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Circulation, Vol 67, 968-977, Copyright © 1983 by American Heart Association
HB Hubert, M Feinleib, PM McNamara and WP Castelli
The relationship between the degree of obesity and the incidence of
cardiovascular disease (CVD) was reexamined in the 5209 men and women of
the original Framingham cohort. Recent observations of disease occurrence
over 26 years indicate that obesity, measured by Metropolitan Relative
Weight, was a significant independent predictor of CVD, particularly among
women. Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that Metropolitan
Relative Weight, or percentage of desirable weight, on initial examination
predicted 26-year incidence of coronary disease (both angina and coronary
disease other than angina), coronary death and congestive heart failure in
men independent of age, cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, cigarettes,
left ventricular hypertrophy and glucose intolerance. Relative weight in
women was also positively and independently associated with coronary
disease, stroke, congestive failure, and coronary and CVD death. These data
further show that weight gain after the young adult years conveyed an
increased risk of CVD in both sexes that could not be attributed either to
the initial weight or the levels of the risk factors that may have resulted
from weight gain. Intervention in obesity, in addition to the well
established risk factors, appears to be an advisable goal in the primary
prevention of CVD.
ARTICLES
Obesity as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease: a 26- year follow-up of participants in the Framingham Heart Study
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F. Thomas, K. Bean, B. Pannier, J.-M. Oppert, L. Guize, and A. Benetos Cardiovascular Mortality in Overweight Subjects: The Key Role of Associated Risk Factors Hypertension, October 1, 2005; 46(4): 654 - 659. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S Zukauskaite, D Lasiene, L Lasas, B Urbonaite, and P Hindmarsh Onset of breast and pubic hair development in 1231 preadolescent Lithuanian schoolgirls Arch. Dis. Child., September 1, 2005; 90(9): 932 - 936. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Sagstuen, N. Aass, S.D. Fossa, O. Dahl, O. Klepp, E.A. Wist, T. Wilsgaard, and R.M. Bremnes Blood Pressure and Body Mass Index in Long-Term Survivors of Testicular Cancer J. Clin. Oncol., August 1, 2005; 23(22): 4980 - 4990. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 W. C. Stanley, F. A. Recchia, and G. D. Lopaschuk Myocardial Substrate Metabolism in the Normal and Failing Heart Physiol Rev, July 1, 2005; 85(3): 1093 - 1129. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. Y. Liu, A. M. Xydakis, R. C. Hoogeveen, P. H. Jones, E. O. Smith, K. W. Nelson, and C. M. Ballantyne Multiplexed Analysis of Biomarkers Related to Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome in Human Plasma, Using the Luminex-100 System Clin. Chem., July 1, 2005; 51(7): 1102 - 1109. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Jin, G. L. Grunkemeier, A. P. Furnary, J. R. Handy Jr, and for the Providence Health System Cardiovascular St Is Obesity a Risk Factor for Mortality in Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery? Circulation, June 28, 2005; 111(25): 3359 - 3365. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. S. Fox, N. L. Heard-Costa, R. S. Vasan, J. M. Murabito, R. B. D'Agostino Sr., and L. D. Atwood Genomewide Linkage Analysis of Weight Change in the Framingham Heart Study J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2005; 90(6): 3197 - 3201. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 D. C. W. Lau, B. Dhillon, H. Yan, P. E. Szmitko, and S. Verma Adipokines: molecular links between obesity and atheroslcerosis Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, May 1, 2005; 288(5): H2031 - H2041. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Mora, L. R. Yanek, T. F. Moy, M. D. Fallin, L. C. Becker, and D. M. Becker Interaction of Body Mass Index and Framingham Risk Score in Predicting Incident Coronary Disease in Families Circulation, April 19, 2005; 111(15): 1871 - 1876. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. de Simone, K. Wachtell, V. Palmieri, D. A. Hille, G. Beevers, B. Dahlof, U. de Faire, F. Fyhrquist, H. Ibsen, S. Julius, et al. Body Build and Risk of Cardiovascular Events in Hypertension and Left Ventricular Hypertrophy: The LIFE (Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension) Study Circulation, April 19, 2005; 111(15): 1924 - 1931. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Rega, C. Kaun, T.W. Weiss, S. Demyanets, G. Zorn, S.P. Kastl, S. Steiner, D. Seidinger, C.W. Kopp, M. Frey, et al. Inflammatory Cytokines Interleukin-6 and Oncostatin M Induce Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 in Human Adipose Tissue Circulation, April 19, 2005; 111(15): 1938 - 1945. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Kurth, J. M. Gaziano, K. M. Rexrode, C. S. Kase, N. R. Cook, J. E. Manson, and J. E. Buring Prospective Study of Body Mass Index and Risk of Stroke in Apparently Healthy Women Circulation, April 19, 2005; 111(15): 1992 - 1998. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. T. Noronha, J.-M. Li, S. B. Wheatcroft, A. M. Shah, and M. T. Kearney Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Has Divergent Effects on Vascular and Metabolic Function in Obesity Diabetes, April 1, 2005; 54(4): 1082 - 1089. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Franco, J. Brandberg, L. Lonn, B. Andersson, B.-A. Bengtsson, and G. Johannsson Growth Hormone Treatment Reduces Abdominal Visceral Fat in Postmenopausal Women with Abdominal Obesity: A 12-Month Placebo-Controlled Trial J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2005; 90(3): 1466 - 1474. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. Eilat-Adar, M. Eldar, and U. Goldbourt Association of Intentional Changes in Body Weight with Coronary Heart Disease Event Rates in Overweight Subjects Who Have an Additional Coronary Risk Factor Am. J. Epidemiol., February 15, 2005; 161(4): 352 - 358. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S G. Wannamethee, A G. Shaper, and M. Walker Overweight and obesity and weight change in middle aged men: impact on cardiovascular disease and diabetes J Epidemiol Community Health, February 1, 2005; 59(2): 134 - 139. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. L. Daviglus, K. Liu, L. L. Yan, A. Pirzada, L. Manheim, W. Manning, D. B. Garside, R. Wang, A. R. Dyer, P. Greenland, et al. Relation of Body Mass Index in Young Adulthood and Middle Age to Medicare Expenditures in Older Age JAMA, December 8, 2004; 292(22): 2743 - 2749. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. H. Bates, T. A. Dundon, M. Seifert, M. Carlson, E. Maratos-Flier, and M. G. Myers Jr LRb-STAT3 Signaling Is Required for the Neuroendocrine Regulation of Energy Expenditure by Leptin Diabetes, December 1, 2004; 53(12): 3067 - 3073. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Jood, C. Jern, L. Wilhelmsen, and A. Rosengren Body Mass Index in Mid-Life Is Associated With a First Stroke in Men: A Prospective Population Study Over 28 Years Stroke, December 1, 2004; 35(12): 2764 - 2769. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. E. Widlansky, H. D. Sesso, K. M. Rexrode, J. E. Manson, and J. M. Gaziano Body Mass Index and Total and Cardiovascular Mortality in Men With a History of Cardiovascular Disease Arch Intern Med, November 22, 2004; 164(21): 2326 - 2332. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Y. Wong, T. O'Moore-Sullivan, R. Leano, N. Byrne, E. Beller, and T. H. Marwick Alterations of Left Ventricular Myocardial Characteristics Associated With Obesity Circulation, November 9, 2004; 110(19): 3081 - 3087. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. T. de Jongh, E. H. Serne, R. G. IJzerman, G. de Vries, and C. D.A. Stehouwer Free Fatty Acid Levels Modulate Microvascular Function: Relevance for Obesity-Associated Insulin Resistance, Hypertension, and Microangiopathy Diabetes, November 1, 2004; 53(11): 2873 - 2882. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. E. Wisse The Inflammatory Syndrome: The Role of Adipose Tissue Cytokines in Metabolic Disorders Linked to Obesity J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., November 1, 2004; 15(11): 2792 - 2800. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Chiquette, G. Ramirez, and R. DeFronzo A Meta-analysis Comparing the Effect of Thiazolidinediones on Cardiovascular Risk Factors Arch Intern Med, October 25, 2004; 164(19): 2097 - 2104. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. A. Brownley, K. C. Light, K. M. Grewen, E. E. Bragdon, A. L. Hinderliter, and S. G. West Postprandial Ghrelin Is Elevated in Black Compared with White Women J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2004; 89(9): 4457 - 4463. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. L. Neville, C. V. R. Brown, J. Weng, D. Demetriades, and G. C. Velmahos Obesity Is an Independent Risk Factor of Mortality in Severely Injured Blunt Trauma Patients Arch Surg, September 1, 2004; 139(9): 983 - 987. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Eyre, R. Kahn, R. M. Robertson, and and the ACS/ADA/AHA Collaborative Writing Committe Preventing Cancer, Cardiovascular Disease, and Diabetes: A Common Agenda for the American Cancer Society, the American Diabetes Association, and the American Heart Association Stroke, August 1, 2004; 35(8): 1999 - 2010. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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