Published Online
on December 18, 2006

A more recent version of this article appeared on January 2, 2007

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Submitted on June 5, 2006
Accepted on October 24, 2006

Localization and Quantification of Platelet-Rich Thrombi in Large Blood Vessels With Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging

Robert Flaumenhaft MD, PhD^*, Eiichi Tanaka MD, PhD, Gwenda J. Graham PhD, Alec M. De Grand BS, Rita G. Laurence BS, Kozo Hoshino MD, Roger J. Hajjar MD, and John V. Frangioni MD, PhD

From the Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis (R.F., G.J.G.), the Division of Hematology/Oncology (E.T., A.M.D.G., R.G.L., J.V.F.), and the Department of Radiology (J.V.F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and the Cardiovascular Research Center (K.H., R.J.H.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass.

^* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: rflaumen{at}bidmc.harvard.edu.

Background--Imaging of thrombus formation in vivo has been limited by the inability to directly visualize and measure thrombi in large blood vessels in real time. Near-infrared light, with its superior tissue penetration and reduced scatter, could potentially solve this problem.

Methods and Results--Platelets were labeled with the near-infrared fluorophore IR-786. Optimal total fluorescence yield occurred at 6 attomoles of IR-786 per platelet. IR-786-labeled platelets were tested for their ability to detect thrombus formation in large animal model systems relevant to common human vascular procedures. Invisible near-infrared light did not distort the surgical field in any way, and even after optimization of per-platelet fluorescent yield, platelets remained fully functional. Intravenous infusion of just 3.6x10¹⁰ labeled platelets into a 35-kg Yorkshire pig permitted thrombus visualization, with a signal-to-background ratio 2, for at least 2 hours in coronary, carotid, and femoral vessels. Platelet-rich, actively growing clots were monitored in real time and quantified with respect to size and kinetics after injury to vessels, cutaneous incisions, intravascular stent insertion, or introduction of embolic coils. Similarly, formed clots were monitored in real time during thrombolysis with streptokinase and heparin. Vessel patency was assessed independently with a second near-infrared fluorescent blood pool agent.

Conclusions--IR-786-labeled platelets provide sensitive, specific, and real-time visualization of thrombi in thick-walled blood vessels. In addition to immediate application in cardiac, transplant, and vascular surgery, the mechanisms that underlie thrombus formation in large blood vessels can now be investigated.

Key words: imaging • platelets • thrombosis • fluorescence

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