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Circulation. 2003;107:1514-1519
Published online before print March 10, 2003, doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000056767.69054.B3
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(Circulation. 2003;107:1514.)
© 2003 American Heart Association, Inc.

Clinical Investigation and Reports

Why Are Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease at Increased Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases?

The Potential Role of Systemic Inflammation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Don D. Sin, MD, MPH; S.F. Paul Man, MD

From the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division (D.D.S., S.F.P.M.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, and The Institute of Health Economics (D.D.S.), Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

Correspondence and reprint requests to Dr Don D. Sin, 2E4.29 Walter C. Mackenzie Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2B7. E-mail don.sin{at}ualberta.ca

Background— Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) increases the risk of cardiovascular disease 2- to 3-fold. The factors responsible for this association remain largely unknown.

Methods and Results— We analyzed data from participants, >=50 years of age, of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (n=6629) to determine whether C-reactive protein (CRP) and other systemic inflammatory markers are present in participants with chronic airflow obstruction and are associated with cardiac injury. Participants with severe airflow obstruction had circulating leukocyte, platelet, and fibrinogen levels that were 460/µL (95% confidence interval [CI], 30 to 890/µL), 39 510/µL (95% CI, 21 730 to 57 290/µL), and 41.63 mg/dL (95% CI, 19.87 to 63.39 mg/dL) higher, respectively, than in those without airflow obstruction. They were also 2.18 times (95% CI, 1.46 to 3.27) more likely to have an elevated circulating CRP level. Moderate airflow obstruction was associated with smaller but still significant increases in these levels. Moderate and severe airflow obstruction was associated with increased occurrence of ischemic changes on electrocardiograms of participants. In the presence of both highly elevated CRP and moderate or severe airflow obstruction, the Cardiac Infarction Injury Score was 2.68 and 5.88 U higher, respectively, than in those without airflow obstruction and with low CRP, which suggests an additive effect of CRP and COPD on the risk of cardiac injury.

Conclusion— Low-grade systemic inflammation was present in participants with moderate to severe airflow obstruction and was associated with increased risk of cardiac injury. This may in part explain the high rates of cardiovascular complications in COPD.


Key Words: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease • inflammation, systemic • C-reactive protein • epidemiology




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J. Sunyer and C. S. Ulrik
Level of FEV1 as a predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: an effect beyond smoking and physical fitness?
Eur. Respir. J., April 1, 2005; 25(4): 587 - 588.
[Full Text] [PDF]

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 Proc Am Thorac SocHome page
D. D. Sin and S. F. P. Man
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality
Proceedings of the ATS, April 1, 2005; 2(1): 8 - 11.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Proc Am Thorac SocHome page
D. B. Hunninghake
Cardiovascular Disease in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Proceedings of the ATS, April 1, 2005; 2(1): 44 - 49.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Proc Am Thorac SocHome page
W. MacNee
Pulmonary and Systemic Oxidant/Antioxidant Imbalance in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Proceedings of the ATS, April 1, 2005; 2(1): 50 - 60.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Proc Am Thorac SocHome page
S. F. P. Man and D. D. Sin
Effects of Corticosteroids on Systemic Inflammation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Proceedings of the ATS, April 1, 2005; 2(1): 78 - 82.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Proc Am Thorac SocHome page
R. Buhl and S. G. Farmer
Future Directions in the Pharmacologic Therapy of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Proceedings of the ATS, April 1, 2005; 2(1): 83 - 93.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Proc Am Thorac SocHome page
S. I. Rennard
Clinical Approach to Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Cardiovascular Disease
Proceedings of the ATS, April 1, 2005; 2(1): 94 - 100.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 ChestHome page
W. Q. Gan, S.F. P. Man, and D. D. Sin
The Interactions Between Cigarette Smoking and Reduced Lung Function on Systemic Inflammation
Chest, February 1, 2005; 127(2): 558 - 564.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.Home page
D. D. Sin, P. Lacy, E. York, and S. F. P. Man
Effects of Fluticasone on Systemic Markers of Inflammation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., October 1, 2004; 170(7): 760 - 765.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 ThoraxHome page
W Q Gan, S F P Man, A Senthilselvan, and D D Sin
Association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and systemic inflammation: a systematic review and a meta-analysis
Thorax, July 1, 2004; 59(7): 574 - 580.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Eur Respir JHome page
N.R. Anthonisen
The British hypothesis revisited
Eur. Respir. J., May 1, 2004; 23(5): 657 - 658.
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 JAMAHome page
D. D. Sin, F. A. McAlister, S. F. P. Man, and N. R. Anthonisen
Contemporary Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Scientific Review
JAMA, November 5, 2003; 290(17): 2301 - 2312.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 ChestHome page
D. D. Sin
Sleep-Disordered Breathing: A Heart-Changing Experience?
Chest, September 1, 2003; 124(3): 778 - 780.
[Full Text] [PDF]


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