on April 19, 2007
Circulation. 2007
Published online before print April 19, 2007, doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.183095
Published online before print April 19, 2007, doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.183095
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Submitted on ,
Background--The purpose of this statement is to update the recommendations by the American Heart Association (AHA) for the prevention of infective endocarditis that were last published in 1997. Methods and Results--A writing group was appointed by the AHA for their expertise in prevention and treatment of infective endocarditis, with liaison members representing the American Dental Association, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, and the American Academy of Pediatrics. The writing group reviewed input from national and international experts on infective endocarditis. The recommendations in this document reflect analyses of relevant literature regarding procedure-related bacteremia and infective endocarditis, in vitro susceptibility data of the most common microorganisms that cause infective endocarditis, results of prophylactic studies in animal models of experimental endocarditis, and retrospective and prospective studies of prevention of infective endocarditis. MEDLINE database searches from 1950 to 2006 were done for English-language papers using the following search terms: endocarditis, infective endocarditis, prophylaxis, prevention, antibiotic, antimicrobial, pathogens, organisms, dental, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, streptococcus, enterococcus, staphylococcus, respiratory, dental surgery, pathogenesis, vaccine, immunization, and bacteremia. The reference lists of the identified papers were also searched. We also searched the AHA online library. The American College of Cardiology/AHA classification of recommendations and levels of evidence for practice guidelines were used. The paper was subsequently reviewed by outside experts not affiliated with the writing group and by the AHA Science Advisory and Coordinating Committee. Conclusions--The major changes in the updated recommendations include the following: (1) The Committee concluded that only an extremely small number of cases of infective endocarditis might be prevented by antibiotic prophylaxis for dental procedures even if such prophylactic therapy were 100% effective. (2) Infective endocarditis prophylaxis for dental procedures should be recommended only for patients with underlying cardiac conditions associated with the highest risk of adverse outcome from infective endocarditis. (3) For patients with these underlying cardiac conditions, prophylaxis is recommended for all dental procedures that involve manipulation of gingival tissue or the periapical region of teeth or perforation of the oral mucosa. (4) Prophylaxis is not recommended based solely on an increased lifetime risk of acquisition of infective endocarditis. (5) Administration of antibiotics solely to prevent endocarditis is not recommended for patients who undergo a genitourinary or gastrointestinal tract procedure. These changes are intended to define more clearly when infective endocarditis prophylaxis is or is not recommended and to provide more uniform and consistent global recommendations.
Accepted on ,
Prevention of Infective Endocarditis. Guidelines From the American Heart Association. A Guideline From the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group
Walter Wilson MD, Chair,
Key words: AHA Scientific Statements • cardiovascular diseases • endocarditis • prevention • antibiotic prophylaxis
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  American College of Cardiology Foundation, American Heart Association Task Force on Practice, American Society of Echocardiography, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Heart Rhythm Society, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interve, Society for Vascular Medicine, Society for Vascular Surgery, L. A. Fleisher, et al. 2009 ACCF/AHA Focused Update on Perioperative Beta Blockade Incorporated Into the ACC/AHA 2007 Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation and Care for Noncardiac Surgery J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 24, 2009; 54(22): e13 - e118. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 2007 WRITING COMMITTEE MEMBERS, L. A. Fleisher, J. A. Beckman, K. A. Brown, H. Calkins, E. L. Chaikof, K. E. Fleischmann, W. K. Freeman, J. B. Froehlich, E. K. Kasper, et al. 2009 ACCF/AHA Focused Update on Perioperative Beta Blockade Incorporated Into the ACC/AHA 2007 Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation and Care for Noncardiac Surgery: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Circulation, November 24, 2009; 120(21): e169 - e276. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Authors/Task Force Members, D. Poldermans, J. J. Bax, E. Boersma, S. De Hert, E. Eeckhout, G. Fowkes, B. Gorenek, M. G. Hennerici, B. Iung, et al. Guidelines for pre-operative cardiac risk assessment and perioperative cardiac management in non-cardiac surgery: The Task Force for Preoperative Cardiac Risk Assessment and Perioperative Cardiac Management in Non-cardiac Surgery of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and endorsed by the European Society of Anaesthesiology (ESA) Eur. Heart J., November 2, 2009; 30(22): 2769 - 2812. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. B. Lockhart, M. T. Brennan, M. Thornhill, B. S. Michalowicz, J. Noll, F. K. Bahrani-Mougeot, and H. C. Sasser Poor oral hygiene as a risk factor for infective endocarditis-related bacteremia J Am Dent Assoc, October 1, 2009; 140(10): 1238 - 1244. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Geisler Orally Administered Amoxicillin Decreases the Risk of Implant Failures J Am Dent Assoc, October 1, 2009; 140(10): 1294 - 1296. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Endorsed by the European Society of Clinical Micro, Authors/Task Force Members, G. Habib, B. Hoen, P. Tornos, F. Thuny, B. Prendergast, I. Vilacosta, P. Moreillon, M. de Jesus Antunes, et al. Guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infective endocarditis (new version 2009): The Task Force on the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Eur. Heart J., October 1, 2009; 30(19): 2369 - 2413. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. C. Ziegelstein, B. D. Thombs, J. C. Coyne, and P. de Jonge Routine screening for depression in patients with coronary heart disease never mind. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 1, 2009; 54(10): 886 - 890. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. P. Gopalakrishnan, S. K. Shukla, and T. Tak Infective Endocarditis: Rationale for Revised Guidelines for Antibiotic Prophylaxis Clin. Med. Res., September 1, 2009; 7(3): 63 - 68. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Poirier, M. A. Alpert, L. A. Fleisher, P. D. Thompson, H. J. Sugerman, L. E. Burke, P. Marceau, B. A. Franklin, and on behalf of the American Heart Association Obesit Cardiovascular Evaluation and Management of Severely Obese Patients Undergoing Surgery: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association Circulation, July 7, 2009; 120(1): 86 - 95. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Das, T. Kanamoto, X. Ge, P. Xu, T. Unoki, C. L. Munro, and T. Kitten Contribution of Lipoproteins and Lipoprotein Processing to Endocarditis Virulence in Streptococcus sanguinis J. Bacteriol., July 1, 2009; 191(13): 4166 - 4179. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M C Allison, J A T Sandoe, R Tighe, I A Simpson, R J Hall, T S J Elliott, and prepared on behalf of the Endoscopy Committee of t Antibiotic prophylaxis in gastrointestinal endoscopy Gut, June 1, 2009; 58(6): 869 - 880. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. H. Rathore Changing Epidemiology of Infectious Endocarditis in Childhood AAP Grand Rounds, June 1, 2009; 21(6): 70 - 70. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Gazzaniga, E. Buscarini, G. Leandro, L. Reduzzi, M. Grosso, G. Pongiglione, C. Pedrinazzi, L. Lanzarini, V. Portugalli, P. Blotta, et al. Contrast echocardiography for pulmonary arteriovenous malformations screening: does any bubble matter? Eur J Echocardiogr, June 1, 2009; 10(4): 513 - 518. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. J. Bruce and H. M. Connolly Right-Sided Valve Disease Deserves a Little More Respect Circulation, May 26, 2009; 119(20): 2726 - 2734. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. A. Gerber, R. S. Baltimore, C. B. Eaton, M. Gewitz, A. H. Rowley, S. T. Shulman, and K. A. Taubert Prevention of Rheumatic Fever and Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Streptococcal Pharyngitis: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, the Interdisciplinary Council on Functional Genomics and Translational Biology, and the Interdisciplinary Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research: Endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics Circulation, March 24, 2009; 119(11): 1541 - 1551. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. D. Cassidy, L. A. Cassidy, and J. L. Blackshear Incidental Discovery of a Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Adults J Am Board Fam Med, March 1, 2009; 22(2): 214 - 218. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Tsiaras and A. Poppas Mitral valve disease in pregnancy: outcomes and management Obstet Med, March 1, 2009; 2(1): 6 - 10. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. C. Shanson Comment on: New guidance from NICE regarding antibiotic prophylaxis for infective endocarditis - response by the BSAC Working Party J. Antimicrob. Chemother., March 1, 2009; 63(3): 629 - 630. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. D. Day, K. Gauvreau, S. Shulman, and J. W. Newburger Characteristics of Children Hospitalized With Infective Endocarditis Circulation, February 17, 2009; 119(6): 865 - 870. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. E. McRae, M. Rodger, and B. A. Bailey Transcatheter and Transapical Aortic Valve Replacement Crit. Care Nurse, February 1, 2009; 29(1): 22 - 36. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. M. Jeejeebhoy Prosthetic heart valves and management during pregnancy Can Fam Physician, February 1, 2009; 55(2): 155 - 157. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. W. Collins, E. C. Piebenga, E. Shaw, H. Toth, R. Fish, D. Dueker, R. Sadiq, and Y. Wolff Index of Suspicion Pediatr. Rev., February 1, 2009; 30(2): 65 - 70. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
WRITING GROUP MEMBERS, D. Lloyd-Jones, R. Adams, M. Carnethon, G. De Simone, T. B. Ferguson, K. Flegal, E. Ford, K. Furie, A. Go, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics--2009 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee Circulation, January 27, 2009; 119(3): e21 - e181. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. L. Kaplan Letter by Kaplan Regarding Article, "Bacteremia Associated With Toothbrushing and Dental Extraction" Circulation, January 20, 2009; 119(2): e13 - e13. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Ramaraj An elderly man who suddenly lost consciousness BMJ, January 7, 2009; 338(jan07_2): a3009 - a3009. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. B. Parahitiyawa, L. J. Jin, W. K. Leung, W. C. Yam, and L. P. Samaranayake Microbiology of Odontogenic Bacteremia: beyond Endocarditis Clin. Microbiol. Rev., January 1, 2009; 22(1): 46 - 64. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Muenzer, J. E. Wraith, L. A. Clarke, and and the International Consensus Panel on the Manag Mucopolysaccharidosis I: Management and Treatment Guidelines Pediatrics, January 1, 2009; 123(1): 19 - 29. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Group A Streptococcal Infections Red Book, January 1, 2009; 2009(1): 616 - 628. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 O. M. Hess, W. McKenna, and H.-P. Schultheiss CHAPTER 18 Myocardial Disease ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, January 1, 2009; 2(1): med-9780199566990-chapter - med-9780199566990-chapter. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. G. Daniel and F. A. Flachskampf CHAPTER 22 Infective Endocarditis ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, January 1, 2009; 2(1): med-9780199566990-chapter - med-9780199566990-chapter. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. A. Warnes, R. G. Williams, T. M. Bashore, J. S. Child, H. M. Connolly, J. A. Dearani, P. del Nido, J. W. Fasules, T. P. Graham Jr, Z. M. Hijazi, et al. ACC/AHA 2008 Guidelines for the Management of Adults With Congenital Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines on the Management of Adults With Congenital Heart Disease) Developed in Collaboration With the American Society of Echocardiography, Heart Rhythm Society, International Society for Adult Congenital Heart Disease, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., December 2, 2008; 52(23): e143 - e263. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. A. Warnes, R. G. Williams, T. M. Bashore, J. S. Child, H. M. Connolly, J. A. Dearani, P. del Nido, J. W. Fasules, T. P. Graham Jr, Z. M. Hijazi, et al. ACC/AHA 2008 Guidelines for the Management of Adults With Congenital Heart Disease: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Adults With Congenital Heart Disease) Developed in Collaboration With the American Society of Echocardiography, Heart Rhythm Society, International Society for Adult Congenital Heart Disease, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., December 2, 2008; 52(23): 1890 - 1947. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. A. Warnes, R. G. Williams, T. M. Bashore, J. S. Child, H. M. Connolly, J. A. Dearani, P. del Nido, J. W. Fasules, T. P. Graham Jr, Z. M. Hijazi, et al. ACC/AHA 2008 Guidelines for the Management of Adults With Congenital Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines on the Management of Adults With Congenital Heart Disease): Developed in Collaboration With the American Society of Echocardiography, Heart Rhythm Society, International Society for Adult Congenital Heart Disease, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons Circulation, December 2, 2008; 118(23): e714 - e833. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. A. Warnes, R. G. Williams, T. M. Bashore, J. S. Child, H. M. Connolly, J. A. Dearani, P. del Nido, J. W. Fasules, T. P. Graham Jr, Z. M. Hijazi, et al. ACC/AHA 2008 Guidelines for the Management of Adults With Congenital Heart Disease: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Adults With Congenital Heart Disease): Developed in Collaboration With the American Society of Echocardiography, Heart Rhythm Society, International Society for Adult Congenital Heart Disease, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons Circulation, December 2, 2008; 118(23): 2395 - 2451. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. W. Watkin, G. J. Roberts, T. S. J. Elliott, and on behalf of the BSAC Working Party on Infective E New guidance from NICE regarding antibiotic prophylaxis for infective endocarditis - response by the BSAC working party J. Antimicrob. Chemother., December 1, 2008; 62(6): 1477 - 1478. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. V Huehnergarth, M. Gurvitz, K. K Stout, and C. M Otto Repaired tetralogy of Fallot in the adult: monitoring and management Heart, December 1, 2008; 94(12): 1663 - 1669. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. W. Arendt, H. M. Connolly, C. A. Warnes, W. J. Watson, J. R. Hebl, and P. A. Craigo Anesthetic Management of Parturients with Congenitally Corrected Transposition of the Great Arteries: Three Cases and a Review of the Literature Anesth. Analg., December 1, 2008; 107(6): 1973 - 1977. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
2006 WRITING COMMITTEE MEMBERS, R. O. Bonow, B. A. Carabello, K. Chatterjee, A. C. de Leon Jr, D. P. Faxon, M. D. Freed, W. H. Gaasch, B. W. Lytle, R. A. Nishimura, et al. 2008 Focused Update Incorporated Into the ACC/AHA 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 1998 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease): Endorsed by the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons Circulation, October 7, 2008; 118(15): e523 - e661. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Schiff and L. L. Barton Endocarditis in Children with Congenital Heart Disease and Prosthetic Material AAP Grand Rounds, October 1, 2008; 20(4): 44 - 45. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Sy, A. Dipchand, E. Atenafu, P. Chait, L. Bannister, M. Temple, P. John, B. Connolly, and J. G. Amaral Safety and Effectiveness of Radiologic Percutaneous Gastrostomy and Gastro jejunostomy in Children with Cardiac Disease Am. J. Roentgenol., October 1, 2008; 191(4): 1169 - 1174. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. O. Bonow, B. A. Carabello, K. Chatterjee, A. C. de Leon Jr, D. P. Faxon, M. D. Freed, W. H. Gaasch, B. W. Lytle, R. A. Nishimura, P. T. O'Gara, et al. 2008 Focused Update Incorporated Into the ACC/AHA 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 1998 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease) Endorsed by the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 23, 2008; 52(13): e1 - e142. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. L. Vickers, R. J. Matherne, E. G. Mainous, and B. C. Kelly Acute Localized Exanthematous Pustulosis: A Cutaneous Drug Reaction in a Dental Setting J Am Dent Assoc, September 1, 2008; 139(9): 1200 - 1203. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. S. Roach, M. R. Golomb, R. Adams, J. Biller, S. Daniels, G. deVeber, D. Ferriero, B. V. Jones, F. J. Kirkham, R. M. Scott, et al. Management of Stroke in Infants and Children: A Scientific Statement From a Special Writing Group of the American Heart Association Stroke Council and the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young Stroke, September 1, 2008; 39(9): 2644 - 2691. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. A. Nishimura, B. A. Carabello, D. P. Faxon, M. D. Freed, B. W. Lytle, P. T. O'Gara, R. A. O'Rourke, and P. M. Shah ACC/AHA 2008 Guideline Update on Valvular Heart Disease: Focused Update on Infective Endocarditis: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Endorsed by the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 19, 2008; 52(8): 676 - 685. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. A. Nishimura, B. A. Carabello, D. P. Faxon, M. D. Freed, B. W. Lytle, P. T. O'Gara, R. A. O'Rourke, and P. M. Shah ACC/AHA 2008 Guideline Update on Valvular Heart Disease: Focused Update on Infective Endocarditis: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: Endorsed by the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons Circulation, August 19, 2008; 118(8): 887 - 896. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. D. Weaver, R. A. Nishimura, and C. A. Warnes President's Page: Antimicrobial Prophylaxis to Prevent Infective Endocarditis: Why Did the Recommendations Change? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 5, 2008; 52(6): 495 - 497. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T Stokes, R Richey, D Wrayon, and on behalf of the Guideline Development Group Prophylaxis against infective endocarditis: summary of NICE guidance Heart, July 1, 2008; 94(7): 930 - 931. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B D Prendergast, J L Harrison, and C K Naber Commentary on endocarditis prophylaxis: a quaint custom or medical necessity? Heart, July 1, 2008; 94(7): 931 - 934. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. F. Oswald and F. K. Gould Dental treatment and prosthetic joints: ANTIBIOTICS ARE NOT THE ANSWER! J Bone Joint Surg Br, July 1, 2008; 90-B(7): 825 - 826. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Uckay, D. Pittet, L. Bernard, D. Lew, A. Perrier, and R. Peter Antibiotic prophylaxis before invasive dental procedures in patients with arthroplasties of the hip and knee J Bone Joint Surg Br, July 1, 2008; 90-B(7): 833 - 838. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. B. Lockhart, M. T. Brennan, H. C. Sasser, P. C. Fox, B. J. Paster, and F. K. Bahrani-Mougeot Bacteremia Associated With Toothbrushing and Dental Extraction Circulation, June 17, 2008; 117(24): 3118 - 3125. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X. Duval, C. Leport, and N. Danchin The new American Heart Association guidelines on the prevention of infective endocarditis: culmination of a long process of thought Heart, June 1, 2008; 94(6): 715 - 716. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Herring and D. C Sprigings A call for national monitoring of antibiotic prophylaxis BMJ, May 3, 2008; 336(7651): 976 - 976. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S.-M. R. Y. Geist and J. R. Geist Improvement in Medical Consultation Responses with a Structured Request Form J Dent Educ., May 1, 2008; 72(5): 553 - 561. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Silberbach Update: Infective Endocarditis Prophylaxis: Reckoning With the Evidence Pediatr. Rev., May 1, 2008; 29(5): 169 - 170. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. U Rehman Antiobiotic prophylaxis is different in guidelines BMJ, March 22, 2008; 336(7645): 630 - 630. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. J. Mittnacht, M. Fanshawe, and S. Konstadt Anesthetic Considerations in the Patient With Valvular Heart Disease Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery Seminars in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, March 1, 2008; 12(1): 33 - 59. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. H. Rahimtoola The Year in Valvular Heart Disease. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 19, 2008; 51(7): 760 - 770. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. KIM and T. KEYS Infective endocarditis prophylaxis before dental procedures: New guidelines spark controversy Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, February 1, 2008; 75(2): 89 - 92. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Danford Endocarditis Prophylaxis: Do We Have It Right This Time? AAP Grand Rounds, February 1, 2008; 19(2): 13 - 14. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Writing Group Members, W. Rosamond, K. Flegal, K. Furie, A. Go, K. Greenlund, N. Haase, S. M. Hailpern, M. Ho, V. Howard, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics--2008 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee Circulation, January 29, 2008; 117(4): e25 - e146. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. B. Blossom, F. M.T. Lewis, and L. C. McDonald The Changing Spectrum of Clostridium Difficile Associated Disease: Implications for Dentistry J Am Dent Assoc, January 1, 2008; 139(1): 42 - 47. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. B. Lockhart Guidelines for prevention of infective endocarditis: An explanation of the changes J Am Dent Assoc, January 1, 2008; 139(suppl_1): 2S - 2S. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Wilson, K. A. Taubert, M. Gewitz, P. B. Lockhart, L. M. Baddour, M. Levison, A. Bolger, C. H. Cabell, M. Takahashi, R. S. Baltimore, et al. Prevention of infective endocarditis: Guidelines from the American Heart Association: A guideline from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis and Kawasaki Disease Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group J Am Dent Assoc, January 1, 2008; 139(suppl_1): 3S - 24S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
An updated legal perspective on antibiotic prophylaxis: American Dental Association Division of Legal Affairs J Am Dent Assoc, January 1, 2008; 139(suppl_1): 10S - 10S. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. A. Bernard Heart Disease in Pregnancy. Second Edition. Circulation, January 1, 2008; 117(1): e3 - e4. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|