on March 10, 2008
Published online before print March 10, 2008, doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.708388
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Submitted on April 17, 2007
From the Children's Hospital of Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, Calif (R.M.K., L.M.M., M.W.M.); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (J.D.S., M.J.R., D.A.N.); Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (D. Wang, X.G., K.D.T., H.Y., J.I.R.), and Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine (X.G., K.D.T., H.Y., J.I.R.), Los Angeles; General Internal Medicine Section, Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif (J.A.S.); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco (J.A.S., S.B.H.); San Francisco General Hospital, Department of Medicine, San Francisco, Calif (D. Waters); Department of Preventative Medicine, State University of New York Health Sciences Center, Stony Brook (M.S.); and Life Sciences Division, Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, Calif (P.T.W.). * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: rkrauss{at}chori.org.
Background—Use of 3-hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl-3-coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) inhibitors, or statins, reduces cardiovascular disease risk by lowering plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations. However, LDL-C response is variable and influenced by many factors, including racial ancestry, with attenuated response in blacks compared with whites. We hypothesized that single nucleotide polymorphisms in the gene encoding HMGCR, a rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis and the direct enzymatic target of statins, contribute to variation in statin response. Methods and Results—Genomic resequencing of HMGCR in 24 blacks and 23 whites identified 79 single nucleotide polymorphisms. Eleven single nucleotide polymorphisms were selected to tag common linkage disequilibrium clusters. These single nucleotide polymorphisms and the common haplotypes inferred from them were tested for association with plasma LDL-C and LDL-C response to simvastatin treatment (40 mg/d for 6 weeks) in 326 blacks and 596 whites. Black carriers of H7 and/or H2 had significantly lower baseline LDL-C (P=0.0006) and significantly attenuated LDL-C response compared with black participants who did not carry either haplotype as measured by absolute response (-1.23±0.04 mmol/L, n=209, versus -1.45±0.06 mmol/L, n=117; P=0.0008) and percent response (-36.9±1.0% versus -40.6±1.3%; P=0.02), but no haplotype effect was observed in whites. Percent LDL-C response was lowest in carriers of both H2 and H7, all but one of whom were black (-28.2±4.9%, n=12 H2+H7 carriers, versus -41.5±0.5%, n=650 H2/H7 noncarriers; P=0.001). LDL-C responses in H7 and/or H2 noncarriers were indistinguishable between blacks and whites. Conclusions—HMGCR gene polymorphisms are associated with reduced plasma LDL-C and LDL-C response to simvastatin, and these effects are most evident in blacks.
Accepted on January 16, 2008
Variation in the 3-Hydroxyl-3-Methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A Reductase Gene Is Associated With Racial Differences in Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Response to Simvastatin Treatment
Ronald M. Krauss MD*,
Key words: cholesterol • genetics • lipids • lipoproteins • statins
Related Article:
Circulation 2008 117: 1499.
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  J. L. Mega, D. A. Morrow, A. Brown, C. P. Cannon, and M. S. Sabatine Identification of Genetic Variants Associated With Response to Statin Therapy Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, September 1, 2009; 29(9): 1310 - 1315. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Zhu, J. Gardner, C. R. Pullinger, J. P. Kane, J. F. Thompson, and O. L. Francone Regulation of apoAI processing by procollagen C-proteinase enhancer-2 and bone morphogenetic protein-1 J. Lipid Res., July 1, 2009; 50(7): 1330 - 1339. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. F. Thompson, C. L. Hyde, L. S. Wood, S. A. Paciga, D. A. Hinds, D. R. Cox, G. K. Hovingh, and J. J.P. Kastelein Comprehensive Whole-Genome and Candidate Gene Analysis for Response to Statin Therapy in the Treating to New Targets (TNT) Cohort Circ Cardiovasc Genet, April 1, 2009; 2(2): 173 - 181. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. W.F. Wilson Progressing From Risk Factors to Omics Circ Cardiovasc Genet, December 1, 2008; 1(2): 141 - 146. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Voora, S. H. Shah, C. R. Reed, J. Zhai, D. R. Crosslin, C. Messer, B. A. Salisbury, and G. S. Ginsburg Pharmacogenetic Predictors of Statin-Mediated Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Reduction and Dose Response Circ Cardiovasc Genet, December 1, 2008; 1(2): 100 - 106. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Burkhardt, E. E. Kenny, J. K. Lowe, A. Birkeland, R. Josowitz, M. Noel, J. Salit, J. B. Maller, I. Pe'er, M. J. Daly, et al. Common SNPs in HMGCR in Micronesians and Whites Associated With LDL-Cholesterol Levels Affect Alternative Splicing of Exon13 Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, November 1, 2008; 28(11): 2078 - 2084. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. J. Reeves, J. W. Gargano, A. Majid, B. S. Jacobs, and for the Paul Coverdell National Acute Stroke Regis Response to Letter by Tsuda Stroke, November 1, 2008; 39(11): e171 - e171. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. W. Medina, F. Gao, W. Ruan, J. I. Rotter, and R. M. Krauss Alternative Splicing of 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase Is Associated With Plasma Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Response to Simvastatin Circulation, July 22, 2008; 118(4): 355 - 362. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|