pattern is present. Red vertical line is the line sampled for STPs. Adjacent to each panel are FFT spectra of pixels at circled positions labeled 1, 2, and 3. B, STPs during 4.6 seconds of the acquisition. Occasional alternating bands are seen consistent with the presence of unstable reentry. No Wenckebach patterns are present. C, Optical action potentials (in arbitrary fluorescence units [F]) at sites 1 through 3, and the pseudo-ECG during the first 4.6 seconds of the recording, showing VF. FFT spectra obtained from the full 9.2 seconds of data are shown at the far right.
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