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Original Article

Association of Coffee Consumption with Total and Cause-Specific Mortality in Three Large Prospective Cohorts

Ming Ding, Ambika Satija, Shilpa N. Bhupathiraju, Yang Hu, Qi Sun, Jiali Han, Esther Lopez-Garcia, Walter Willett, Rob M. van Dam, Frank B. Hu
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https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.017341
Circulation. 2015;CIRCULATIONAHA.115.017341
Originally published November 16, 2015
Ming Ding
Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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Ambika Satija
Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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Shilpa N. Bhupathiraju
Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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Yang Hu
Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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Qi Sun
Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA & Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Jiali Han
Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN
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Esther Lopez-Garcia
Universidad Autónoma de Madrid/IdiPAZ, CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
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Walter Willett
Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA & Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Rob M. van Dam
Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA & National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
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Frank B. Hu
Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA & Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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  • For correspondence: frank.hu@channing.harvard.edu
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Abstract

Background—The association between consumption of caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee and risk of mortality remains inconclusive.

Methods and Results—We examined the associations of consumption of total, caffeinated, and decaffeinated coffee with risk of subsequent total and cause-specific mortality among 74,890 women in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS), 93,054 women in the NHS 2, and 40,557 men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Coffee consumption was assessed at baseline using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. During 4,690,072 person-years of follow-up, 19,524 women and 12,432 men died. Consumption of total, caffeinated, and decaffeinated coffee were non-linearly associated with mortality. Compared to non-drinkers, coffee consumption one to five cups/d was associated with lower risk of mortality, while coffee consumption more than five cups/d was not associated with risk of mortality. However, when restricting to never smokers, compared to non-drinkers, the HRs of mortality were 0.94 (0.89 to 0.99) for ≤ 1 cup/d, 0.92 (0.87 to 0.97) for 1.1-3 cups/d, 0.85 (0.79 to 0.92) for 3.1-5 cups/d, and 0.88 (0.78 to 0.99) for > 5 cups/d (p for non-linearity = 0.32; p for trend < 0.001). Significant inverse associations were observed for caffeinated (p for trend < 0.001) and decaffeinated coffee (p for trend = 0.022). Significant inverse associations were observed between coffee consumption and deaths due to cardiovascular disease, neurological diseases, and suicide. No significant association between coffee consumption and total cancer mortality was found.

Conclusions—Higher consumption of total coffee, caffeinated coffee, and decaffeinated coffee was associated with lower risk of total mortality.

  • mortality
  • cardiovascular disease prevention
  • Received June 9, 2015.
  • Revision received September 11, 2015.
  • Accepted September 17, 2015.
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    Association of Coffee Consumption with Total and Cause-Specific Mortality in Three Large Prospective Cohorts
    Ming Ding, Ambika Satija, Shilpa N. Bhupathiraju, Yang Hu, Qi Sun, Jiali Han, Esther Lopez-Garcia, Walter Willett, Rob M. van Dam and Frank B. Hu
    Circulation. 2015;CIRCULATIONAHA.115.017341, originally published November 16, 2015
    https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.017341

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    Association of Coffee Consumption with Total and Cause-Specific Mortality in Three Large Prospective Cohorts
    Ming Ding, Ambika Satija, Shilpa N. Bhupathiraju, Yang Hu, Qi Sun, Jiali Han, Esther Lopez-Garcia, Walter Willett, Rob M. van Dam and Frank B. Hu
    Circulation. 2015;CIRCULATIONAHA.115.017341, originally published November 16, 2015
    https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.017341
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