Published online before print May 1, 2006, doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.583039
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(Circulation. 2006;113:2229-2237.)
© 2006 American Heart Association, Inc.
Molecular Cardiology |
Creation of Engineered Cardiac Tissue In Vitro From Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells
From the Department of Tissue Engineering, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China (X.G., Y.Z., H.C., C.W., L.E., X.Z., C.D., L.D., H.J., J.L., Y.S., X.Y.); Xytex Research, Augusta, Ga (Y.S.); Department of Surgery and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta (Y.S.); and Center for Regenerative Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs (X.Y.).
Correspondence to Chang-Yong Wang, MD, PhD, Department of Tissue Engineering, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Rd, Beijing 100850, PR China (e-mail wcy2000{at}yahoo.com) or Xiangzhong (Jerry) Yang, PhD, Center for Regenerative Biology, University of Connecticut, 1392 Storrs Rd, Unit 4243, Storrs, CT 06269-4243 (e-mail Xiangzhong.Yang@uconn.edu).
Received August 15, 2005; revision received February 28, 2006; accepted March 3, 2006.
Background— Embryonic stem (ES) cells can terminally differentiate into all types of somatic cells and are considered a promising source of seed cells for tissue engineering. However, despite recent progress in in vitro differentiation and in vivo transplantation methodologies of ES cells, to date, no one has succeeded in using ES cells in tissue engineering for generation of somatic tissues in vitro for potential transplantation therapy.
Methods and Results— ES-D3 cells were cultured in a slow-turning lateral vessel for mass production of embryoid bodies. The embryoid bodies were then induced to differentiate into cardiomyocytes in a medium supplemented with 1% ascorbic acid. The ES cell–derived cardiomyocytes were then enriched by Percoll gradient centrifugation. The enriched cardiomyocytes were mixed with liquid type I collagen supplemented with Matrigel to construct engineered cardiac tissue (ECT). After in vitro stretching for 7 days, the ECT can beat synchronously and respond to physical and pharmaceutical stimulation. Histological, immunohistochemical, and transmission electron microscopic studies further indicate that the ECTs both structurally and functionally resemble neonatal native cardiac muscle. Markers related to undifferentiated ES cell contamination were not found in reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction analysis of the Percoll-enriched cardiomyocytes. No teratoma formation was observed in the ECTs implanted subcutaneously in nude mice for 4 weeks.
Conclusions— ES cells can be used as a source of seed cells for cardiac tissue engineering. Additional work remains to demonstrate engraftment of the engineered heart tissue in the case of cardiac defects and its functional integrity within the host’s remaining healthy cardiac tissue.
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