Circulation. 2006;114:688-699
doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.593442
doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.593442
(Circulation. 2006;114:688-699.)
© 2006 American Heart Association, Inc.
Contemporary Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine |
Peripheral Arterial Disease
Morbidity and Mortality Implications
From the Department of Medicine (B.A.G., T.T.D., M.H.C.), Department of Family and Preventive Medicine (B.A.G., M.H.C.), and Department of Physics (T.T.D.), University of California at San Diego, San Diego, Calif.
Correspondence to Beatrice A. Golomb, MD, PhD, Department of Medicine 0995, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093-0995. E-mail bgolomb@ucsd.edu
Key Words: peripheral arterial disease • peripheral vascular disease • coronary artery disease • cerebrovascular disorders • risk factors
An extract of the first 250 words of the full text is provided, because this article has no abstract. |
 |
Introduction |
|---|
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) has been estimated to reduce quality of life in approximately 2 million symptomatic Americans,1 and millions more Americans without claudication are likely to suffer PAD-associated impairment.2 PAD is a strongly age-dependent condition that contributes significantly to morbidity and healthcare expenditures in the elderly: There are 413 000 discharges per year with chronic PAD, 88 000 hospitalizations involving lower-extremity arteriography, and 28 000 discharges citing embolectomy or thrombectomy of lower-limb arteries.3 Figures for prevalence of asymptomatic PAD are several-fold higher. These figures were based on National Hospital Discharge Survey and National Vital Statistics System 1985 to 1987 US data; numbers of procedures had increased in the prior decade3 and are likely to have increased in the intervening years as the population continues to age. Even though few deaths were directly attributed to PAD, PAD has potent mortality implications. Although symptomatic disease directly affects functional capacity and quality of life by restricting ambulation, asymptomatic disease is also important, not only because it may augur risk of future compromised ambulation, lower-extremity ulcers, or need for vascular surgery or amputation, but perhaps most importantly because asymptomatic and symptomatic PAD are consistent and powerful independent predictors of coronary artery disease (CAD) and cerebrovascular disease (CBVD) events and mortality. The evidence relating PAD to prevalent and incident cardiac and cerebrovascular disease (CCVD) forms the focus of the present report.
|
Methods |
|---|
A PubMed search (updated June 2005) covering years 1966 to 2005 yielded all abstracts with title words "peripheral artery disease," "peripheral arterial disease,"
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  C. Diehm, J. R. Allenberg, D. Pittrow, M. Mahn, G. Tepohl, R. L. Haberl, H. Darius, I. Burghaus, H. J. Trampisch, and for the German Epidemiological Trial on Ankle Brac Mortality and Vascular Morbidity in Older Adults With Asymptomatic Versus Symptomatic Peripheral Artery Disease Circulation, November 24, 2009; 120(21): 2053 - 2061. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. D. Anderson, F. H. Epstein, C. H. Meyer, K. D. Hagspiel, H. Wang, S. S. Berr, N. L. Harthun, A. Weltman, J. M. DiMaria, A. M. West, et al. Multifactorial determinants of functional capacity in peripheral arterial disease: uncoupling of calf muscle perfusion and metabolism. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 11, 2009; 54(7): 628 - 635. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. E. Aquarius, K. G. Smolderen, J. F. Hamming, J. De Vries, P. W. Vriens, and J. Denollet Type D Personality and Mortality in Peripheral Arterial Disease: A Pilot Study Arch Surg, August 1, 2009; 144(8): 728 - 733. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. S. Berger, J. L. Petersen, and D. L. Brown Vascular Disease Burden and In-Hospital Outcomes Among Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in New York State Circ Cardiovasc Interv, August 1, 2009; 2(4): 317 - 322. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. S. Berger, M. J. Krantz, J. M. Kittelson, and W. R. Hiatt Aspirin for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Trials JAMA, May 13, 2009; 301(18): 1909 - 1919. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. B Rafnsson, I. J Deary, and F. Fowkes Peripheral arterial disease and cognitive function Vascular Medicine, February 1, 2009; 14(1): 51 - 61. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Gresele and R. Migliacci The peripheral arterial disease subgroup in the CHARISMA trial: does it tell us anything new? Eur. Heart J., January 9, 2009; (2009) ehn565v1. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P.C. Bennett, S. Silverman, P.S. Gill, and G.Y.H. Lip Ethnicity and peripheral artery disease QJM, January 1, 2009; 102(1): 3 - 16. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. P Reis, E. D Michos, D. von Muhlen, and E. R Miller III Differences in vitamin D status as a possible contributor to the racial disparity in peripheral arterial disease Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, December 1, 2008; 88(6): 1469 - 1477. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Espinola-Klein, H. J. Rupprecht, C. Bickel, K. Lackner, S. Savvidis, C. M. Messow, T. Munzel, S. Blankenberg, and for the AtheroGene Investigators Different Calculations of Ankle-Brachial Index and Their Impact on Cardiovascular Risk Prediction Circulation, August 26, 2008; 118(9): 961 - 967. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Bernstein, J. L Esterhai, M. Staska, S. Reinhardt, and M. E Mitchell The prevalence of occult peripheral arterial disease among patients referred for orthopedic evaluation of leg pain Vascular Medicine, August 1, 2008; 13(3): 235 - 238. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Migliacci, R. Nasorri, P. Ricciarini, and P. Gresele Ankle-brachial index measured by palpation for the diagnosis of peripheral arterial disease Fam. Pract., August 1, 2008; 25(4): 228 - 232. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Hobo, T. Shimizu, H. Sekine, T. Shin'oka, T. Okano, and H. Kurosawa Therapeutic Angiogenesis Using Tissue Engineered Human Smooth Muscle Cell Sheets Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 2008; 28(4): 637 - 643. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. L. Gornik Peripheral arterial disease enters the biomarker era. Does risk stratification tell us something that we don't already know? Eur. Heart J., January 2, 2008; 29(2): 150 - 152. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Kruk, J. Kadziela, H. R. Reynolds, S. A. Forman, Z. Sadowski, B. A. Barton, D. B. Mark, A. P. Maggioni, J. Leor, J. G. Webb, et al. Predictors of Outcome and the Lack of Effect of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Across the Risk Strata in Patients With Persistent Total Occlusion After Myocardial Infarction. Results From the Occluded Artery Trial (OAT). J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Intv., January 1, 2008; 1: 511 - 520. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Al-Omran and T. F. Lindsay One-year cardiovascular event rates in outpatients with atherothrombosis. Steg PG, Bhatt DL, Wilson PW, et al; REACH Registry Investigators. JAMA. 2007;297: 1197-1206 Perspectives in Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, December 1, 2007; 19(4): 416 - 417. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Tongers and D. W. Losordo Frontiers in Nephrology: The Evolving Therapeutic Applications of Endothelial Progenitor Cells J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., November 1, 2007; 18(11): 2843 - 2852. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. J. Bax, L. H. Young, R. L. Frye, R. O. Bonow, H. O. Steinberg, and E. J. Barrett Screening for Coronary Artery Disease in Patients With Diabetes Diabetes Care, October 1, 2007; 30(10): 2729 - 2736. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. E. Carter, D. T. Lackland, P. A. Cleary, E. Yim, M. F. Lopes-Virella, G. E. Gilbert, T. J. Orchard, and for the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/E Intensive Treatment of Diabetes Is Associated With a Reduced Rate of Peripheral Arterial Calcification in The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Diabetes Care, October 1, 2007; 30(10): 2646 - 2648. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. Dieplinger, A. Lingenhel, N. Baumgartner, W. Poelz, H. Dieplinger, M. Haltmayer, F. Kronenberg, and T. Mueller Increased Serum Lipoprotein(a) Concentrations and Low Molecular Weight Phenotypes of Apolipoprotein(a) Are Associated with Symptomatic Peripheral Arterial Disease Clin. Chem., July 1, 2007; 53(7): 1298 - 1305. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|