| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(Circulation. 1999;99:666-673.)
© 1999 American Heart Association, Inc.
Clinical Investigation and Reports |
"Brugada" Syndrome
Clinical Data and Suggested Pathophysiological Mechanism
From the Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (M.A., A.W.), and the Department of Cardiology, Heart Lung Institute, Utrecht University Hospital (A.W.), Netherlands.
Correspondence to Dr Marco Alings, AMC, Department of Cardiology, PO Box 22700, 1100 DE Amsterdam, Netherlands. E-mail a.m.alings@amc.uva.nl
Key Words: Brugada syndrome • antiarrhythmia agents • arrhythmia • death, sudden • tachyarrhythmias
 |
Introduction |
|---|
The occurrence of ventricular fibrillation (VF) in the absence of any structural heart disease is classified as "primary electrical disease" or (in the absence of any relevant findings) "idiopathic VF." This diagnosis implies that the arrhythmogenic substrate is inherent to the excitable and conducting properties of the heart. With the exception of a positive family history, demographic variables are, as a rule, not very helpful in establishing the diagnosis of primary electrical disease.1 The paradigm of primary electrical disease is the long-QT syndrome (LQTS), in which altered ionic channel function secondary to mutations in genes encoding ion channels has been shown to underlie QT-interval prolongation.2 3
In 1992, Brugada and Brugada4 described 8 patients with a
history of aborted sudden death and a distinct ECG pattern, consisting
of right bundle-branch block (RBBB) with ST-segment elevation in the
right precordial leads (V1,
V2, and V3, Figure 1
) and normal QT interval in the absence
of any structural heart disease (as determined by routine clinical,
biochemical, echocardiographic, and angiographic
examinations). In 4 of the reported patients, a family history was
suspected.
|
Patients with these unique ECG abnormalities have been recognized as a
distinct subgroup in male Thai patients presenting with cardiac
arrest due to VF.5
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  B. Surawicz, R. Childers, B. J. Deal, and L. S. Gettes AHA/ACCF/HRS Recommendations for the Standardization and Interpretation of the Electrocardiogram: Part III: Intraventricular Conduction Disturbances A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society Endorsed by the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 17, 2009; 53(11): 976 - 981. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. Surawicz, R. Childers, B. J. Deal, and L. S. Gettes AHA/ACCF/HRS Recommendations for the Standardization and Interpretation of the Electrocardiogram: Part III: Intraventricular Conduction Disturbances: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society: Endorsed by the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology Circulation, March 17, 2009; 119(10): e235 - e240. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Marsh, P. O'Callaghan, and P. Smith The humble electrocardiogram Practical Neurology, January 1, 2008; 8(1): 46 - 59. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. E. Lehnart, M. J. Ackerman, D. W. Benson Jr, R. Brugada, C. E. Clancy, J. K. Donahue, A. L. George Jr, A. O. Grant, S. C. Groft, C. T. January, et al. Inherited Arrhythmias: A National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Office of Rare Diseases Workshop Consensus Report About the Diagnosis, Phenotyping, Molecular Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Approaches for Primary Cardiomyopathies of Gene Mutations Affecting Ion Channel Function Circulation, November 13, 2007; 116(20): 2325 - 2345. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. S. Stokoe, R. Balasubramaniam, C. A. Goddard, W. H. Colledge, A. A. Grace, and C. L.-H. Huang Effects of flecainide and quinidine on arrhythmogenic properties of Scn5a+/ murine hearts modelling the Brugada syndrome J. Physiol., May 15, 2007; 581(1): 255 - 275. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. S. Stokoe, G. Thomas, C. A. Goddard, W. H. Colledge, A. A. Grace, and C. L.-H. Huang Effects of flecainide and quinidine on arrhythmogenic properties of Scn5a+/{Delta} murine hearts modelling long QT syndrome 3 J. Physiol., January 1, 2007; 578(1): 69 - 84. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Hallaq, Z. Yang, P. C. Viswanathan, K. Fukuda, W. Shen, D. W. Wang, K. S. Wells, J. Zhou, J. Yi, and K. T. Murray Quantitation of protein kinase A-mediated trafficking of cardiac sodium channels in living cells Cardiovasc Res, November 1, 2006; 72(2): 250 - 261. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Developed in Collaboration With the European Heart, D. P. Zipes, A. J. Camm, M. Borggrefe, A. E. Buxton, B. Chaitman, M. Fromer, G. Gregoratos, G. Klein, A. J. Moss, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 5, 2006; 48(5): e247 - e346. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Writing Committee Members, D. P. Zipes, A. J. Camm, M. Borggrefe, A. E. Buxton, B. Chaitman, M. Fromer, G. Gregoratos, G. Klein, A. J. Moss, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death) Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society Europace, September 1, 2006; 8(9): 746 - 837. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Sassone, S. Sacca, and M. Donateo Paradoxical effect of ajmaline in a patient with Brugada syndrome. Europace, April 1, 2006; 8(4): 251 - 254. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M C S Hall and D M Todd Modern management of arrhythmias Postgrad. Med. J., February 1, 2006; 82(964): 117 - 125. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Ogawa, R. Kishi, K. Mihara, H. Takahashi, A. Takagi, N. Matsumoto, K. Masuhara, K. Nakazawa, F. Miyake, S. Kobayashi, et al. Population Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis of a Class IC Antiarrhythmic, Pilsicainide, in Patients With Cardiac Arrhythmias J. Clin. Pharmacol., January 1, 2006; 46(1): 59 - 68. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. O. Verkerk, R. Wilders, E. Schulze-Bahr, L. Beekman, Z. A. Bhuiyan, J. Bertrand, L. Eckardt, D. Lin, M. Borggrefe, G. Breithardt, et al. Role of sequence variations in the human ether-a-go-go-related gene (HERG, KCNH2) in the Brugada syndrome Cardiovasc Res, December 1, 2005; 68(3): 441 - 453. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Shah, F. G. Akar, and G. F. Tomaselli Molecular Basis of Arrhythmias Circulation, October 18, 2005; 112(16): 2517 - 2529. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E Aksay, T Okan, and S Yanturali Brugada syndrome, manifested by propafenone induced ST segment elevation Emerg. Med. J., October 1, 2005; 22(10): 748 - 750. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Haghjoo, A. Arya, Z. Emkanjoo, and M. A. Sadr-Ameli Clinical and Electrophysiologic Profile of Brugada Syndrome in Iranian Patients Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann, September 1, 2005; 13(3): 241 - 246. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. R. Bezzina, A. A.M. Wilde, and D. M. Roden The molecular genetics of arrhythmias Cardiovasc Res, August 15, 2005; 67(3): 343 - 346. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. G. Meregalli, A. A.M. Wilde, and H. L. Tan Pathophysiological mechanisms of Brugada syndrome: Depolarization disorder, repolarization disorder, or more? Cardiovasc Res, August 15, 2005; 67(3): 367 - 378. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A T D Mills, S Dasan, and A Wan Brugada syndrome: syncope in the younger patient and the risk of sudden cardiac death Emerg. Med. J., August 1, 2005; 22(8): 604 - 606. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. C.M. Beaufort-Krol, M. P. van den Berg, A. A.M. Wilde, J. P. van Tintelen, J. W. Viersma, C. R. Bezzina, and M. Th.E. Bink-Boelkens Developmental Aspects of Long QT Syndrome Type 3 and Brugada Syndrome on the Basis of a Single SCN5A Mutation in Childhood J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 19, 2005; 46(2): 331 - 337. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. T. Beery The Genetics of Cardiac Arrhythmias Biol Res Nurs, April 1, 2005; 6(4): 249 - 261. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Antzelevitch, P. Brugada, M. Borggrefe, J. Brugada, R. Brugada, D. Corrado, I. Gussak, H. LeMarec, K. Nademanee, A. R. Perez Riera, et al. Brugada Syndrome: Report of the Second Consensus Conference: Endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society and the European Heart Rhythm Association Circulation, February 8, 2005; 111(5): 659 - 670. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Task Force members, M. Brignole, P. Alboni, D. G. Benditt, L. Bergfeldt, J.-J. Blanc, P. E. B. Thomsen, J. G. van Dijk, A. Fitzpatrick, S. Hohnloser, et al. Guidelines on management (diagnosis and treatment) of syncope - Update 2004: The task force on Syncope, European Society of Cardiology Eur. Heart J., November 2, 2004; 25(22): 2054 - 2072. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Martini, H. L. Tan, R. Tukkie, J. Vleugels, I. K.L.M. de Groot, A. A.M. Wilde, and P. Sogaard Further Confirmation That a Conduction Disturbance Underlies the Electrocardiographic Pattern of the So-Called Brugada Syndrome * Response Circulation, August 3, 2004; 110(5): e53 - e53. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. H van Berlo, D. Duboc, and Y. M Pinto Often seen but rarely recognised: cardiac complications of lamin A/C mutations Eur. Heart J., May 2, 2004; 25(10): 812 - 814. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M.J Junttila, M.J.P Raatikainen, J Karjalainen, H Kauma, Y.A Kesaniemi, and H.V Huikuri Prevalence and prognosis of subjects with Brugada-type ECG pattern in a young and middle-aged Finnish population Eur. Heart J., May 2, 2004; 25(10): 874 - 878. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. F. D. Wever and E. O. Robles de Medina Sudden death in patients without structural heart disease J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 7, 2004; 43(7): 1137 - 1144. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Tukkie, P. Sogaard, J. Vleugels, I. K.L.M. de Groot, A. A.M. Wilde, and H. L. Tan Delay in Right Ventricular Activation Contributes to Brugada Syndrome Circulation, March 16, 2004; 109(10): 1272 - 1277. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. M. Sanchez and A. M. Kates Brugada-type Electrocardiographic Pattern Unmasked by Fever Mayo Clin. Proc., February 1, 2004; 79(2): 273 - 274. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Maury, P. Couderc, M. Delay, S. Boveda, and J. Brugada Electrical storm in Brugada syndrome successfully treated using isoprenaline Europace, January 1, 2004; 6(2): 130 - 133. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Colman, W. Wieling, and A.A.M. Wilde A patient with recurrent syncope and ST-elevation on the electrocardiogram Europace, January 1, 2004; 6(4): 296 - 300. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Guidelines on Management (diagnosis and treatment) of syncope - update 2004: The Task Force on Syncope, European Society of Cardiology Europace, January 1, 2004; 6(6): 467 - 537. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Wang, R. W. Asinger, and H. J.L. Marriott ST-Segment Elevation in Conditions Other Than Acute Myocardial Infarction N. Engl. J. Med., November 27, 2003; 349(22): 2128 - 2135. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. O'Brien and F. Oyebode Psychotropic medication and the heart Advan. Psychiatr. Treat., November 1, 2003; 9(6): 414 - 423. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Rolf, H.-J. Bruns, T. Wichter, P. Kirchhof, M. Ribbing, K. Wasmer, M. Paul, G. Breithardt, W. Haverkamp, and L. Eckardt The ajmaline challenge in Brugada syndrome: Diagnostic impact, safety, and recommended protocol Eur. Heart J., June 2, 2003; 24(12): 1104 - 1112. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Antzelevitch, P. Brugada, J. Brugada, R. Brugada, J. A. Towbin, and K. Nademanee Brugada syndrome: 1992-2002: A historical perspective J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 21, 2003; 41(10): 1665 - 1671. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. L Tan, C. R Bezzina, J. P.P Smits, A. O Verkerk, and A. A.M Wilde Genetic control of sodium channel function Cardiovasc Res, March 15, 2003; 57(4): 961 - 973. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. R. Bezzina, M. B. Rook, W.A. Groenewegen, L. J. Herfst, A. C. van der Wal, J. Lam, H. J. Jongsma, A. A.M. Wilde, and M. M.A.M. Mannens Compound Heterozygosity for Mutations (W156X and R225W) in SCN5A Associated With Severe Cardiac Conduction Disturbances and Degenerative Changes in the Conduction System Circ. Res., February 7, 2003; 92(2): 159 - 168. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Antzelevitch, P. Brugada, J. Brugada, R. Brugada, W. Shimizu, I. Gussak, and A.R. Perez Riera Brugada Syndrome: A Decade of Progress Circ. Res., December 13, 2002; 91(12): 1114 - 1118. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Noda, W. Shimizu, A. Taguchi, K. Satomi, K. Suyama, T. Kurita, N. Aihara, and S. Kamakura ST-segment elevation and ventricular fibrillation without coronary spasm by intracoronary injection of acetylcholine and/or ergonovine maleate in patients with Brugada syndrome J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 20, 2002; 40(10): 1841 - 1847. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. A.M. Wilde, C. Antzelevitch, M. Borggrefe, J. Brugada, R. Brugada, P. Brugada, D. Corrado, R. N.W. Hauer, R. S. Kass, K. Nademanee, et al. Proposed Diagnostic Criteria for the Brugada Syndrome: Consensus Report Circulation, November 5, 2002; 106(19): 2514 - 2519. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A.A.M. Wilde, C. Antzelevitch, M. Borggrefe, J. Brugada, R. Brugada, P. Brugada, D. Corrado, R.N.W. Hauer, R.S. Kass, K. Nademanee, et al. Proposed Diagnostic Criteria for the Brugada Syndrome Eur. Heart J., November 1, 2002; 23(21): 1648 - 1654. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. R Bezzina and H. L Tan Pharmacological rescue of mutant ion channels Cardiovasc Res, August 1, 2002; 55(2): 229 - 232. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Kurita, W. Shimizu, M. Inagaki, K. Suyama, A. Taguchi, K. Satomi, N. Aihara, S. Kamakura, J. Kobayashi, and Y. Kosakai The electrophysiologic mechanism of ST-segment elevation in Brugada syndrome J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 17, 2002; 40(2): 330 - 334. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. P. P. Smits, L. Eckardt, V. Probst, C. R. Bezzina, J. J. Schott, C. A. Remme, W. Haverkamp, G.u. Breithardt, D. Escande, E. Schulze-Bahr, et al. Genotype-phenotype relationship in Brugada syndrome: electrocardiographic features differentiate SCN5A-related patients from non-SCN5A-related patients J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 17, 2002; 40(2): 350 - 356. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. M. Roden The problem, challenge and opportunity of genetic heterogeneity in monogenic diseases predisposing to sudden death J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 17, 2002; 40(2): 357 - 359. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Kanda, W. Shimizu, K. Matsuo, N. Nagaya, A. Taguchi, K. Suyama, T. Kurita, N. Aihara, and S. Kamakura Electrophysiologic characteristics andimplications of induced ventricular fibrillationin symptomatic patients with brugada syndrome J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 5, 2002; 39(11): 1799 - 1805. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. A. Papadatos, P. M. R. Wallerstein, C. E. G. Head, R. Ratcliff, P. A. Brady, K. Benndorf, R. C. Saumarez, A. E. O. Trezise, C. L.-H. Huang, J. I. Vandenberg, et al. Slowed conduction and ventricular tachycardia after targeted disruption of the cardiac sodium channel gene Scn5a PNAS, April 18, 2002; (2002) 82121299. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A.A.M. Wilde, C.A. Remme, R. Derksen, E.F.D. Wever, and R.N.W. Hauer Brugada syndrome Eur. Heart J., April 2, 2002; 23(8): 675 - 676. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. R. Balser Inherited sodium channelopathies: models for acquired arrhythmias? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 2002; 282(4): H1175 - H1180. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. G. Priori, C. Napolitano, M. Gasparini, C. Pappone, P. D. Bella, U. Giordano, R. Bloise, C. Giustetto, R. De Nardis, M. Grillo, et al. Natural History of Brugada Syndrome: Insights for Risk Stratification and Management Circulation, March 19, 2002; 105(11): 1342 - 1347. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Shirai, N. Makita, K. Sasaki, H. Yokoi, I. Sakuma, H. Sakurada, J. Akai, A. Kimura, M. Hiraoka, and A. Kitabatake A mutant cardiac sodium channel with multiple biophysical defects associated with overlapping clinical features of Brugada syndrome and cardiac conduction disease Cardiovasc Res, February 1, 2002; 53(2): 348 - 354. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Kyndt, V. Probst, F. Potet, S. Demolombe, J.-C. Chevallier, I. Baro, J.-P. Moisan, P. Boisseau, J.-J. Schott, D. Escande, et al. Novel SCN5A Mutation Leading Either to Isolated Cardiac Conduction Defect or Brugada Syndrome in a Large French Family Circulation, December 18, 2001; 104(25): 3081 - 3086. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S H Wong, N T Mulvihill, M Norton, and R. HALL Assessing the risk of sudden cardiac death Heart, December 1, 2001; 86(6): 624 - 625. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Martini, S. Cannas, and A. Nava Brugada by any other name? Eur. Heart J., October 1, 2001; 22(19): 1835 - 1836. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. C. Viswanathan, C. R. Bezzina, A. L. George Jr., D. M. Roden, A. A.M. Wilde, and J. R. Balser Gating-Dependent Mechanisms for Flecainide Action in SCN5A-Linked Arrhythmia Syndromes Circulation, September 4, 2001; 104(10): 1200 - 1205. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Matsuo, M. Akahoshi, E. Nakashima, A. Suyama, S. Seto, M. Hayano, and K. Yano The prevalence, incidence and prognostic value of the Brugada-type electrocardiogram: A population-based study of four decades J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 1, 2001; 38(3): 765 - 770. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Task Force on Syncope, European Society of Cardiol, M Brignole, P Alboni, D Benditt, L Bergfeldt, J.J Blanc, P.E Bloch Thomsen, J.G van Dijk, A Fitzpatrick, S Hohnloser, et al. Guidelines on management (diagnosis and treatment) of syncope Eur. Heart J., August 1, 2001; 22(15): 1256 - 1306. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M Furuhashi, K Uno, K Tsuchihashi, D Nagahara, M Hyakukoku, T Ohtomo, S Satoh, T Nishimiya, and K Shimamoto Prevalence of asymptomatic ST segment elevation in right precordial leads with right bundle branch block (Brugada-type ST shift) among the general Japanese population Heart, August 1, 2001; 86(2): 161 - 166. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Ikeda, H. Sakurada, K. Sakabe, T. Sakata, M. Takami, N. Tezuka, T. Nakae, M. Noro, Y. Enjoji, T. Tejima, et al. Assessment of noninvasive markers in identifying patients at risk in the brugada syndrome: insight into risk stratification J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 1, 2001; 37(6): 1628 - 1634. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. M. Roden Pharmacogenetics and drug-induced arrhythmias Cardiovasc Res, May 1, 2001; 50(2): 224 - 231. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M Bianco, S Bria, A Gianfelici, N Sanna, V Palmieri, and P Zeppilli Does early repolarization in the athlete have analogies with the Brugada syndrome? Eur. Heart J., March 2, 2001; 22(6): 504 - 510. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C Antzelevitch The Brugada syndrome: diagnostic criteria and cellular mechanisms Eur. Heart J., March 1, 2001; 22(5): 356 - 363. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C.A Remme, E.F.D Wever, A.A.M Wilde, R Derksen, and R.N.W Hauer Diagnosis and long-term follow-up of the Brugada syndrome in patients with idiopathic ventricular fibrillation Eur. Heart J., March 1, 2001; 22(5): 400 - 409. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. J. Huelsing, A. E. Pollard, and K. W. Spitzer Transient outward current modulates discontinuous conduction in rabbit ventricular cell pairs Cardiovasc Res, March 1, 2001; 49(4): 779 - 789. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. R Bezzina, M. B Rook, and A. A.M Wilde Cardiac sodium channel and inherited arrhythmia syndromes Cardiovasc Res, February 1, 2001; 49(2): 257 - 271. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J M Butler Brugada syndrome--the missed epidemic Emerg. Med. J., November 1, 2000; 17(6): 426 - 428. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. W. Wang, N. Makita, A. Kitabatake, J. R. Balser, and A. L. George Jr Enhanced Na+ Channel Intermediate Inactivation in Brugada Syndrome Circ. Res., October 13, 2000; 87 (8): e37 - e43. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S Viskin, R Fish, M Eldar, D Zeltser, M D Lesh, A Glick, and B Belhassen Prevalence of the Brugada sign in idiopathic ventricular fibrillation and healthy controls Heart, July 1, 2000; 84(1): 31 - 36. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. W. Veldkamp, P. C. Viswanathan, C. Bezzina, A. Baartscheer, A. A. M. Wilde, and J. R. Balser Two Distinct Congenital Arrhythmias Evoked by a Multidysfunctional Na+ Channel Circ. Res., May 12, 2000; 86 (9): e91 - e97. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Martini, A. Nava, D. Corrado, G. Thiene, A. Wilde, and M. Alings Right Bundle-Branch Block, ST-Segment Elevation, and Sudden Death Response Circulation, April 25, 2000; 101 (16): e176 - e176. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. A.M. Wilde and M. W. Veldkamp What we can learn from individual resuscitated patients Cardiovasc Res, April 1, 2000; 46(1): 14 - 16. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Deschenes, G. Baroudi, M. Berthet, I. Barde, T. Chalvidan, I. Denjoy, P. Guicheney, and M. Chahine Electrophysiological characterization of SCN5A mutations causing long QT (E1784K) and Brugada (R1512W and R1432G) syndromes Cardiovasc Res, April 1, 2000; 46(1): 55 - 65. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P Brugada, R Brugada, and J Brugada Sudden death in patients and relatives with the syndrome of right bundle branch block, ST segment elevation in the precordial leads V1to V3and sudden death Eur. Heart J., February 2, 2000; 21(4): 321 - 326. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Makita, N. Shirai, D. W. Wang, K. Sasaki, A. L. George Jr, M. Kanno, and A. Kitabatake Cardiac Na+ Channel Dysfunction in Brugada Syndrome Is Aggravated by {beta}1-Subunit Circulation, January 4, 2000; 101(1): 54 - 60. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Bezzina, M. W. Veldkamp, M. P. van den Berg, A. V. Postma, M. B. Rook, J.-W. Viersma, I. M. van Langen, G. Tan-Sindhunata, M. Th. E. Bink-Boelkens, A. H. van der Hout, et al. A Single Na+ Channel Mutation Causing Both Long-QT and Brugada Syndromes Circ. Res., December 3, 1999; 85(12): 1206 - 1213. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. B. Rook, C. Bezzina Alshinawi, W.A. Groenewegen, I. C. van Gelder, A. C.G. van Ginneken, H. J. Jongsma, M. M.A.M. Mannens, and A. A.M. Wilde Human SCN5A gene mutations alter cardiac sodium channel kinetics and are associated with the Brugada syndrome Cardiovasc Res, December 1, 1999; 44(3): 507 - 517. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Dumaine, J. A. Towbin, P. Brugada, M. Vatta, D. V. Nesterenko, V. V. Nesterenko, J. Brugada, R. Brugada, and C. Antzelevitch Ionic Mechanisms Responsible for the Electrocardiographic Phenotype of the Brugada Syndrome Are Temperature Dependent Circ. Res., October 29, 1999; 85(9): 803 - 809. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. R. Balser Sodium "Channelopathies" and Sudden Death : Must You Be So Sensitive? Circ. Res., October 29, 1999; 85(9): 872 - 874. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. A. Papadatos, P. M. R. Wallerstein, C. E. G. Head, R. Ratcliff, P. A. Brady, K. Benndorf, R. C. Saumarez, A. E. O. Trezise, C. L.-H. Huang, J. I. Vandenberg, et al. From the Cover: Slowed conduction and ventricular tachycardia after targeted disruption of the cardiac sodium channel gene Scn5a PNAS, April 30, 2002; 99(9): 6210 - 6215. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Wichter, P. Matheja, L. Eckardt, P. Kies, K. Schafers, E. Schulze-Bahr, W. Haverkamp, M. Borggrefe, O. Schober, G. Breithardt, et al. Cardiac Autonomic Dysfunction in Brugada Syndrome Circulation, February 12, 2002; 105(6): 702 - 706. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|