doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000031704.78200.59
(Circulation. 2002;106:1420.)
© 2002 American Heart Association, Inc.
Current Perspective |
Cardiovascular Manifestations of HIV Infection
From the Department of Medical Pathophysiology, University "La Sapienza," Rome, Italy.
Correspondence to Giuseppe Barbaro, MD, Viale Anicio Gallo 63, 00174 Rome, Italy. E-mail g.barbaro@tin.it
Key Words: AIDS • myocarditis • cardiomyopathy • hypertension, pulmonary • atherosclerosis
An extract of the first 250 words of the full text is provided, because this article has no abstract. |
 |
Introduction |
|---|
Studies published over the past 3 years have tracked the incidence and course of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in relation to cardiac illness in both children and adults.1 These studies show that subclinical echocardiographic abnormalities independently predict adverse outcomes and identify high-risk groups to target for early intervention and therapy. The Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS estimates that 36.1 million people were living with HIV infection at the end of the year 2000.2 If 8% to 10% of patients develop symptomatic heart failure over a 2- to 5-year period,3 then 3 million cases of HIV-related heart failure will present during that period.1
Cardiovascular manifestations of HIV have been altered by the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimens. On one hand, HAART has significantly modified the course of HIV disease, lengthened survival, and improved the quality of life of HIV-infected patients. On the other hand, the early data have raised concerns that HAART is associated with an increase in both peripheral and coronary arterial diseases.1 The HAART-associated changes are relevant only to the minority of HIV-infected individuals worldwide who have access to HAART. Thus, studies conducted before HAART became available remain globally applicable.
In this review article, the principal HIV-associated cardiovascular manifestations will be discussed, with an emphasis on new knowledge about prevalence, pathogenesis, and treatment.
|
Dilated Cardiomyopathy |
|---|
HIV disease is recognized as an important cause of dilated cardiomyopathy, with an estimated annual incidence of 15.9 in 1000 before the introduction of HAART3 (Table 1). The importance
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  S. Mehmood, D. Blais, S. Martin, and C. Sai-Sudhakar Heartmate XVE(R) destination therapy for end-stage heart failure in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus Interactive CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery, November 1, 2009; 9(5): 909 - 910. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Soler-Soler and J. Sagristà-Sauleda CHAPTER 19 Pericardial Disease ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, January 1, 2009; 2(1): med-9780199566990-chapter - med-9780199566990-chapter. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. S. Rogers, S. Zakaria, K. A. Thom, K. M. Flammer, M. Kanno, and M. R. Mehra Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome and Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Myocarditis Mayo Clin. Proc., November 1, 2008; 83(11): 1275 - 1279. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Karavidas, M. Foukarakis, G. Lazaros, M. Chini, I. Fotiadis, S. Arapi, T. Gialernios, N. Potamitis, P. Gargalianos, E. Matsakas, et al. Assessment of cardiac function with Doppler tissue imaging in asymptomatic HIV-infected patients Int J STD AIDS, April 1, 2008; 19(4): 227 - 231. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. May, J. A C Sterne, M. Shipley, E. Brunner, R. d'Agostino, P. Whincup, Y. Ben-Shlomo, A. Carr, B. Ledergerber, J. D Lundgren, et al. A coronary heart disease risk model for predicting the effect of potent antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 infected men Int. J. Epidemiol., December 1, 2007; 36(6): 1309 - 1318. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Y. Hsue and D. D. Waters What a Cardiologist Needs to Know About Patients With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Circulation, December 20, 2005; 112(25): 3947 - 3957. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Ntsekhe and J. Hakim Impact of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection on Cardiovascular Disease in Africa Circulation, December 6, 2005; 112(23): 3602 - 3607. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Weber Killing Two Birds With One Stone: Targeting Chemokine Receptors in Atherosclerosis and HIV Infection Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, December 1, 2005; 25(12): 2448 - 2450. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. J.A. van Wanrooij, H. Happe, A. D. Hauer, P. de Vos, T. Imanishi, H. Fujiwara, T. J.C. van Berkel, and J. Kuiper HIV Entry Inhibitor TAK-779 Attenuates Atherogenesis in Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Deficient Mice Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, December 1, 2005; 25(12): 2642 - 2647. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Liu, D. S. Chi, C. Li, H. K. Hall, D. M. Milhorn, and G. Krishnaswamy HIV-1 Tat protein-induced VCAM-1 expression in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells and its signaling Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, August 1, 2005; 289(2): L252 - L260. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. W. Lee, S. Y. Eum, A. Nath, and M. Toborek Estrogen-mediated protection against HIV Tat protein-induced inflammatory pathways in human vascular endothelial cells Cardiovasc Res, July 1, 2004; 63(1): 139 - 148. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Kan, Z. Xie, and M. S. Finkel p38 MAP kinase-mediated negative inotropic effect of HIV gp120 on cardiac myocytes Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, January 1, 2004; 286(1): C1 - C7. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Barbaro HIV infection, highly active antiretroviral therapy and the cardiovascular system Cardiovasc Res, October 15, 2003; 60(1): 87 - 95. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|