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(Circulation. 2008;118:853-862.)
© 2008 American Heart Association, Inc.

Imaging

Electroanatomic Mapping of the Left Ventricle in a Porcine Model of Chronic Myocardial Infarction With Magnetic Resonance–Based Catheter Tracking

Srinivas R. Dukkipati, MD; Richard Mallozzi, PhD; Ehud J. Schmidt, PhD; Godtfred Holmvang, MD; Andre d'Avila, MD; Renee Guhde, MS; Robert D. Darrow, MS; Glenn Slavin, PhD; Maggie Fung, MS; Zachary Malchano, BS; Greg Kampa, BS; Jeremy D. Dando, BS; Christina McPherson, BS; Thomas K. Foo, PhD; Jeremy N. Ruskin, MD; Charles L. Dumoulin, PhD; Vivek Y. Reddy, MD

From the Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (S.R.D., G.H., A.D., Z.M., C.M., J.N.R., V.Y.R.); GE Global Research, Niskayuna, NY (R.M., R.G., R.D.D., T.K.F., C.L.D); GE Healthcare Applied Science Laboratory, Boston, Mass, and Bethesda, Md (E.J.S., G.S., M.F.); and St Jude Medical, Inc, Minnetonka, Minn (G.K., J.D.D).

Correspondence to Vivek Y. Reddy, MD, University of Miami Hospital, 1400 NW 12th Ave, Suite 4062, Miami, FL 33136. E-mail vreddy{at}med.miami.edu

Received September 1, 2007; accepted June 24, 2008.

Background— X-ray fluoroscopy constitutes the fundamental imaging modality for catheter visualization during interventional electrophysiology procedures. The minimal tissue discriminative capability of fluoroscopy is mitigated in part by the use of electroanatomic mapping systems and enhanced by the integration of preacquired 3-dimensional imaging of the heart with computed tomographic or magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. A more ideal paradigm might be to use intraprocedural MR imaging to directly image and guide catheter mapping procedures.

Methods and Results— An MR imaging–based electroanatomic mapping system was designed to assess the feasibility of navigating catheters to the left ventricle in vivo using MR tracking of microcoils incorporated into the catheters, measuring intracardiac ventricular electrograms, and integrating this information with 3-dimensional MR angiography and myocardial delayed enhancement images to allow ventricular substrate mapping. In all animals (4 normal, and 10 chronically infarcted swine), after transseptal puncture under fluoroscopic guidance, catheters were successfully navigated to the left ventricle with MR tracking (13 to 15 frames per second) by both transseptal and retrograde aortic approaches. Electrogram artifacts related to the MR imaging gradient pulses were successfully removed with analog and digital signal processing. In all animals, it was possible to map the entire left ventricle and to project electrogram voltage amplitude maps to identify the scarred myocardium.

Conclusions— It is possible to use MR tracking to navigate catheters to the left ventricle, to measure electrogram activity, and to render accurate 3-dimensional voltage maps in a porcine model of chronic myocardial infarction, completely in the MR imaging environment. Myocardial delayed enhancement guidance provided dense sampling of the proximity of the infarct and accurate localization of complex infarcts.

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