Published Online
on April 21, 2008

A more recent version of this article appeared on April 29, 2008

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Submitted on September 18, 2007
Accepted on February 26, 2008

Noncanonical Wnt11 Signaling Is Sufficient to Induce Cardiomyogenic Differentiation in Unfractionated Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells

Michael P. Flaherty MD, Ahmed Abdel-Latif MD, Qianhong Li MD, Greg Hunt BS, Smita Ranjan MS, Qinghu Ou MD, Xian-Liang Tang MD, Robin K. Johnson MD, Roberto Bolli MD, and Buddhadeb Dawn MD^*

From the Division of Cardiology, Institute of Molecular Cardiology (M.P.F., A.A.-L., Q.L., G.H., S.R., Q.O., X.T., R.B., B.D.), and Department of Pathology (R.K.J.), University of Louisville, Louisville, Ky.

^* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: buddha{at}louisville.edu.

Background—Despite the frequent clinical use of adult unfractionated bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNCs) for cardiac repair, whether these cells are capable of undergoing cardiomyogenic differentiation in vitro remains uncertain. In addition, the role of Wnt signaling in cardiomyogenic differentiation of adult cells is unclear.

Methods and Results—Unfractionated BMMNCs were isolated from adult mice via Ficoll-Paque density-gradient centrifugation and cultured in the presence of Wnt3a or Wnt11. In control BMMNCs, Wnt11 was not expressed, whereas the expression of markers of pluripotency (Oct-4 and Nanog), as well as that of Wnt3a and -catenin, decreased progressively during culture. Exposure to Wnt3a rescued -catenin expression and markedly increased the expression of Oct-4 and Nanog, concomitant with increased cell proliferation and CD45 expression. In contrast, exposure to ectopically expressed noncanonical Wnt11 markedly decreased the expression of Oct-4 and Nanog and induced mRNA expression (quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction) of cardiac-specific genes (Nkx2.5, GATA-4, atrial natriuretic peptide, - and -myosin heavy chain, and cardiac troponin T) by day 3 with subsequent progression to a pattern characteristic of the cardiac fetal gene program. After 21 days, 27.6±0.6% and 29.6±1.4% of BMMNCs expressed the cardiac-specific antigens cardiac myosin heavy chain and cardiac troponin T, respectively (immunocytochemistry), indicating cardiomyogenic lineage commitment. Wnt11-induced cardiac-specific expression was completely abolished by the protein kinase C inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide I, partially abolished by the c-Jun-N-terminal kinase inhibitor SP600125, and attenuated by the Wnt inhibitor Dickkopf-1.

Conclusions—In adult density-gradient separated BMMNCs, canonical Wnt3a promotes stemness, proliferation, and hematopoietic commitment, whereas noncanonical signaling via Wnt11 induces robust cardiomyogenic differentiation in a protein kinase C– and c-Jun-N-terminal kinase–dependent manner.

Key words: bone marrow cells • c-Jun N-terminal kinase • cell differentiation • protein kinase C • stem cells • Wnt-3a protein • Wnt11 protein

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