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(Circulation. 2005;111:2671-2683.)
© 2005 American Heart Association, Inc.

Contemporary Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine

When Heparins Promote Thrombosis

Review of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia

Ik-Kyung Jang, MD, PhD; Marcie J. Hursting, PhD

From the Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School (I.-K.J.), Boston, Mass, and Clinical Science Consulting (M.J.H.), Potomac, Md.

Correspondence to Ik-Kyung Jang, MD, PhD, Cardiology Division, Gray/Bigelow 800, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA 02114. E-mail ijang@partners.org

Key Words: heparin • platelets • thrombosis • antibodies • anticoagulants

An extract of the first 250 words of the full text is provided, because this article has no abstract.

	Introduction

 
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT; sometimes known as HIT type II) is a serious, immune system–mediated complication of heparin therapy often resulting in devastating thromboembolic outcomes. Although nomenclature distinctions have been made historically between this condition and the non–immune system–mediated, asymptomatic transient drop in platelet count in some patients receiving heparin (sometimes known as HIT type I), the term "HIT" is now preferably reserved for the immune system–mediated condition.¹ An estimated 1 in 100 patients who receive unfractionated heparin for at least 5 days will develop HIT-associated thrombosis.² The pervasive use of heparins makes HIT one of the most important adverse drug reactions confronting physicians. Heparin is routinely used for thromboprophylaxis or treatment in many clinical settings, including cardiovascular surgery and interventional procedures, acute coronary syndromes, venous thromboembolism, atrial fibrillation, peripheral occlusive disease, dialysis, and extracorporeal circulation. It is among the most frequently prescribed medications in the United States, with >1 trillion units used³ and 12 million patients treated⁴ annually.

Because thrombocytopenia is common in hospitalized patients, occurring in up to 58% of critically ill patients, and can be caused by a variety of factors,⁵ HIT unfortunately often remains unrecognized. However, consistent with standard clinical practice for life-threatening conditions, HIT should be suspected in a heparin-treated patient who has thrombocytopenia with or without thrombosis. Increased awareness and a high degree of suspicion for HIT are critical to ensure its prompt recognition, diagnosis, and treatment. Advances in understanding the pathophysiology of HIT and its natural history have led to current treatment recommendations—specifically, that . . . [Full Text of this Article]

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