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(Circulation. 2005;111:2958-2965.)
© 2005 American Heart Association, Inc.

Interventional Cardiology

Strut Position, Blood Flow, and Drug Deposition

Implications for Single and Overlapping Drug-Eluting Stents

Brinda Balakrishnan, SB^*; Abraham R. Tzafriri, PhD^*; Philip Seifert, MS; Adam Groothuis, MS; Campbell Rogers, MD; Elazer R. Edelman, MD, PhD

From the Harvard–MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (B.B., A.R.T., P.S., A.G., C.R., E.R.E.), and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Mass (C.R., E.R.E.).

Correspondence to Dr E.R. Edelman, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 16-343, Cambridge, MA 02139. E-mail ere{at}mit.edu

Received September 7, 2004; de novo received October 6, 2004; revision received February 11, 2005; accepted February 28, 2005.

Background— The intricacies of stent design, local pharmacology, tissue biology, and rheology preclude an intuitive understanding of drug distribution and deposition from drug-eluting stents (DES).

Methods and Results— A coupled computational fluid dynamics and mass transfer model was applied to predict drug deposition for single and overlapping DES. Drug deposition appeared not only beneath regions of arterial contact with the strut but surprisingly also beneath standing drug pools created by strut disruption of flow. These regions correlated with areas of drug-induced fibrin deposition surrounding DES struts in porcine coronary arteries. Fibrin deposition immediately distal to individual isolated drug-eluting struts was twice as great as in the proximal area and for the stent as a whole was greater in distal segments than proximal segments. Adjacent and overlapping stent struts increased computed arterial drug deposition by far less than the sum of their combined drug load. In addition, drug eluted from the abluminal stent strut surface accounted for only 11% of total deposition, whereas, remarkably, drug eluted from the adluminal surface accounted for 43% of total deposition. Thus, local blood flow alterations and location of drug elution on the strut were far more important in determining arterial wall drug deposition and distribution than were drug load or arterial wall contact with coated strut surfaces.

Conclusions— Simulations that coupled strut configurations with flow dynamics correlated with in vivo effects and revealed that drug deposition occurs less via contact between drug coating and the arterial wall than via flow-mediated deposition of blood-solubilized drug.

Key Words: drugs • hemodynamics • restenosis • stents

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