Circulation. 2005;112:2735-2752
Published online before print September 12, 2005, doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.169404
Published online before print September 12, 2005, doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.169404
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(Circulation. 2005;112:2735-2752.)
© 2005 American Heart Association, Inc.
AHA/NHLBI Scientific Statement |
Diagnosis and Management of the Metabolic Syndrome
An American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement
Key Words: AHA/NHLBI Scientific Statements • metabolic syndrome • cardiovascular disease • obesity • diabetes • lifestyle therapy
An extract of the first 250 words of the full text is provided, because this article has no abstract. |
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Introduction |
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The metabolic syndrome has received increased attention in the past few years. This statement from the American Heart Association (AHA) and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) is intended to provide up-to-date guidance for professionals on the diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome in adults.
The metabolic syndrome is a constellation of interrelated risk factors of metabolic origin—metabolic risk factors—that appear to directly promote the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD).1 Patients with the metabolic syndrome also are at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Another set of conditions, the underlying risk factors, give rise to the metabolic risk factors. In the past few years, several expert groups have attempted to set forth simple diagnostic criteria to be used in clinical practice to identify patients who manifest the multiple components of the metabolic syndrome. These criteria have varied somewhat in specific elements, but in general they include a combination of both underlying and metabolic risk factors.
The most widely recognized of the metabolic risk factors are atherogenic dyslipidemia, elevated blood pressure, and elevated plasma glucose. Individuals with these characteristics commonly manifest a prothrombotic state and a pro-inflammatory state as well. Atherogenic dyslipidemia consists of an aggregation of lipoprotein abnormalities including elevated serum triglyceride and apolipoprotein B (apoB), increased small LDL particles, and a reduced level of HDL cholesterol (HDL-C). The metabolic syndrome is often referred to as if it were a discrete entity with a single cause. Available data suggest that it
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M. Troseid, I. Seljeflot, E. M. Hjerkinn, and H. Arnesen Interleukin-18 Is a Strong Predictor of Cardiovascular Events in Elderly Men With the Metabolic Syndrome: Synergistic effect of inflammation and hyperglycemia Diabetes Care, March 1, 2009; 32(3): 486 - 492. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Ingelsson, J. M. Massaro, P. Sutherland, P. F. Jacques, D. Levy, R. B. D'Agostino, R. S. Vasan, and S. J. Robins Contemporary Trends in Dyslipidemia in the Framingham Heart Study Arch Intern Med, February 9, 2009; 169(3): 279 - 286. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Steinberger, S. R. Daniels, R. H. Eckel, L. Hayman, R. H. Lustig, B. McCrindle, and M. L. Mietus-Snyder Progress and Challenges in Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in the Young Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; and Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Circulation, February 3, 2009; 119(4): 628 - 647. [Full Text] [PDF]
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T.-D. Wang, W.-J. Lee, F.-Y. Shih, C.-H. Huang, Y.-C. Chang, W.-J. Chen, Y.-T. Lee, and M.-F. Chen Relations of Epicardial Adipose Tissue Measured by Multidetector Computed Tomography to Components of the Metabolic Syndrome Are Region-Specific and Independent of Anthropometric Indexes and Intraabdominal Visceral Fat J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2009; 94(2): 662 - 669. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. A. Abdul-Ghani, V. Lyssenko, T. Tuomi, R. A. DeFronzo, and L. Groop Fasting Versus Postload Plasma Glucose Concentration and the Risk for Future Type 2 Diabetes: Results from the Botnia Study Diabetes Care, February 1, 2009; 32(2): 281 - 286. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Shah, J. P Casas, J. A Cooper, I. Tzoulaki, R. Sofat, V. McCormack, L. Smeeth, J. E Deanfield, G. D Lowe, A. Rumley, et al. Critical appraisal of CRP measurement for the prediction of coronary heart disease events: new data and systematic review of 31 prospective cohorts Int. J. Epidemiol., February 1, 2009; 38(1): 217 - 231. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. He, T. H. Lam, B. Jiang, J. Wang, X. Sai, L. Fan, X. Li, Y. Qin, and F. B. Hu Combined effects of tobacco smoke exposure and metabolic syndrome on cardiovascular risk in older residents of china. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 27, 2009; 53(4): 363 - 371. [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Sugamura, S. Sugiyama, T. Nozaki, Y. Matsuzawa, Y. Izumiya, K. Miyata, M. Nakayama, K. Kaikita, T. Obata, M. Takeya, et al. Activated Endocannabinoid System in Coronary Artery Disease and Antiinflammatory Effects of Cannabinoid 1 Receptor Blockade on Macrophages Circulation, January 6, 2009; 119(1): 28 - 36. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. B Lindsey, F. Cipollone, S. M Abdullah, and D. K Mcguire Receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) and soluble RAGE (sRAGE): cardiovascular implications Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research, January 1, 2009; 6(1): 7 - 14. [Abstract] [PDF]
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M. Hanefeld, A. Karasik, C. Koehler, T. Westermeier, and J.-L. Chiasson Metabolic syndrome and its single traits as risk factors for diabetes in people with impaired glucose tolerance: the STOP-NIDDM trial Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research, January 1, 2009; 6(1): 32 - 37. [Abstract] [PDF]
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C. Raffaitin, H. Gin, J.-P. Empana, C. Helmer, C. Berr, C. Tzourio, F. Portet, J.-F. Dartigues, A. Alperovitch, and P. Barberger-Gateau Metabolic Syndrome and Risk for Incident Alzheimer's Disease or Vascular Dementia: The Three-City Study Diabetes Care, January 1, 2009; 32(1): 169 - 174. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Weikert, N. Stefan, M. B. Schulze, T. Pischon, K. Berger, H.-G. Joost, H.-U. Haring, H. Boeing, and A. Fritsche Plasma Fetuin-A Levels and the Risk of Myocardial Infarction and Ischemic Stroke Circulation, December 9, 2008; 118(24): 2555 - 2562. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Salas-Salvado, J. Fernandez-Ballart, E. Ros, M.-A. Martinez-Gonzalez, M. Fito, R. Estruch, D. Corella, M. Fiol, E. Gomez-Gracia, F. Aros, et al. Effect of a Mediterranean Diet Supplemented With Nuts on Metabolic Syndrome Status: One-Year Results of the PREDIMED Randomized Trial Arch Intern Med, December 8, 2008; 168(22): 2449 - 2458. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. L. A. de Kroon, C. M. Renders, E. C. C. Kuipers, J. P. van Wouwe, S. van Buuren, G. A. de Jonge, and R. A. Hirasing Identifying metabolic syndrome without blood tests in young adults--The Terneuzen Birth Cohort Eur J Public Health, December 1, 2008; 18(6): 656 - 660. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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