Circulation. 2003;107:1164-1169
Published online before print February 24, 2003, doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000058702.69484.A0
Published online before print February 24, 2003, doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000058702.69484.A0
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(Circulation. 2003;107:1164.)
© 2003 American Heart Association, Inc.
Basic Science Reports |
Peripheral Blood "Endothelial Progenitor Cells" Are Derived From Monocyte/Macrophages and Secrete Angiogenic Growth Factors
From the Krannert Institute of Cardiology (J.R., J.L., K.L.M.), Division of Hematology/Oncology (C.M.O.), and Indiana Center for Vascular Biology and Medicine (J.R., J.L., K.L.M.), Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis.
Correspondence to Keith L. March, MD, PhD, Indiana Center for Vascular Biology and Medicine, 975 West Walnut St, IB 441, Indianapolis, IN 46202. E-mail kmarch{at}iupui.edu
Background— Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have been isolated from peripheral blood and can enhance angiogenesis after infusion into host animals. It is not known whether the proangiogenic effects are a result of such events as endothelial differentiation and subsequent proliferation of EPCs or secondary to secretion of angiogenic growth factors.
Methods and Results— Human EPCs were isolated as previously described, and their phenotypes were confirmed by uptake of acetylated LDL and binding of ulex-lectin. EPC proliferation and surface marker expression were analyzed by flow cytometry, and conditioned medium was assayed for growth factors. The majority of EPCs expressed monocyte/macrophage markers such as CD14 (95.7±0.3%), Mac-1 (57.6±13.5%), and CD11c (90.8±4.9%). A much lower percentage of cells expressed the specific endothelial marker VE-cadherin (5.2±0.7%) or stem/progenitor-cell markers AC133 (0.16±0.05%) and c-kit (1.3±0.7%). Compared with circulating monocytes, cultured EPCs showed upregulation of monocyte activation and macrophage differentiation markers. EPCs did not demonstrate any significant proliferation but did secrete the angiogenic growth factors vascular endothelial growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor, granulocyte colony–stimulating factor, and granulocyte-macrophage colony–stimulating factor.
Conclusions— Our findings suggest that acetylated LDL(+)ulex-lectin(+) cells, commonly referred to as EPCs, do not proliferate but release potent proangiogenic growth factors. The majority of acetylated LDL(+)ulex-lectin(+) cells are derived from monocyte/macrophages. The findings of low proliferation and endothelial differentiation suggest that their angiogenic effects are most likely mediated by growth factor secretion. These findings may allow for development of novel angiogenic therapies relying on secreted growth factors or on recruitment of endogenous monocytes/macrophages to sites of ischemia.
Key Words: angiogenesis • monocytes • growth substances • endothelium • stem cells
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 J. Tongers and D. W. Losordo Frontiers in Nephrology: The Evolving Therapeutic Applications of Endothelial Progenitor Cells J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., November 1, 2007; 18(11): 2843 - 2852. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Hur, H.-M. Yang, C.-H. Yoon, C.-S. Lee, K.-W. Park, J.-H. Kim, T.-Y. Kim, J.-Y. Kim, H.-J. Kang, I.-H. Chae, et al. Identification of a Novel Role of T Cells in Postnatal Vasculogenesis: Characterization of Endothelial Progenitor Cell Colonies Circulation, October 9, 2007; 116(15): 1671 - 1682. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Grisar, D. Aletaha, C. W Steiner, T. Kapral, S. Steiner, M. Saemann, I. Schwarzinger, B. Buranyi, G. Steiner, and J. S Smolen Endothelial progenitor cells in active rheumatoid arthritis: effects of tumour necrosis factor and glucocorticoid therapy Ann Rheum Dis, October 1, 2007; 66(10): 1284 - 1288. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. K Y Goon and G. Y H Lip Endothelial progenitor cells, endothelial cell dysfunction and much more: observations from cardiac syndrome X Heart, September 1, 2007; 93(9): 1020 - 1021. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Morimoto, M. Takahashi, Y. Shiba, A. Izawa, H. Ise, M. Hongo, K. Hatake, K. Motoyoshi, and U. Ikeda Bone Marrow-Derived CXCR4+ Cells Mobilized by Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Participate in the Reduction of Infarct Area and Improvement of Cardiac Remodeling after Myocardial Infarction in Mice Am. J. Pathol., September 1, 2007; 171(3): 755 - 766. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. M. Cooper, S. Radom-Aizik, C. Schwindt, and F. Zaldivar Jr. Dangerous exercise: lessons learned from dysregulated inflammatory responses to physical activity J Appl Physiol, August 1, 2007; 103(2): 700 - 709. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Erbs, A. Linke, V. Schachinger, B. Assmus, H. Thiele, K.-W. Diederich, C. Hoffmann, S. Dimmeler, T. Tonn, R. Hambrecht, et al. Restoration of Microvascular Function in the Infarct-Related Artery by Intracoronary Transplantation of Bone Marrow Progenitor Cells in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction: The Doppler Substudy of the Reinfusion of Enriched Progenitor Cells and Infarct Remodeling in Acute Myocardial Infarction (REPAIR-AMI) Trial Circulation, July 24, 2007; 116(4): 366 - 374. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Timmermans, F. Van Hauwermeiren, M. De Smedt, R. Raedt, F. Plasschaert, M. L. De Buyzere, T. C. Gillebert, J. Plum, and B. Vandekerckhove Endothelial Outgrowth Cells Are Not Derived From CD133+ Cells or CD45+ Hematopoietic Precursors Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, July 1, 2007; 27(7): 1572 - 1579. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. E Westerweel, R. K M A C Luijten, I. E Hoefer, H. A Koomans, R. H W M Derksen, and M. C Verhaar Haematopoietic and endothelial progenitor cells are deficient in quiescent systemic lupus erythematosus Ann Rheum Dis, July 1, 2007; 66(7): 865 - 870. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Nagano, T. Yamashita, H. Hamada, K. Ohneda, K.-i. Kimura, T. Nakagawa, M. Shibuya, H. Yoshikawa, and O. Ohneda Identification of functional endothelial progenitor cells suitable for the treatment of ischemic tissue using human umbilical cord blood Blood, July 1, 2007; 110(1): 151 - 160. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. M Cubbon, A. Rajwani, and S. B Wheatcroft The impact of insulin resistance on endothelial function, progenitor cells and repair Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research, June 1, 2007; 4(2): 103 - 111. [Abstract] [PDF]
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 Y.-H. Chen, S.-J. Lin, F.-Y. Lin, T.-C. Wu, C.-R. Tsao, P.-H. Huang, P.-L. Liu, Y.-L. Chen, and J.-W. Chen High Glucose Impairs Early and Late Endothelial Progenitor Cells by Modifying Nitric Oxide-Related but Not Oxidative Stress-Mediated Mechanisms Diabetes, June 1, 2007; 56(6): 1559 - 1568. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Nishimura, I. Manabe, M. Nagasaki, Y. Hosoya, H. Yamashita, H. Fujita, M. Ohsugi, K. Tobe, T. Kadowaki, R. Nagai, et al. Adipogenesis in Obesity Requires Close Interplay Between Differentiating Adipocytes, Stromal Cells, and Blood Vessels Diabetes, June 1, 2007; 56(6): 1517 - 1526. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. M. Melero-Martin, Z. A. Khan, A. Picard, X. Wu, S. Paruchuri, and J. Bischoff In vivo vasculogenic potential of human blood-derived endothelial progenitor cells Blood, June 1, 2007; 109(11): 4761 - 4768. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H.-K. Oh, J.-M. Ha, E. O, B. H. Lee, S. K. Lee, B.-S. Shim, Y.-K. Hong, and Y. A. Joe Tumor Angiogenesis Promoted by Ex vivo Differentiated Endothelial Progenitor Cells Is Effectively Inhibited by an Angiogenesis Inhibitor, TK1-2 Cancer Res., May 15, 2007; 67(10): 4851 - 4859. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. V. R. Santhanam, L. A. Smith, T. He, K. A. Nath, and Z. S. Katusic Endothelial Progenitor Cells Stimulate Cerebrovascular Production of Prostacyclin By Paracrine Activation of Cyclooxygenase-2 Circ. Res., May 11, 2007; 100(9): 1379 - 1388. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Caballero, N. Sengupta, A. Afzal, K.-H. Chang, S. Li Calzi, D. L. Guberski, T. S. Kern, and M. B. Grant Ischemic Vascular Damage Can Be Repaired by Healthy, but Not Diabetic, Endothelial Progenitor Cells Diabetes, April 1, 2007; 56(4): 960 - 967. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 P. E. Westerweel, I. E. Hoefer, P. J. Blankestijn, P. de Bree, D. Groeneveld, O. van Oostrom, B. Braam, H. A. Koomans, and M. C. Verhaar End-stage renal disease causes an imbalance between endothelial and smooth muscle progenitor cells Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, April 1, 2007; 292(4): F1132 - F1140. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. J. van Amerongen, M. C. Harmsen, N. van Rooijen, A. H. Petersen, and M. J.A. van Luyn Macrophage Depletion Impairs Wound Healing and Increases Left Ventricular Remodeling after Myocardial Injury in Mice Am. J. Pathol., March 1, 2007; 170(3): 818 - 829. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Tan, H. Shao, D. Eton, Z. Yang, L. Alonso-Diaz, H. Zhang, A. Schulick, A. S. Livingstone, and H. Yu Stromal cell-derived factor-1 enhances pro-angiogenic effect of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor Cardiovasc Res, March 1, 2007; 73(4): 823 - 832. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 L. W. van Laake, R. Hassink, P. A. Doevendans, and C. Mummery Heart repair and stem cells J. Physiol., December 1, 2006; 577(2): 467 - 478. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. W. van Laake, S. van den Driesche, S. Post, A. Feijen, M. A. Jansen, M. H. Driessens, J. J. Mager, R. J. Snijder, C. J. J. Westermann, P. A. Doevendans, et al. Endoglin Has a Crucial Role in Blood Cell-Mediated Vascular Repair Circulation, November 21, 2006; 114(21): 2288 - 2297. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. J. Boos, G. Y.H. Lip, and A. D. Blann Circulating Endothelial Cells in Cardiovascular Disease J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 17, 2006; 48(8): 1538 - 1547. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Guven, R. M. Shepherd, R. G. Bach, B. J. Capoccia, and D. C. Link The Number of Endothelial Progenitor Cell Colonies in the Blood Is Increased in Patients With Angiographically Significant Coronary Artery Disease J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 17, 2006; 48(8): 1579 - 1587. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Wassmann, N. Werner, T. Czech, and G. Nickenig Improvement of Endothelial Function by Systemic Transfusion of Vascular Progenitor Cells Circ. Res., October 13, 2006; 99(8): E74 - E83. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Morimoto, M. Takahashi, A. Izawa, H. Ise, M. Hongo, P. E. Kolattukudy, and U. Ikeda Cardiac Overexpression of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 in Transgenic Mice Prevents Cardiac Dysfunction and Remodeling After Myocardial Infarction Circ. Res., October 13, 2006; 99(8): 891 - 899. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 K.-L. Ang, L. Takura Shenje, L. Srinivasan, and M. Galinanes Repair of the damaged heart by bone marrow cells: from experimental evidence to clinical hope. Ann. Thorac. Surg., October 1, 2006; 82(4): 1549 - 1558. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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O. Agbulut, M. Mazo, C. Bressolle, M. Gutierrez, K. Azarnoush, L. Sabbah, N. Niederlander, G. Abizanda, E. J. Andreu, B. Pelacho, et al. Can bone marrow-derived multipotent adult progenitor cells regenerate infarcted myocardium? Cardiovasc Res, October 1, 2006; 72(1): 175 - 183. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. J. Capoccia, R. M. Shepherd, and D. C. Link G-CSF and AMD3100 mobilize monocytes into the blood that stimulate angiogenesis in vivo through a paracrine mechanism Blood, October 1, 2006; 108(7): 2438 - 2445. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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