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Figure 2. Ischemic preconditioning suppresses expression of genes involved in cellular metabolism and homeostasis. Ischemic preconditioning before stroke modulates the expression of a unique subset of genes that influence metabolism or transport/channels. Gene regulation is displayed from samples taken 24 hours after stroke in the presence or absence of ischemic preconditioning. Gene expression: red indicates increased expression; green indicates decreased expression; gray indicates no change in expression. Genes were assigned to Biological Function categories based on the Gene Consortium database and literature review. HDAC5 indicates histone deacetylase 5; Ptgds, prostaglandin D2 synthase; GluR1, glutamate receptor ionotropic AMPA1; GluR3, glutamate receptor ionotropic AMPA3; KA2, glutamate receptor ionotropic kainate5 γ2; Atpa1, ATPase Na+/K+ transporting α1 polypeptide.Show Less

Figure 4. Osteopontin does not induce unique gene regulation in response to stroke. Venn diagram showing unique gene regulation (percentage) 24 hours after stroke in mice treated with osteopontin vs mice given a stroke without osteopontin treatment. Osteopontin plus stroke and overlap shown in the green circle and stroke alone represented by the blue circle. Osteopontin treatment reduced the number of genes with changes in expression by 4-fold.Show Less

Figure 1. LPS and ischemic preconditioning alter the genomic response to stroke. Venn diagrams showing the percent of overlap in gene regulation 3 and 24 hours after stroke in mice preconditioned with LPS (5 μg) or brief ischemia (15 minutes) vs control animals subjected to stroke without prior preconditioning. Preconditioning plus stroke represented by the yellow circles; stroke alone represented by the blue circles; overlap shown in green.Show Less

Figure 3. LPS preconditioning alters the inflammatory response to stroke injury by suppressing pro-inflammatory and increasing anti-inflammatory mediators. LPS preconditioning before stroke modulates the expression of a unique subset of genes associated with defense responses. Gene regulation is displayed from samples taken 24 hours after stroke in the presence or absence of LPS preconditioning. Gene expression: red indicates increased expression; green indicates decreased expression; gray indicates no change in expression. The shaded red area represents genes associated with type I interferons. Genes were assigned to Biological Function categories based on the Gene Consortium database and literature review. IL6 indicates interleukin 6; Mip1a, macrophage inflammatory protein 1α; IL1r, interleukin 1 receptor; Traf6, Tnf receptor-associated factor 6.Show Less