(Circulation. 1997;96:442-447.)
© 1997 American Heart Association, Inc.
Articles |
Effects of Ramipril on Plasma Fibrinolytic Balance in Patients With Acute Anterior Myocardial Infarction
From the Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn (D.E.V.); Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (J.-L.R.); the Cardiovascular Division (P.M.R., M.A.P.) and Division of Preventive Medicine (P.M.R.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Victoria Hospital, London, Ontario, Canada (J.M.O.A.); and Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pa (F.J.M.).
Correspondence to Douglas E. Vaughan, MD, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Room 315, MRB II, 2220 Pierce Ave, Nashville, TN 37232-6300. E-mail Doug.Vaughan{at}mcmail.vanderbilt.edu
Background The long-term administration of ACE inhibitors to selected patients with left ventricular dysfunction appears to reduce the incidence of recurrent myocardial infarction (MI) and unstable angina pectoris. The mechanisms responsible for the reduction in ischemic events are unknown, but likely candidates include effects on the atherosclerotic process, thrombosis, and/or vascular tone.
Methods and Results The effects of ACE inhibitor therapy with ramipril on plasma fibrinolytic variables were assessed in 120 subjects participating in the Healing and Early Afterload Reduction Therapy (HEART) study, a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of acute anterior MI patients who were randomly assigned within 24 hours of the onset of symptoms to receive low-dose ramipril (0.625 mg daily), full-dose ramipril (1.25 mg titrated to 10 mg/d), or placebo for 14 days. Plasma levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) activity and PAI-1 antigen and tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) antigen were measured before randomization and on day 14. Clinical characteristics of the three study groups were similar, as were the prerandomization plasma levels of PAI-1 antigen, PAI-1 activity, and TPA antigen. Compared with the placebo group, PAI-1 antigen levels were 44% lower (P=.004) at day 14 in the ramipril-treated patients, and PAI-1 activity levels were 22% lower (P=.02). In contrast, plasma TPA levels were not significantly different between the placebo-treated and ramipril-treated groups.
Conclusions Treatment with ramipril has a significant impact on plasma fibrinolytic variables during the recovery phase after acute MI. The renin-angiotensin system appears to play an important role in the regulation of vascular fibrinolysis, and interruption of this regulatory pathway may contribute to the clinical benefits of ACE inhibitors.
Key Words: angiotensin • bradykinin • fibrinolysis • plasminogen activators • renin • myocardial infarction • thrombolysis
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  C. L. Lau, Y. Zhao, J. Kim, I. L. Kron, A. Sharma, Z. Yang, V. E. Laubach, J. Linden, G. Ailawadi, and D. J. Pinsky Enhanced fibrinolysis protects against lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., May 1, 2009; 137(5): 1241 - 1248. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. P. Van Guilder, M. Pretorius, J. M. Luther, J. B. Byrd, K. Hill, J. V. Gainer, and N. J. Brown Bradykinin Type 2 Receptor BE1 Genotype Influences Bradykinin-Dependent Vasodilation During Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition Hypertension, February 1, 2008; 51(2): 454 - 459. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. R. S. Packard and P. Libby Inflammation in Atherosclerosis: From Vascular Biology to Biomarker Discovery and Risk Prediction Clin. Chem., January 1, 2008; 54(1): 24 - 38. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. G. Arndt, S. K. Young, K. R. Poch, J. A. Nick, S. Falk, R. W. Schrier, and G. S. Worthen Systemic Inhibition of the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Limits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Lung Neutrophil Recruitment through Both Bradykinin and Angiotensin II-Regulated Pathways J. Immunol., November 15, 2006; 177(10): 7233 - 7241. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Festa, K. Williams, R. P. Tracy, L. E. Wagenknecht, and S. M. Haffner Progression of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 and Fibrinogen Levels in Relation to Incident Type 2 Diabetes Circulation, April 11, 2006; 113(14): 1753 - 1759. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. J. Brown, J. A.S. Muldowney III, and D. E. Vaughan Endogenous NO Regulates Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 During Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition Hypertension, March 1, 2006; 47(3): 441 - 448. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Pretorius, J. M. Luther, L. J. Murphey, D. E. Vaughan, and N. J. Brown Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition Increases Basal Vascular Tissue Plasminogen Activator Release in Women But Not in Men Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, November 1, 2005; 25(11): 2435 - 2440. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Verdecchia, G. Reboldi, F. Angeli, R. Gattobigio, M. Bentivoglio, L. Thijs, J. A. Staessen, and C. Porcellati Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Calcium Channel Blockers for Coronary Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention Hypertension, August 1, 2005; 46(2): 386 - 392. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. A. Daly, K. M. Fox, W. J. Remme, M. E. Bertrand, R. Ferrari, M. L. Simoons, and on behalf of the EUROPA investigators The effect of perindopril on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes in the EUROPA study: results from the PERSUADE substudy Eur. Heart J., July 2, 2005; 26(14): 1369 - 1378. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. S. Goligorsky Endothelial cell dysfunction: can't live with it, how to live without it Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, May 1, 2005; 288(5): F871 - F880. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Yamamoto, K. Takeshita, T. Kojima, J. Takamatsu, and H. Saito Aging and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) regulation: implication in the pathogenesis of thrombotic disorders in the elderly Cardiovasc Res, May 1, 2005; 66(2): 276 - 285. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. M. Stuveling, S. J. L. Bakker, H. L. Hillege, P. E. de Jong, R. O. B. Gans, and D. de Zeeuw Biochemical risk markers: a novel area for better prediction of renal risk? Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., March 1, 2005; 20(3): 497 - 508. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. L. Lazar Role of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors in the Coronary Artery Bypass Patient Ann. Thorac. Surg., March 1, 2005; 79(3): 1081 - 1089. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. I. Sokol, E. L. Portnay, J. P. Curtis, M. A. Nelson, P. R. Hebert, J. F. Setaro, and J. M. Foody Modulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system for the secondary prevention of stroke Neurology, July 27, 2004; 63(2): 208 - 213. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C Roncal, J Orbe, J.A Rodriguez, M Belzunce, O Beloqui, J Diez, and J.A Paramo Influence of the 4G/5G PAI-1 genotype on angiotensin II-stimulated human endothelial cells and in patients with hypertension Cardiovasc Res, July 1, 2004; 63(1): 176 - 185. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. M Ridker, N. J. Brown, D. E. Vaughan, D. G. Harrison, and J. L. Mehta Established and Emerging Plasma Biomarkers in the Prediction of First Atherothrombotic Events Circulation, June 29, 2004; 109(25_suppl_1): IV-6 - IV-19. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Svarstad and B. M. Iversen Reply Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., March 1, 2004; 19(3): 748 - 749. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Takeshita, M. Hayashi, S. Iino, T. Kondo, Y. Inden, M. Iwase, T. Kojima, M. Hirai, M. Ito, D. J. Loskutoff, et al. Increased Expression of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 in Cardiomyocytes Contributes to Cardiac Fibrosis after Myocardial Infarction Am. J. Pathol., February 1, 2004; 164(2): 449 - 456. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. P. Tsikouris, J. A. Suarez, G. E. Meyerrose, M. Ziska, D. Fike, and J. Smith Questioning a Class Effect: Does ACE Inhibitor Tissue Penetration Influence the Degree of Fibrinolytic Balance Alteration following an Acute Myocardial Infarction? J. Clin. Pharmacol., February 1, 2004; 44(2): 150 - 157. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Pretorius, L. J. Murphey, J. A. McFarlane, D. E. Vaughan, and N. J. Brown Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition Alters the Fibrinolytic Response to Cardiopulmonary Bypass Circulation, December 23, 2003; 108(25): 3079 - 3083. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. E. Vaughan Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 and the Calculus of Mortality After Myocardial Infarction Circulation, July 29, 2003; 108(4): 376 - 377. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.P. Collet, G. Montalescot, E. Vicaut, A. Ankri, F. Walylo, C. Lesty, R. Choussat, F. Beygui, M. Borentain, N. Vignolles, et al. Acute Release of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 in ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Predicts Mortality Circulation, July 29, 2003; 108(4): 391 - 394. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W.J. Remme Reconsider the management of all coronary artery disease patients: Importance of the EUROPA trial Eur. Heart J. Suppl., July 1, 2003; 5(suppl_E): E23 - E30. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Pretorius, D. Rosenbaum, D. E. Vaughan, and N. J. Brown Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition Increases Human Vascular Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator Release Through Endogenous Bradykinin Circulation, February 4, 2003; 107(4): 579 - 585. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Murphey, D. Vaughan, and N. Brown Contribution of bradykinin to the cardioprotective effects of ACE inhibitors Eur. Heart J. Suppl., January 1, 2003; 5(suppl_A): A37 - A41. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. J. Brown, S. Kumar, C. A. Painter, and D. E. Vaughan ACE Inhibition Versus Angiotensin Type 1 Receptor Antagonism: Differential Effects on PAI-1 Over Time Hypertension, December 1, 2002; 40(6): 859 - 865. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. L Ruberg and J. Loscalzo Prothrombotic determinants of coronary atherothrombosis Vascular Medicine, November 1, 2002; 7(4): 289 - 299. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D Rimar, E Crystal, A Battler, S Gottlieb, D Freimark, H Hod, V Boyko, L Mandelzweig, S Behar, and J Leor Improved prognosis of patients presenting with clinical markers of spontaneous reperfusion during acute myocardial infarction Heart, October 1, 2002; 88(4): 352 - 356. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. S. Barua, J. A. Ambrose, D. C. Saha, and L.-J. Eales-Reynolds Smoking Is Associated With Altered Endothelial-Derived Fibrinolytic and Antithrombotic Factors: An In Vitro Demonstration Circulation, August 20, 2002; 106(8): 905 - 908. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. McMurray and M. A. Pfeffer New Therapeutic Options in Congestive Heart Failure: Part I Circulation, April 30, 2002; 105(17): 2099 - 2106. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Svarstad, D. Hultstrom, D. Jensen, G. Jenssen, and B. M. Iversen Renal artery thrombosis with acute renal failure after withdrawal of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor: a case report Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., April 1, 2002; 17(4): 687 - 689. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Festa, R. D'Agostino Jr, R. P. Tracy, and S. M. Haffner Elevated Levels of Acute-Phase Proteins and Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Predict the Development of Type 2 Diabetes: The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study Diabetes, April 1, 2002; 51(4): 1131 - 1137. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Pahor, L. V. Franse, S. R. Deitcher, W. C. Cushman, K. C. Johnson, R. I. Shorr, K. Kottke-Marchant, R. P. Tracy, G. W. Somes, and W. B. Applegate Fosinopril Versus Amlodipine Comparative Treatments Study: A Randomized Trial to Assess Effects on Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Circulation, January 29, 2002; 105(4): 457 - 461. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. J. Brown, A. Abbas, D. Byrne, J. A. Schoenhard, and D. E. Vaughan Comparative Effects of Estrogen and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition on Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 in Healthy Postmenopausal Women Circulation, January 22, 2002; 105(3): 304 - 309. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Fava, J. Azzopardi, S. Ellard, and A. T. Hattersley ACE Gene Polymorphism as a Prognostic Indicator in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Established Renal Disease Diabetes Care, December 1, 2001; 24(12): 2115 - 2120. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Kennon, K. Barakat, G. A. Hitman, C. P. Price, P. G. Mills, K. Ranjadayalan, J. Cooper, H. Clark, and A. D. Timmis Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition is associated with reduced troponin release in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 1, 2001; 38(3): 724 - 728. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Kaikita, A. B. Fogo, L. Ma, J. A. Schoenhard, N. J. Brown, and D. E. Vaughan Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Deficiency Prevents Hypertension and Vascular Fibrosis in Response to Long-term Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition Circulation, August 14, 2001; 104(7): 839 - 844. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. K. M. T. Zaman, S. Fujii, H. Sawa, D. Goto, N. Ishimori, K. Watano, T. Kaneko, T. Furumoto, T. Sugawara, I. Sakuma, et al. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition Attenuates Hypofibrinolysis and Reduces Cardiac Perivascular Fibrosis in Genetically Obese Diabetic Mice Circulation, June 26, 2001; 103(25): 3123 - 3128. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. J. Brown, L. J. Murphey, N. Srikuma, N. Koschachuhanan, G. H. Williams, and D. E. Vaughan Interactive Effect of PAI-1 4G/5G Genotype and Salt Intake on PAI-1 Antigen Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, June 1, 2001; 21(6): 1071 - 1077. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Minai, T. Matsumoto, H. Horie, N. Ohira, H. Takashima, H. Yokohama, and M. Kinoshita Bradykinin stimulates the release of tissue plasminogen activator in human coronary circulation: effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 1, 2001; 37(6): 1565 - 1570. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Skurk, Y.-M. Lee, and H. Hauner Angiotensin II and Its Metabolites Stimulate PAI-1 Protein Release From Human Adipocytes in Primary Culture Hypertension, May 1, 2001; 37(5): 1336 - 1340. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H.-C. Chen, J. L. Bouchie, A. S. Perez, A. C. Clermont, S. Izumo, J. Hampe, and E. P. Feener Role of the Angiotensin AT1 Receptor in Rat Aortic and Cardiac PAI-1 Gene Expression Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, October 1, 2000; 20(10): 2297 - 2302. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. C Felmeden and G. Y. Lip The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and fibrinolysis Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, September 1, 2000; 1(3): 240 - 244. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. L. White and A. S. Hall 'ACE inhibitors are better than AT1 receptor blockers (ARBs)' -- controversies in heart failure Eur J Heart Fail, September 1, 2000; 2(3): 237 - 240. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Labinjoh, D. E. Newby, P. Dawson, N. R. Johnston, C. A. Ludlam, N. A. Boon, and D. J. Webb Fibrinolytic actions of intra-arterial angiotensin II and bradykinin in vivo in man Cardiovasc Res, September 1, 2000; 47(4): 707 - 714. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Tarnow, C. D. A. Stehouwer, J. J. Emeis, O. Poirier, F. Cambien, B. V. Hansen, and H.-H. Parving Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and apolipoprotein E gene polymorphisms and diabetic angiopathy Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., May 1, 2000; 15(5): 625 - 630. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. L. Bouchie, H.-C. Chen, R. Carney, J. C. Bagot, P. A. Wilden, and E. P. Feener P2Y Receptor Regulation of PAI-1 Expression in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, March 1, 2000; 20(3): 866 - 873. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. J. Brown, K.-S. Kim, Y.-Q. Chen, L. S. Blevins, J. H. Nadeau, S. G. Meranze, and D. E. Vaughan Synergistic Effect of Adrenal Steroids and Angiotensin II on Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Production J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2000; 85(1): 336 - 344. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. A. Bavry, D. Li, D. S. Zander, M. I. Phillips, and J. L. Mehta Inhibition of Arterial Thrombogenesis by Quinapril but Not Losartan Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, January 1, 2000; 5(2): 121 - 127. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. P.M Cleutjens, W.M. Blankesteijn, M. J.A.P Daemen, and J. F.M Smits The infarcted myocardium: Simply dead tissue, or a lively target for therapeutic interventions Cardiovasc Res, November 1, 1999; 44(2): 232 - 241. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Soejima, H. Ogawa, H. Yasue, K. Kaikita, K. Takazoe, K. Nishiyama, K. Misumi, S. Miyamoto, M. Yoshimura, K. Kugiyama, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition reduces monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and tissue factor levels in patients with myocardial infarction J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 1, 1999; 34(4): 983 - 988. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. K. Raizada, M. J. Katovich, H. Wang, K. H. Berecek, and C. H. Gelband Is antisense gene therapy a step in the right direction in the control of hypertension? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, August 1, 1999; 277(2): H423 - H432. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. J. Brown, M. Agirbasli, and D. E. Vaughan Comparative Effect of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition and Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Antagonism on Plasma Fibrinolytic Balance in Humans Hypertension, August 1, 1999; 34(2): 285 - 290. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Gustafsson, C. Torp-Pedersen, L. Kober, F. Gustafsson, P. Hildebrandt, and on behalf of the Trace Study Group Effect of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor trandolapril on mortality and morbidity in diabetic patients with left ventricular dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 1, 1999; 34(1): 83 - 89. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Zurbano, I. Anguera, M. Heras, E. Roig, M. Lozano, G. Sanz, and G. Escolar Captopril Administration Reduces Thrombus Formation and Surface Expression of Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa in Early Postmyocardial Infarction Stage Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, July 1, 1999; 19(7): 1791 - 1795. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. E. R. Goodfield, D. E. Newby, C. A. Ludlam, and A. D. Flapan Effects of Acute Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Antagonism and Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibition on Plasma Fibrinolytic Parameters in Patients With Heart Failure Circulation, June 15, 1999; 99(23): 2983 - 2985. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. P. Brunner-La Rocca, G. Vaddadi, and M. D. Esler Recent insight into therapy of congestive heart failure: focus on ACE inhibition and angiotensin-II antagonism J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 1, 1999; 33(5): 1163 - 1173. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Pahor, M. B. Elam, R. J. Garrison, S. B. Kritchevsky, and W. B. Applegate Emerging Noninvasive Biochemical Measures to Predict Cardiovascular Risk Arch Intern Med, February 8, 1999; 159(3): 237 - 245. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. W. Sayer, C. Gutteridge, D. Syndercombe-Court, P. Wilkinson, and A. D. Timmis Circadian activity of the endogenous fibrinolytic system in stable coronary artery disease: effects of beta-adrenoreceptor blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., December 1, 1998; 32(7): 1962 - 1968. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. J. Brown, M. A. Agirbasli, G. H. Williams, W. R. Litchfield, and D. E. Vaughan Effect of Activation and Inhibition of the Renin-Angiotensin System on Plasma PAI-1 Hypertension, December 1, 1998; 32(6): 965 - 971. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. L. Bouchie, H. Hansen, and E. P. Feener Natriuretic Factors and Nitric Oxide Suppress Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Expression in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells : Role of cGMP in the Regulation of the Plasminogen System Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, November 1, 1998; 18(11): 1771 - 1779. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. W. Nesto and S. Zarich Acute Myocardial Infarction in Diabetes Mellitus : Lessons Learned From ACE Inhibition Circulation, January 13, 1998; 97(1): 12 - 15. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Tomiyama, Y. Kimura, H. Mitsuhashi, T. Kinouchi, H. Yoshida, T. Kushiro, and N. Doba Relationship Between Endothelial Function and Fibrinolysis in Early Hypertension Hypertension, January 1, 1998; 31(1): 321 - 327. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|