doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.658492
(Circulation. 2007;115:e326-e328.)
© 2007 American Heart Association, Inc.
Images in Cardiovascular Medicine |
Multiphoton Microscopy for 3-Dimensional Imaging of Lymphocyte Recruitment Into Apolipoprotein-E–Deficient Mouse Carotid Artery
From the Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (P.M., A.I.); Division of Immunology, Infection & Inflammation (P.M., I.B.M.) and BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.H.B.); and Centre for Biophotonics (B.H.Z., J.M.B., P.G.) and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (S.K.), Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
Correspondence to: Pasquale Maffia, Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy (e-mail pamaffia@unina.it); or Paul Garside, Centre for Biophotonics, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 ONR, United Kingdom (email paul.garside@strath.ac.uk).
An extract of the first 250 words of the full text is provided, because this article has no abstract. |
Two recent elegant studies have shown that in apolipoprotein-E–deficient mice, the lamina adventitia is a major site of arterial wall inflammation associated with lymphocyte infiltration into atherosclerotic arteries and with formation of adventitial lymphoid-like tissues.1,2 These results suggest that lymphocyte responses in the lamina adventitia may play a crucial role in atherosclerosis development.1,2
However, in both studies, the detection of immune cells within the artery was limited to conventional analysis systems (flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry), which require the removal, disruption, and processing of tissue at defined time points to give a "snapshot" of the immune response to vascular damage in vivo. For evaluation of atherosclerotic processes and their relationship to immune activation, imaging of 3-dimensional structures in intact vascular tissues and functional aspects of the diseased artery (eg, details of the interactions of immune cell with vessel wall structures) are required. A potential solution to this problem is offered by the development of multiphoton laser-scanning microscopy,3 with the ability to penetrate directly into tissues at sufficient depths to image tissues in situ in the absence of significant phototoxicity. By moving the focal point axially, a stack of optical sections at various depths can subsequently be viewed as a movie. Recently, multiphoton imaging has been applied in atherosclerosis to image murine vascular structures.4 However, homing of cells to the vessel wall was not addressed. In our laboratory, we have established multiphoton scanning microscopy to allow imaging of lymphocytes in real time, in situ, in vivo.3 Here, we report the 3-dimensional imaging of
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