This Article Full Text Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Steinberg, D. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Steinberg, D.

(Circulation. 1997;95:1062-1071.)
© 1997 American Heart Association, Inc.

Articles

Lewis A. Conner Memorial Lecture

Oxidative Modification of LDL and Atherogenesis

Daniel Steinberg, MD, PhD

the Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.

Correspondence to Dr Steinberg, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093-0682. E-mail dsteinberg@UCSD.Edu.

Key Words: arteriosclerosis • atherosclerosis • lipoproteins

	Introduction

 
I want to express my thanks to Dr Sidney Smith, President of the American Heart Association, for selecting me to present the 1995 Conner Memorial Lecture. I want also to express my admiration for and gratitude to this remarkable organization, the American Heart Association, and its wonderful staff, with whom I have worked for more than 30 years. I have missed very few AHA meetings since 1959 when the American Society for Study of Arteriosclerosis became the American Heart Association Council on Arteriosclerosis. I-indeed all of us-owe a great debt to the AHA for its tireless efforts over the years to support medical research and improve medical care.

I start with the assumption that we can all agree that hypercholesterolemia-particularly hyperbetalipoproteinemia-is an important causative factor in atherogenesis and that correction of it can strikingly reduce the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Yet it was not so long ago that this argument had to be vigorously defended. It was only in 1983 that the National Institutes of Health (NIH) officially endorsed the position that hypercholesterolemia must be treated. That decision followed closely on the completion of the landmark Lipid Research Clinic Intervention Trial, initiated by Dr Donald S. Fredrickson and Dr Robert I. Levy and shepherded to completion by Dr Basil Rifkind.¹ The following year I had the privilege of chairing the NIH Consensus Conference on Lowering Blood Cholesterol,² which concluded unanimously that there was an unarguable cause-and-effect relationship and that lowering blood cholesterol should be an important national goal. . . . [Full Text of this Article]

This article has been cited by other articles:

				G. Pocobelli, U. Peters, A. R. Kristal, and E. White Use of Supplements of Multivitamins, Vitamin C, and Vitamin E in Relation to Mortality Am. J. Epidemiol., August 15, 2009; 170(4): 472 - 483. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. MELICHAR, H. KALABOVA, L. KRCMOVA, L. URBANEK, R. HYSPLER, D. SOLICHOVA, K. MELICHAROVA, M. PECKA, and Z. ZADAK Effect of Aromatase Inhibitors on Lipid Metabolism, Inflammatory Response and Antioxidant Balance in Patients with Breast Carcinoma Anticancer Res, August 1, 2009; 29(8): 3337 - 3346. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. L. SILVERSTEIN Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and arterial thrombosis: Role of the scavenger receptor CD36 Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, April 1, 2009; 76(Suppl_2): S27 - S30. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Siekmeier, T. Grammer, and W. Marz Roles of Oxidants, Nitric Oxide, and Asymmetric Dimethylarginine in Endothelial Function Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, December 1, 2008; 13(4): 279 - 297. [Abstract] [PDF]

				H. D. Sesso, J. E. Buring, W. G. Christen, T. Kurth, C. Belanger, J. MacFadyen, V. Bubes, J. E. Manson, R. J. Glynn, and J. M. Gaziano Vitamins E and C in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Men: The Physicians' Health Study II Randomized Controlled Trial JAMA, November 12, 2008; 300(18): 2123 - 2133. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M Ethier-Chiasson, J-C Forest, Y Giguere, A Masse, C Marseille-Tremblay, E Levy, and J Lafond Modulation of placental protein expression of OLR1: implication in pregnancy-related disorders or pathologies Reproduction, October 1, 2008; 136(4): 491 - 502. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. S. Sutton, D. R. Crosslin, S. H. Shah, S. C. Nelson, A. Bassil, A. B. Hale, C. Haynes, P. J. Goldschmidt-Clermont, J. M. Vance, D. Seo, et al. Comprehensive genetic analysis of the platelet activating factor acetylhydrolase (PLA2G7) gene and cardiovascular disease in case-control and family datasets Hum. Mol. Genet., May 1, 2008; 17(9): 1318 - 1328. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Siekmeier, C. Steffen, and W. Marz Role of Oxidants and Antioxidants in Atherosclerosis: Results of In Vitro and In Vivo Investigations Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, December 1, 2007; 12(4): 265 - 282. [Abstract] [PDF]

				C. Buono, Y. Li, S. W. Waldo, and H. S. Kruth Liver X receptors inhibit human monocyte-derived macrophage foam cell formation by inhibiting fluid-phase pinocytosis of LDL J. Lipid Res., November 1, 2007; 48(11): 2411 - 2418. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. J.A. Korporaal, M. Van Eck, J. Adelmeijer, M. Ijsseldijk, R. Out, T. Lisman, P. J. Lenting, T. J.C. Van Berkel, and J.-W. N. Akkerman Platelet Activation by Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein Is Mediated by Cd36 and Scavenger Receptor-A Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, November 1, 2007; 27(11): 2476 - 2483. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Caligiuri, J. Khallou-Laschet, M. Vandaele, A.-T. Gaston, S. Delignat, C. Mandet, H. V. Kohler, S. V. Kaveri, and A. Nicoletti Phosphorylcholine-Targeting Immunization Reduces Atherosclerosis J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 7, 2007; 50(6): 540 - 546. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. D. Kolodgie, J. Narula, C. Yuan, A. P. Burke, A. V. Finn, and R. Virmani Elimination of Neoangiogenesis for Plaque Stabilization: Is There a Role for Local Drug Therapy? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 29, 2007; 49(21): 2093 - 2101. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. N. Fredrikson, B. Hedblad, G. Berglund, R. Alm, J.-A. Nilsson, A. Schiopu, P. K. Shah, and J. Nilsson Association Between IgM Against an Aldehyde-Modified Peptide in Apolipoprotein B-100 and Progression of Carotid Disease Stroke, May 1, 2007; 38(5): 1495 - 1500. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Tabuchi, K. Inoue, H. Usui-Kataoka, K. Kobayashi, M. Teramoto, K. Takasugi, K. Shikata, M. Yamamura, K. Ando, K. Nishida, et al. The association of C-reactive protein with an oxidative metabolite of LDL and its implication in atherosclerosis J. Lipid Res., April 1, 2007; 48(4): 768 - 781. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. M. Schrijvers, G. R.Y. De Meyer, A. G. Herman, and W. Martinet Phagocytosis in atherosclerosis: Molecular mechanisms and implications for plaque progression and stability Cardiovasc Res, February 1, 2007; 73(3): 470 - 480. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. Staprans, X.-M. Pan, J. H. Rapp, A. H. Moser, and K. R. Feingold Ezetimibe inhibits the incorporation of dietary oxidized cholesterol into lipoproteins J. Lipid Res., November 1, 2006; 47(11): 2575 - 2580. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Muller, R. A. Catar, B. Niemann, M. Barton, L. Knels, M. Wendel, and H. Morawietz Upregulation of endothelin receptor B in human endothelial cells by low-density lipoproteins. Experimental Biology and Medicine, June 1, 2006; 231(6): 766 - 771. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Suzuki, M. Iwai, M. Mogi, A. Oshita, T. Yoshii, J. Higaki, and M. Horiuchi Eplerenone With Valsartan Effectively Reduces Atherosclerotic Lesion by Attenuation of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 2006; 26(4): 917 - 921. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. Tabas Consequences and Therapeutic Implications of Macrophage Apoptosis in Atherosclerosis: The Importance of Lesion Stage and Phagocytic Efficiency Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, November 1, 2005; 25(11): 2255 - 2264. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. K. Ray and C. P. Cannon The Potential Relevance of the Multiple Lipid-Independent (Pleiotropic) Effects of Statins in the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 18, 2005; 46(8): 1425 - 1433. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Meisinger, J. Baumert, N. Khuseyinova, H. Loewel, and W. Koenig Plasma Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein, a Strong Predictor for Acute Coronary Heart Disease Events in Apparently Healthy, Middle-Aged Men From the General Population Circulation, August 2, 2005; 112(5): 651 - 657. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. Halliwell, J. Rafter, and A. Jenner Health promotion by flavonoids, tocopherols, tocotrienols, and other phenols: direct or indirect effects? Antioxidant or not? Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, January 1, 2005; 81(1): 268S - 276S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Nilsson, G. K. Hansson, and P. K. Shah Immunomodulation of Atherosclerosis: Implications for Vaccine Development Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, January 1, 2005; 25(1): 18 - 28. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. F. Charo and M. B. Taubman Chemokines in the Pathogenesis of Vascular Disease Circ. Res., October 29, 2004; 95(9): 858 - 866. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. J. Chilton Pathophysiology of Coronary Heart Disease: A Brief Review J Am Osteopath Assoc, September 1, 2004; 104(9_suppl): 5S - 8S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Tesoriere, D. Butera, A. M. Pintaudi, M. Allegra, and M. A Livrea Supplementation with cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) fruit decreases oxidative stress in healthy humans: a comparative study with vitamin C Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 2004; 80(2): 391 - 395. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Aljada, H. Ghanim, P. Mohanty, T. Syed, A. Bandyopadhyay, and P. Dandona Glucose intake induces an increase in activator protein 1 and early growth response 1 binding activities, in the expression of tissue factor and matrix metalloproteinase in mononuclear cells, and in plasma tissue factor and matrix metalloproteinase concentrations Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 2004; 80(1): 51 - 57. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. A. Reardon, E. R. Miller, L. Blachowicz, J. Lukens, C. J. Binder, J. L. Witztum, and G. S. Getz Autoantibodies to OxLDL fail to alter the clearance of injected OxLDL in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice J. Lipid Res., July 1, 2004; 45(7): 1347 - 1354. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. B. Engler, M. M. Engler, C. Y. Chen, M. J. Malloy, A. Browne, E. Y. Chiu, H.-K. Kwak, P. Milbury, S. M. Paul, J. Blumberg, et al. Flavonoid-Rich Dark Chocolate Improves Endothelial Function and Increases Plasma Epicatechin Concentrations in Healthy Adults J. Am. Coll. Nutr., June 1, 2004; 23(3): 197 - 204. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C.-T. Chien, W.-T. Chang, H.-W. Chen, T.-D. Wang, S.-Y. Liou, T.-J. Chen, Y.-L. Chang, Y.-T. Lee, and S.-M. Hsu Ascorbate Supplement Reduces Oxidative Stress in Dyslipidemic Patients Undergoing Apheresis Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, June 1, 2004; 24(6): 1111 - 1117. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Keidar, M. Kaplan, E. Pavlotzky, R. Coleman, T. Hayek, S. Hamoud, and M. Aviram Aldosterone Administration to Mice Stimulates Macrophage NADPH Oxidase and Increases Atherosclerosis Development: A Possible Role for Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme and the Receptors for Angiotensin II and Aldosterone Circulation, May 11, 2004; 109(18): 2213 - 2220. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Kume and T. Kita Apoptosis of Vascular Cells by Oxidized LDL: Involvement of Caspases and LOX-1 and Its Implication in Atherosclerotic Plaque Rupture Circ. Res., February 20, 2004; 94(3): 269 - 270. [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. E. Binkoski, P. M. Kris-Etherton, and J. L. Beard Iron Supplementation Does Not Affect the Susceptibility of LDL to Oxidative Modification in Women with Low Iron Status J. Nutr., January 1, 2004; 134(1): 99 - 103. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Formato, M. Farina, R. Spirito, M. Maggioni, A. Guarino, G. M. Cherchi, P. Biglioli, C. Edelstein, and A. M. Scanu Evidence for a Proinflammatory and Proteolytic Environment in Plaques From Endarterectomy Segments of Human Carotid Arteries Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, January 1, 2004; 24(1): 129 - 135. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. POLIAKOV, M.-L. BRENNAN, J. MACPHERSON, R. ZHANG, W. SHA, L. NARINE, R. G. SALOMON, and S. L. HAZEN Isolevuglandins, a novel class of isoprostenoid derivatives, function as integrated sensors of oxidant stress and are generated by myeloperoxidase in vivo FASEB J, December 1, 2003; 17(15): 2209 - 2220. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H.-P. Wang, X.-J. Feng, B.-D. Gou, T.-L. Zhang, S.-J. Xu, and K. Wang Effects of LDL, Cholesterol, and Their Oxidized Forms on the Precipitation Kinetics of Calcium Phosphates Clin. Chem., December 1, 2003; 49(12): 2027 - 2036. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				O. Ziouzenkova, L. Asatryan, D. Sahady, G. Orasanu, S. Perrey, B. Cutak, T. Hassell, T. E. Akiyama, J. P. Berger, A. Sevanian, et al. Dual Roles for Lipolysis and Oxidation in Peroxisome Proliferation-Activator Receptor Responses to Electronegative Low Density Lipoprotein J. Biol. Chem., October 10, 2003; 278(41): 39874 - 39881. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Yoshida, W. Nishida, K.'i. Hayashi, Y. Ohkawa, A. Ogawa, J. Aoki, H. Arai, and K. Sobue Vascular Remodeling Induced by Naturally Occurring Unsaturated Lysophosphatidic Acid In Vivo Circulation, October 7, 2003; 108(14): 1746 - 1752. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. OSTERUD and E. BJORKLID Role of Monocytes in Atherogenesis Physiol Rev, October 1, 2003; 83(4): 1069 - 1112. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. F. de Assis, A. R. Silva, L. F. C. Caiado, G. K. Marathe, G. A. Zimmerman, S. M. Prescott, T. M. McIntyre, P. T. Bozza, and H. C. de Castro-Faria-Neto Synergism Between Platelet-Activating Factor-Like Phospholipids and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {gamma} Agonists Generated During Low Density Lipoprotein Oxidation That Induces Lipid Body Formation in Leukocytes J. Immunol., August 15, 2003; 171(4): 2090 - 2098. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Mackman How Do Oxidized Phospholipids Inhibit LPS Signaling? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, July 1, 2003; 23(7): 1133 - 1136. [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Joseph, S. Ranganathan, and J. L. Mehta Low Density Lipoproteins Modulate Collagen Metabolism in Fibroblasts Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, June 1, 2003; 8(2): 161 - 166. [Abstract] [PDF]

				J. Sabate, E. Haddad, J. S Tanzman, P. Jambazian, and S. Rajaram Serum lipid response to the graduated enrichment of a Step I diet with almonds: a randomized feeding trial Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2003; 77(6): 1379 - 1384. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. N. Fredrikson, B. Hedblad, G. Berglund, R. Alm, M. Ares, B. Cercek, K.-Y. Chyu, P. K. Shah, and J. Nilsson Identification of Immune Responses Against Aldehyde-Modified Peptide Sequences in ApoB Associated With Cardiovascular Disease Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, May 1, 2003; 23(5): 872 - 878. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. Staprans, X.-M. Pan, J. H. Rapp, and K. R. Feingold Oxidized cholesterol in the diet is a source of oxidized lipoproteins in human serum J. Lipid Res., April 1, 2003; 44(4): 705 - 715. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S.-R. Han, A. Momeni, K. Strach, P. Suriyaphol, D. Fenske, K. Paprotka, S. I. Hashimoto, M. Torzewski, S. Bhakdi, and M. Husmann Enzymatically Modified LDL Induces Cathepsin H in Human Monocytes: Potential Relevance in Early Atherogenesis Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 2003; 23(4): 661 - 667. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. S. Signorelli, M. C. Mazzarino, L. D. Pino, G. Malaponte, C. Porto, G. Pennisi, G. Marchese, M. P. Costa, D. Digrandi, G. Celotta, et al. High circulating levels of cytokines (IL-6 and TNFa), adhesion molecules (VCAM-1 and ICAM-1) and selectins in patients with peripheral arterial disease at rest and after a treadmill test Vascular Medicine, February 1, 2003; 8(1): 15 - 19. [Abstract] [PDF]

				S. J. Padayatty, A. Katz, Y. Wang, P. Eck, O. Kwon, J.-H. Lee, S. Chen, C. Corpe, A. Dutta, S. K Dutta, et al. Vitamin C as an Antioxidant: Evaluation of Its Role in Disease Prevention J. Am. Coll. Nutr., February 1, 2003; 22(1): 18 - 35. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				U. Landmesser and H. Drexler Oxidative stress, the renin-angiotensin system, and atherosclerosis Eur. Heart J. Suppl., January 1, 2003; 5(suppl_A): A3 - A7. [Abstract] [PDF]

				K. Nishi, H. Itabe, M. Uno, K. T. Kitazato, H. Horiguchi, K. Shinno, and S. Nagahiro Oxidized LDL in Carotid Plaques and Plasma Associates With Plaque Instability Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, October 1, 2002; 22(10): 1649 - 1654. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Muntwyler, C. H. Hennekens, J. E. Manson, J. E. Buring, and J. M. Gaziano Vitamin Supplement Use in a Low-Risk Population of US Male Physicians and Subsequent Cardiovascular Mortality Arch Intern Med, July 8, 2002; 162(13): 1472 - 1476. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Arakawa, K. Isoda, T. Ito, K. Nakajima, T. Shibuya, and F. Ohsuzu Fluorescence Analysis of Biochemical Constituents Identifies Atherosclerotic Plaque With a Thin Fibrous Cap Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, June 1, 2002; 22(6): 1002 - 1007. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. A. Hyson, B. O. Schneeman, and P. A. Davis Almonds and Almond Oil Have Similar Effects on Plasma Lipids and LDL Oxidation in Healthy Men and Women J. Nutr., April 1, 2002; 132(4): 703 - 707. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. Violi, F. Micheletta, and L. Iuliano Antioxidants and atherosclerosis Eur. Heart J. Suppl., March 1, 2002; 4(suppl_B): B17 - B21. [Abstract] [PDF]

				J. Nilsson, M.P.S. Ares, M. Lindholm, G.N. Fredriksonl, and S. Jovinge Inflammation and cholesterol Eur. Heart J. Suppl., February 1, 2002; 4(suppl_A): A18 - A25. [Abstract] [PDF]

				S. M. Hollenberg, L. W. Klein, J. E. Parrillo, M. Scherer, D. Burns, P. Tamburro, M. Oberoi, M. R. Johnson, and M. R. Costanzo Coronary Endothelial Dysfunction After Heart Transplantation Predicts Allograft Vasculopathy and Cardiac Death Circulation, December 18, 2001; 104(25): 3091 - 3096. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Hisamoto, M. Ohmichi, Y. Kanda, K. Adachi, Y. Nishio, J. Hayakawa, S. Mabuchi, K. Takahashi, K. Tasaka, Y. Miyamoto, et al. Induction of Endothelial Nitric-oxide Synthase Phosphorylation by the Raloxifene Analog LY117018 Is Differentially Mediated by Akt and Extracellular Signal-regulated Protein Kinase in Vascular Endothelial Cells J. Biol. Chem., December 7, 2001; 276(50): 47642 - 47649. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				X. Zhang, K. Hu, and C.-Y. Li Protection Against Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein-Induced Vascular Endothelial Cell Death by Integrin-Linked Kinase Circulation, December 4, 2001; 104(23): 2762 - 2766. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Cyrus, L. X. Tang, J. Rokach, G. A. FitzGerald, and D. Pratico Lipid Peroxidation and Platelet Activation in Murine Atherosclerosis Circulation, October 16, 2001; 104(16): 1940 - 1945. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. George, A. Afek, A. Shaish, H. Levkovitz, N. Bloom, T. Cyrus, L. Zhao, C. D. Funk, E. Sigal, and D. Harats 12/15-Lipoxygenase Gene Disruption Attenuates Atherogenesis in LDL Receptor-Deficient Mice Circulation, October 2, 2001; 104(14): 1646 - 1650. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. A. Qureshi, W. A. Salser, R. Parmar, and E. E. Emeson Novel Tocotrienols of Rice Bran Inhibit Atherosclerotic Lesions in C57BL/6 ApoE-Deficient Mice J. Nutr., October 1, 2001; 131(10): 2606 - 2618. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Nilsson Absence of EC-SOD Does Not Promote Atherogenesis in Mice: Have We Lost Yet Another Player? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, September 1, 2001; 21(9): 1387 - 1388. [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Haidari, E. Javadi, M. Kadkhodaee, and A. Sanati Enhanced Susceptibility to Oxidation and Diminished Vitamin E Content of LDL from Patients with Stable Coronary Artery Disease Clin. Chem., July 1, 2001; 47(7): 1234 - 1240. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. D O'Reilly, A. I Mallet, G. T McAnlis, I. S Young, B. Halliwell, T. A. Sanders, and H. Wiseman Consumption of flavonoids in onions and black tea: lack of effect on F2-isoprostanes and autoantibodies to oxidized LDL in healthy humans Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2001; 73(6): 1040 - 1044. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Kapinsky, M. Torzewski, C. Buchler, C. Q. Duong, G. Rothe, and G. Schmitz Enzymatically Degraded LDL Preferentially Binds to CD14high CD16+ Monocytes and Induces Foam Cell Formation Mediated Only in Part by the Class B Scavenger-Receptor CD36 Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, June 1, 2001; 21(6): 1004 - 1010. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. L. Hargrove, T. D. Etherton, T. A. Pearson, E. H. Harrison, and P. M. Kris-Etherton Low Fat and High Monounsaturated Fat Diets Decrease Human Low Density Lipoprotein Oxidative Susceptibility In Vitro J. Nutr., June 1, 2001; 131(6): 1758 - 1763. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				M. Exner, M. Hermann, R. Hofbauer, S. Kapiotis, P. Quehenberger, W. Speiser, I. Held, and B. M.K Gmeiner Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase catalyzes endothelial cell-mediated low density lipoprotein oxidation Cardiovasc Res, June 1, 2001; 50(3): 583 - 588. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Kuzuya, M. A. Ramos, S. Kanda, T. Koike, T. Asai, K. Maeda, K. Shitara, M. Shibuya, and A. Iguchi VEGF Protects Against Oxidized LDL Toxicity to Endothelial Cells by an Intracellular Glutathione-Dependent Mechanism Through the KDR Receptor Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, May 1, 2001; 21(5): 765 - 770. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Inoue, H. Itoh, T. Tanaka, T.-H. Chun, K. Doi, Y. Fukunaga, N. Sawada, J. Yamshita, K. Masatsugu, T. Saito, et al. Oxidized LDL Regulates Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression in Human Macrophages and Endothelial Cells Through Activation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-{{gamma}} Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 2001; 21(4): 560 - 566. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Sugiyama, Y. Okada, G. K. Sukhova, R. Virmani, J. W. Heinecke, and P. Libby Macrophage Myeloperoxidase Regulation by Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor in Human Atherosclerosis and Implications in Acute Coronary Syndromes Am. J. Pathol., March 1, 2001; 158(3): 879 - 891. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Orbe, J. A Rodriguez, A. Calvo, A. Grau, M. S Belzunce, D. Martinez-Caro, and J. A Paramo Vitamins C and E attenuate plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) expression in a hypercholesterolemic porcine model of angioplasty Cardiovasc Res, February 1, 2001; 49(2): 484 - 492. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Terasawa, Z. Ladha, S. W. Leonard, J. D. Morrow, D. Newland, D. Sanan, L. Packer, M. G. Traber, and R. V. Farese Jr. Increased atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic mice deficient in alpha -tocopherol transfer protein and vitamin E PNAS, November 22, 2000; (2000) 240462697. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				H. C McGill Jr, C A. McMahan, E. E Herderick, G. T Malcom, R. E Tracy, and J. P Strong Origin of atherosclerosis in childhood and adolescence Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 2000; 72 (5): 1307S - 1315S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Bart De Geest, D. Stengel, M. Landeloos, M. Lox, L. Le Gat, D. Collen, P. Holvoet, and E. Ninio Effect of Overexpression of Human Apo A-I in C57BL/6 and C57BL/6 Apo E-Deficient Mice on 2 Lipoprotein-Associated Enzymes, Platelet-Activating Factor Acetylhydrolase and Paraoxonase : Comparison of Adenovirus-Mediated Human Apo A-I Gene Transfer and Human Apo A-I Transgenesis Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, October 1, 2000; 20 (10): e68 - e75. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S.-i. Toshima, A. Hasegawa, M. Kurabayashi, H. Itabe, T. Takano, J. Sugano, K. Shimamura, J. Kimura, I. Michishita, T. Suzuki, et al. Circulating Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein Levels : A Biochemical Risk Marker for Coronary Heart Disease Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, October 1, 2000; 20(10): 2243 - 2247. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Conxita De Castellarnau, J. L. Sanchez-Quesada, S. Benitez, R. Rosa, L. Caveda, L. Vila, and J. Ordonez-Llanos Electronegative LDL From Normolipemic Subjects Induces IL-8 and Monocyte Chemotactic Protein Secretion by Human Endothelial Cells Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, October 1, 2000; 20(10): 2281 - 2287. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Asmis and J. Jelk Vitamin E Supplementation of Human Macrophages Prevents Neither Foam Cell Formation Nor Increased Susceptibility of Foam Cells to Lysis by Oxidized LDL Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, September 1, 2000; 20(9): 2078 - 2086. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Yu-Poth, T. D. Etherton, C. C. Reddy, T. A. Pearson, R. Reed, G. Zhao, S. Jonnalagadda, Y. Wan, and P. M. Kris-Etherton Lowering Dietary Saturated Fat and Total Fat Reduces the Oxidative Susceptibility of LDL in Healthy Men and Women J. Nutr., September 1, 2000; 130(9): 2228 - 2237. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				R. Garg, Y. Kumbkarni, A. Aljada, P. Mohanty, H. Ghanim, W. Hamouda, and P. Dandona Troglitazone Reduces Reactive Oxygen Species Generation by Leukocytes and Lipid Peroxidation and Improves Flow-Mediated Vasodilatation in Obese Subjects Hypertension, September 1, 2000; 36(3): 430 - 435. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. Halliwell Lipid peroxidation, antioxidants and cardiovascular disease: how should we move forward? Cardiovasc Res, August 18, 2000; 47(3): 410 - 418. [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Wiseman, J. D O'Reilly, H. Adlercreutz, A. I Mallet, E. A Bowey, I. R Rowland, and T. A. Sanders Isoflavone phytoestrogens consumed in soy decrease F2-isoprostane concentrations and increase resistance of low-density lipoprotein to oxidation in humans Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 2000; 72(2): 395 - 400. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				O. Meilhac, M. Zhou, N. Santanam, and S. Parthasarathy Lipid peroxides induce expression of catalase in cultured vascular cells J. Lipid Res., August 1, 2000; 41(8): 1205 - 1213. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				P. Patrignani, M. R. Panara, S. Tacconelli, F. Seta, T. Bucciarelli, G. Ciabattoni, P. Alessandrini, A. Mezzetti, G. Santini, M. G. Sciulli, et al. Effects of Vitamin E Supplementation on F2-Isoprostane and Thromboxane Biosynthesis in Healthy Cigarette Smokers Circulation, August 1, 2000; 102(5): 539 - 545. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Q. Jing, S.-M. Xin, W.-B. Zhang, P. Wang, Y.-W. Qin, and G. Pei Lysophosphatidylcholine Activates p38 and p42/44 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases in Monocytic THP-1 Cells, but Only p38 Activation Is Involved in Its Stimulated Chemotaxis Circ. Res., July 7, 2000; 87(1): 52 - 59. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. J. Kudchodkar, J. Wilson, A. Lacko, and L. Dory Hyperbaric Oxygen Reduces the Progression and Accelerates the Regression of Atherosclerosis in Rabbits Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, June 1, 2000; 20(6): 1637 - 1643. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. W. Ballinger, C. Patterson, C.-N. Yan, R. Doan, D. L. Burow, C. G. Young, F. M. Yakes, B. Van Houten, C. A. Ballinger, B. A. Freeman, et al. Hydrogen Peroxide- and Peroxynitrite-Induced Mitochondrial DNA Damage and Dysfunction in Vascular Endothelial and Smooth Muscle Cells Circ. Res., May 12, 2000; 86(9): 960 - 966. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Cominacini, A. F. Pasini, U. Garbin, A. Davoli, M. L. Tosetti, M. Campagnola, A. Rigoni, A. M. Pastorino, V. Lo Cascio, and T. Sawamura Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein (ox-LDL) Binding to ox-LDL Receptor-1 in Endothelial Cells Induces the Activation of NF-kappa B through an Increased Production of Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species J. Biol. Chem., April 21, 2000; 275(17): 12633 - 12638. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Lynn, J.-R. Gurr, H.-T. Lai, and K.-Y. Jan NADH Oxidase Activation Is Involved in Arsenite-Induced Oxidative DNA Damage in Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Circ. Res., March 17, 2000; 86(5): 514 - 519. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. Staprans, X.-M. Pan, J. H. Rapp, C. Grunfeld, and K. R. Feingold Oxidized Cholesterol in the Diet Accelerates the Development of Atherosclerosis in LDL Receptor- and Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, March 1, 2000; 20(3): 708 - 714. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. J van Tits, P. N Demacker, J. de Graaf, H. L Hak-Lemmers, and A. F Stalenhoef {alpha}-Tocopherol supplementation decreases production of superoxide and cytokines by leukocytes ex vivo in both normolipidemic and hypertriglyceridemic individuals1 Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, February 1, 2000; 71(2): 458 - 464. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. M Kockx and A. G Herman Apoptosis in atherosclerosis: beneficial or detrimental? Cardiovasc Res, February 1, 2000; 45(3): 736 - 746. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Z. S. Galis Atheroma Morphology and Mechanical Strength : Looks Are Important, After All--Lose the Fat Circ. Res., January 7, 2000; 86(1): 1 - 3. [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. T. Erkkila, O. Narvanen, S. Lehto, M. I. J. Uusitupa, and S. Yla-Herttuala Autoantibodies Against Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein and Cardiolipin in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, January 1, 2000; 20(1): 204 - 209. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Steinberg and A. M. Gotto Jr Preventing Coronary Artery Disease by Lowering Cholesterol Levels: Fifty Years From Bench to Bedside JAMA, December 1, 1999; 282(21): 2043 - 2050. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. T Vatassery, T. Bauer, and M. Dysken High doses of vitamin E in the treatment of disorders of the central nervous system in the aged Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 1999; 70(5): 793 - 801. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. F. Casper, M. Quesne, I. M. Rogers, T. Shirota, A. Jolivet, E. Milgrom, and J.-F. Savouret Resveratrol Has Antagonist Activity on the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor: Implications for Prevention of Dioxin Toxicity Mol. Pharmacol., October 1, 1999; 56(4): 784 - 790. [Abstract] [Full Text]