doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.548743
(Circulation. 2005;112:3073-3079.)
© 2005 American Heart Association, Inc.
Epidemiology |
Ambient Air Pollution Is Associated With Increased Risk of Hospital Cardiac Readmissions of Myocardial Infarction Survivors in Five European Cities
From the Institute of Epidemiology (S.v.K., A.P., H.L.) and the Institute of Health Economics and Health Care Management (A.H.), GSF–National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Physical Sciences (P.A., M.K.), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health (T.B., N.B.), Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Environmental Medicine (T.B., N.B.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Epidemiology (D.D., S.P., F.F.), ASLRME-Local Health Authority, Rome, Italy; IMIM-Municipal Institute for Medical Research (R.E., J.S.), Barcelona, Spain; the Department of Public Health and General Practise (J.P.), University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland; and Unit of Environmental Epidemiology (T.L., J.P.), KTL-National Public Health Institute, Kuopio, Finland.
Correspondence to Stephanie von Klot, GSF–Institute of Epidemiology, PO Box 1129, D-85758 Neuherberg, Germany. E-mail klot{at}gsf.de
Received March 11, 2005; revision received September 8, 2005; accepted September 14, 2005.
Background— Ambient air pollution has been associated with increases in acute morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the short-term effects of urban air pollution on cardiac hospital readmissions in survivors of myocardial infarction, a potentially susceptible subpopulation.
Methods and Results— In this European multicenter cohort study, 22 006 survivors of a first myocardial infarction were recruited in Augsburg, Germany; Barcelona, Spain; Helsinki, Finland; Rome, Italy; and Stockholm, Sweden, from 1992 to 2000. Hospital readmissions were recorded in 1992 to 2001. Ambient nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, and mass of particles <10 µm (PM10) were measured. Particle number concentrations were estimated as a proxy for ultrafine particles. Short-term effects of air pollution on hospital readmissions for myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, and cardiac causes (myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, dysrhythmia, or heart failure) were studied in city-specific Poisson regression analyses with subsequent pooling. During follow-up, 6655 cardiac readmissions were observed. Cardiac readmissions increased in association with same-day concentrations of PM10 (rate ratio [RR] 1.021, 95% CI 1.004 to 1.039) per 10 µg/m3) and estimated particle number concentrations (RR 1.026 [95% CI 1.005 to 1.048] per 10 000 particles/cm3). Effects of similar strength were observed for carbon monoxide (RR 1.014 [95% CI 1.001 to 1.026] per 200 µg/m3 [0.172 ppm]), nitrogen dioxide (RR 1.032 [95% CI 1.013 to 1.051] per 8 µg/m3 [4.16 ppb]), and ozone (RR 1.026 [95% CI 1.001 to 1.051] per 15 µg/m3 [7.5 ppb]). Pooled effect estimates for angina pectoris and myocardial infarction readmissions were comparable.
Conclusions— The results suggest that ambient air pollution is associated with increased risk of hospital cardiac readmissions of myocardial infarction survivors in 5 European cities.
Key Words: air pollution • epidemiology • hospital readmission • myocardial infarction • multicenter study
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