(Circulation. 2001;103:1245.)
© 2001 American Heart Association, Inc.
Clinical Investigation and Reports |
Does the Relation of Blood Pressure to Coronary Heart Disease Risk Change With Aging?
The Framingham Heart Study
From the Preventive Cardiology Program, University of California, Irvine (S.S.F., S.A.K., N.D.W.); National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Mass (M.G.L., E.P.L., D.L.); National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md (D.L.); and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass (E.P.L).
Correspondence to Dr Stanley S. Franklin, UCI Heart Disease Prevention Program, C240 Medical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697. E-mail sfrankln{at}ucla.edu
Background—We examined the relative importance of diastolic (DBP), systolic (SBP) and pulse pressure (PP) as predictors of coronary heart disease (CHD) risk in different age groups of Framingham Heart Study participants.
Methods and Results—We studied 3060 men and 3479 women between 20 and 79 years of age who were free of CHD and were not on antihypertensive drug therapy at baseline. Cox regression adjusted for age, sex, and other risk factors was used to assess the relations of BP indexes to CHD risk over a 20-year follow-up. In the group <50 years of age, DBP was the strongest predictor of CHD risk (hazard ratio [HR] per 10 mm Hg increment, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.18 to 1.51) rather than SBP (HR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.24) or PP (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.89 to 1.17). In the group 50 to 59 years of age, risks were comparable for all 3 BP indexes. In the older age group, the strongest predictor of CHD risk was PP (HR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.16 to 1.33). When both SBP and DBP were considered jointly, the former was directly and the latter was inversely related to CHD risk in the oldest age group
Conclusions—With increasing age, there was a gradual shift from DBP to SBP and then to PP as predictors of CHD risk. In patients <50 years of age, DBP was the strongest predictor. Age 50 to 59 years was a transition period when all 3 BP indexes were comparable predictors, and from 60 years of age on, DBP was negatively related to CHD risk so that PP became superior to SBP.
Key Words: blood pressure • hypertension • pulse pressure • coronary disease
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  K. R. Stenmark, B. Meyrick, N. Galie, W. J. Mooi, and I. F. McMurtry Animal models of pulmonary arterial hypertension: the hope for etiological discovery and pharmacological cure Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, December 1, 2009; 297(6): L1013 - L1032. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. Williams Hypertension and the "J-curve". J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 10, 2009; 54(20): 1835 - 1836. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. M. Urbina, R. V. Williams, B. S. Alpert, R. T. Collins, S. R. Daniels, L. Hayman, M. Jacobson, L. Mahoney, M. Mietus-Snyder, A. Rocchini, et al. Noninvasive Assessment of Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Children and Adolescents: Recommendations for Standard Assessment for Clinical Research: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Hypertension, November 1, 2009; 54(5): 919 - 950. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Cecelja, B. Jiang, K. McNeill, B. Kato, J. Ritter, T. Spector, and P. Chowienczyk Increased wave reflection rather than central arterial stiffness is the main determinant of raised pulse pressure in women and relates to mismatch in arterial dimensions: a twin study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 18, 2009; 54(8): 695 - 703. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. F. O'Rourke and C. S. Hayward The pulse of cardiology: quo vadis? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 18, 2009; 54(8): 714 - 717. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A.-P. Kengne, S. Czernichow, R. Huxley, D. Grobbee, M. Woodward, B. Neal, S. Zoungas, M. Cooper, P. Glasziou, P. Hamet, et al. Blood Pressure Variables and Cardiovascular Risk: New Findings From ADVANCE Hypertension, August 1, 2009; 54(2): 399 - 404. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Sever Is systolic blood pressure all that matters? Yes BMJ, July 10, 2009; 339(jul10_1): b2665 - b2665. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Bangalore, F. H. Messerli, S. S. Franklin, G. Mancia, A. Champion, and C. J. Pepine Pulse pressure and risk of cardiovascular outcomes in patients with hypertension and coronary artery disease: an INternational VErapamil SR-trandolapril STudy (INVEST) analysis Eur. Heart J., June 1, 2009; 30(11): 1395 - 1401. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T Murakami and Y Morimoto What is the role of the aorta in directing coronary blood flow? Heart, June 1, 2009; 95(11): 937 - 937. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Basile Blood pressure responder rates versus goal rates: which metric matters? Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease, April 1, 2009; 3(2): 157 - 174. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. B. Goldberg, M. Temprosa, S. Haffner, T. J. Orchard, R. E. Ratner, S. E. Fowler, K. Mather, S. Marcovina, C. Saudek, M. J. Matulik, et al. Effect of Progression From Impaired Glucose Tolerance to Diabetes on Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Its Amelioration by Lifestyle and Metformin Intervention: The Diabetes Prevention Program randomized trial by the Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group Diabetes Care, April 1, 2009; 32(4): 726 - 732. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Agarwal Blood Pressure Components and the Risk for End-Stage Renal Disease and Death in Chronic Kidney Disease Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., April 1, 2009; 4(4): 830 - 837. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. A. Chirinos, S. S. Franklin, R. R. Townsend, and L. Raij Body Mass Index and Hypertension Hemodynamic Subtypes in the Adult US Population Arch Intern Med, March 23, 2009; 169(6): 580 - 586. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. Fang, X. Yang, J. M. Bargman, and D. G. Oreopoulos ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PULSE PRESSURE AND MORTALITY IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING PERITONEAL DIALYSIS Perit. Dial. Int., March 1, 2009; 29(2): 163 - 170. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Adragao, A. Pires, R. Birne, J. D. Curto, C. Lucas, M. Goncalves, and A. P. Negrao A plain X-ray vascular calcification score is associated with arterial stiffness and mortality in dialysis patients Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., March 1, 2009; 24(3): 997 - 1002. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Schillaci, M. Pirro, and E. Mannarino Assessing Cardiovascular Risk: Should We Discard Diastolic Blood Pressure? Circulation, January 20, 2009; 119(2): 210 - 212. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. S. Franklin, V. A. Lopez, N. D. Wong, G. F. Mitchell, M. G. Larson, R. S. Vasan, and D. Levy Single Versus Combined Blood Pressure Components and Risk for Cardiovascular Disease: The Framingham Heart Study Circulation, January 20, 2009; 119(2): 243 - 250. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. L. Fontes, S. Aronson, J. P. Mathew, Y. Miao, B. Drenger, P. G. Barash, D. T. Mangano, For the Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemi, and the Ischemia Research and Education Foundation (IR Pulse Pressure and Risk of Adverse Outcome in Coronary Bypass Surgery Anesth. Analg., October 1, 2008; 107(4): 1122 - 1129. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Ingelsson, P. Gona, M. G. Larson, D. M. Lloyd-Jones, W. B. Kannel, R. S. Vasan, and D. Levy Altered Blood Pressure Progression in the Community and Its Relation to Clinical Events Arch Intern Med, July 14, 2008; 168(13): 1450 - 1457. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Coylewright, J. F. Reckelhoff, and P. Ouyang Menopause and Hypertension: An Age-Old Debate Hypertension, April 1, 2008; 51(4): 952 - 959. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Jankowski, K. Kawecka-Jaszcz, D. Czarnecka, M. Brzozowska-Kiszka, K. Styczkiewicz, M. Loster, M. Kloch-Badelek, J. Wilinski, A. M. Curylo, D. Dudek, et al. Pulsatile but Not Steady Component of Blood Pressure Predicts Cardiovascular Events in Coronary Patients Hypertension, April 1, 2008; 51(4): 848 - 855. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. L. Burr, E. Dolan, E. W. O'Brien, E. T. O'Brien, and P. McCormack The value of ambulatory blood pressure in older adults: the Dublin outcome study Age Ageing, March 1, 2008; 37(2): 201 - 206. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-C. Philips, M. Marchand, and A. J. Scheen Squatting Amplifies Pulse Pressure Increase With Disease Duration in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Diabetes Care, February 1, 2008; 31(2): 322 - 324. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Coca, F. H. Messerli, A. Benetos, Q. Zhou, A. Champion, R. M. Cooper-DeHoff, and C. J. Pepine Predicting Stroke Risk in Hypertensive Patients With Coronary Artery Disease: A Report From the INVEST Stroke, February 1, 2008; 39(2): 343 - 348. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Rosendorff, H. R. Black, C. P. Cannon, B. J. Gersh, J. Gore, J. L. Izzo Jr, N. M. Kaplan, C. M. O'Connor, P. T. O'Gara, and S. Oparil REPRINT Treatment of Hypertension in the Prevention and Management of Ischemic Heart Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Council for High Blood Pressure Research and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology and Epidemiology and Prevention Hypertension, August 1, 2007; 50(2): e28 - e55. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Roman, R. B. Devereux, J. R. Kizer, E. T. Lee, J. M. Galloway, T. Ali, J. G. Umans, and B. V. Howard Central Pressure More Strongly Relates to Vascular Disease and Outcome Than Does Brachial Pressure: The Strong Heart Study Hypertension, July 1, 2007; 50(1): 197 - 203. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. M.L. Wallace, Yasmin, C. M. McEniery, K. M. Maki-Petaja, A. D. Booth, J. R. Cockcroft, and I. B. Wilkinson Isolated Systolic Hypertension Is Characterized by Increased Aortic Stiffness and Endothelial Dysfunction Hypertension, July 1, 2007; 50(1): 228 - 233. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. D. Protogerou, M. E. Safar, P. Iaria, H. Safar, K. Le Dudal, J. Filipovsky, O. Henry, P. Ducimetiere, and J. Blacher Diastolic Blood Pressure and Mortality in the Elderly With Cardiovascular Disease Hypertension, July 1, 2007; 50(1): 172 - 180. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Levy, S.-J. Hwang, A. Kayalar, E. J. Benjamin, R. S. Vasan, H. Parise, M. G. Larson, T. J. Wang, J. Selhub, P. F. Jacques, et al. Associations of Plasma Natriuretic Peptide, Adrenomedullin, and Homocysteine Levels With Alterations in Arterial Stiffness: The Framingham Heart Study Circulation, June 19, 2007; 115(24): 3079 - 3085. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Rosendorff, H. R. Black, C. P. Cannon, B. J. Gersh, J. Gore, J. L. Izzo Jr, N. M. Kaplan, C. M. O'Connor, P. T. O'Gara, and S. Oparil Treatment of Hypertension in the Prevention and Management of Ischemic Heart Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Council for High Blood Pressure Research and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology and Epidemiology and Prevention Circulation, May 29, 2007; 115(21): 2761 - 2788. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Javaheri, R. Shukla, H. Zeigler, and L. Wexler Central Sleep Apnea, Right Ventricular Dysfunction, and Low Diastolic Blood Pressure Are Predictors of Mortality in Systolic Heart Failure J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 22, 2007; 49(20): 2028 - 2034. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Riou, B. Mees, B. Esposito, R. Merval, J. Vilar, D. Stengel, E. Ninio, R. van Haperen, R. de Crom, A. Tedgui, et al. High Pressure Promotes Monocyte Adhesion to the Vascular Wall Circ. Res., April 27, 2007; 100(8): 1226 - 1233. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Fernandez-Fresnedo, E. Rodrigo, A. L. M. de Francisco, S. S. de Castro, O. Castaneda, and M. Arias Role of Pulse Pressure on Cardiovascular Risk in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., December 1, 2006; 17(12_suppl_3): S246 - S249. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Llamas, C. Lau, W. A. Cupples, M.-L. Rainville, E. Souzeau, and C. F. Deschepper Genetic Determinants of Systolic and Pulse Pressure in an Intercross Between Normotensive Inbred Rats Hypertension, November 1, 2006; 48(5): 921 - 926. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Sipahi, E. M. Tuzcu, P. Schoenhagen, K. E. Wolski, S. J. Nicholls, C. Balog, T. D. Crowe, and S. E. Nissen Effects of Normal, Pre-Hypertensive, and Hypertensive Blood Pressure Levels on Progression of Coronary Atherosclerosis J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 15, 2006; 48(4): 833 - 838. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. F. O'Rourke and J. B. Seward Central Arterial Pressure and Arterial Pressure Pulse: New Views Entering the Second Century After Korotkov Mayo Clin. Proc., August 1, 2006; 81(8): 1057 - 1068. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Palmas, A. Moran, T. Pickering, J. P. Eimicke, J. Teresi, J. E. Schwartz, L. Field, R. S. Weinstock, and S. Shea Ambulatory Pulse Pressure and Progression of Urinary Albumin Excretion in Older Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Hypertension, August 1, 2006; 48(2): 301 - 308. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Stang, S. Moebus, S. Mohlenkamp, N. Dragano, A. Schmermund, E.-M. Beck, J. Siegrist, R. Erbel, K.-H. Jockel, and on behalf of the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study Invest Algorithms for Converting Random-Zero to Automated Oscillometric Blood Pressure Values, and Vice Versa Am. J. Epidemiol., July 1, 2006; 164(1): 85 - 94. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P Collins Risk factors for cardiovascular disease and hormone therapy in women Heart, May 1, 2006; 92(suppl_3): iii24 - iii28. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. M. Dart, C. D. Gatzka, B. A. Kingwell, K. Willson, J. D. Cameron, Y.-L. Liang, K. L. Berry, L. M.H. Wing, C. M. Reid, P. Ryan, et al. Brachial Blood Pressure But Not Carotid Arterial Waveforms Predict Cardiovascular Events in Elderly Female Hypertensives Hypertension, April 1, 2006; 47(4): 785 - 790. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Dolan, L. Thijs, Y. Li, N. Atkins, P. McCormack, S. McClory, E. O'Brien, J. A. Staessen, and A. V. Stanton Ambulatory Arterial Stiffness Index as a Predictor of Cardiovascular Mortality in the Dublin Outcome Study Hypertension, March 1, 2006; 47(3): 365 - 370. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Benetos and P. Lacolley From 24-Hour Blood Pressure Measurements to Arterial Stiffness: A Valid Short Cut? Hypertension, March 1, 2006; 47(3): 327 - 328. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. L. Gierach, B. D. Johnson, C. N. Bairey Merz, S. F. Kelsey, V. Bittner, M. B. Olson, L. J. Shaw, S. Mankad, C. J. Pepine, S. E. Reis, et al. Hypertension, Menopause, and Coronary Artery Disease Risk in the Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) Study J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 7, 2006; 47(3_Suppl_S): S50 - S58. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. U.S. Mattace-Raso, T. J.M. van der Cammen, A. Hofman, N. M. van Popele, M. L. Bos, M. A.D.H. Schalekamp, R. Asmar, R. S. Reneman, A. P.G. Hoeks, M. M.B. Breteler, et al. Arterial Stiffness and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease and Stroke: The Rotterdam Study Circulation, February 7, 2006; 113(5): 657 - 663. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Willum Hansen, J. A. Staessen, C. Torp-Pedersen, S. Rasmussen, L. Thijs, H. Ibsen, and J. Jeppesen Prognostic Value of Aortic Pulse Wave Velocity as Index of Arterial Stiffness in the General Population Circulation, February 7, 2006; 113(5): 664 - 670. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. H. Freitag, R. Peila, K. Masaki, H. Petrovitch, G. W. Ross, L. R. White, and L. J. Launer Midlife Pulse Pressure and Incidence of Dementia: The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study Stroke, January 1, 2006; 37(1): 33 - 37. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J M Gonzalez-Clemente, G Gimenez-Perez, C Richart, M Broch, A Caixas, A Megia, O Gimenez-Palop, I Simon, D Mauricio, and J Vendrell The tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-{alpha} system is activated in accordance with pulse pressure in normotensive subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus Eur. J. Endocrinol., November 1, 2005; 153(5): 687 - 691. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Assmann, P. Cullen, T. Evers, D. Petzinna, and H. Schulte Importance of arterial pulse pressure as a predictor of coronary heart disease risk in PROCAM Eur. Heart J., October 2, 2005; 26(20): 2120 - 2126. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Okazaki, K.-i. Iwasaki, A. Prasad, M. D. Palmer, E. R. Martini, Q. Fu, A. Arbab-Zadeh, R. Zhang, and B. D. Levine Dose-response relationship of endurance training for autonomic circulatory control in healthy seniors J Appl Physiol, September 1, 2005; 99(3): 1041 - 1049. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. M. Seubert, F. Xu, J. P. Graves, J. B. Collins, S. O. Sieber, R. S. Paules, D. L. Kroetz, and D. C. Zeldin Differential renal gene expression in prehypertensive and hypertensive spontaneously hypertensive rats Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, September 1, 2005; 289(3): F552 - F561. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. J. He, N. D. Markandu, and G. A. MacGregor Modest Salt Reduction Lowers Blood Pressure in Isolated Systolic Hypertension and Combined Hypertension Hypertension, July 1, 2005; 46(1): 66 - 70. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Ichigi, H. Takano, K. Umetani, K. Kawabata, J.-e. Obata, Y. Kitta, Y. Kodama, A. Mende, T. Nakamura, D. Fujioka, et al. Increased Ambulatory Pulse Pressure Is a Strong Risk Factor for Coronary Endothelial Vasomotor Dysfunction J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 3, 2005; 45(9): 1461 - 1466. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. J. Zieman, V. Melenovsky, and D. A. Kass Mechanisms, Pathophysiology, and Therapy of Arterial Stiffness Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, May 1, 2005; 25(5): 932 - 943. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-G. Wang, J. A. Staessen, S. S. Franklin, R. Fagard, and F. Gueyffier Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure Lowering as Determinants of Cardiovascular Outcome Hypertension, May 1, 2005; 45(5): 907 - 913. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Boynton-Jarrett, J. Rich-Edwards, S. Malspeis, S. A. Missmer, and R. Wright A Prospective Study of Hypertension and Risk of Uterine Leiomyomata Am. J. Epidemiol., April 1, 2005; 161(7): 628 - 638. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. C. Verhave, P. Fesler, G. du Cailar, J. Ribstein, M. E. Safar, and A. Mimran Elevated Pulse Pressure Is Associated With Low Renal Function in Elderly Patients With Isolated Systolic Hypertension Hypertension, April 1, 2005; 45(4): 586 - 591. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. W. Hansen, J. Jeppesen, S. Rasmussen, H. Ibsen, and C. Torp-Pedersen Ambulatory Blood Pressure and Mortality: A Population-Based Study Hypertension, April 1, 2005; 45(4): 499 - 504. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. G. Pickering, J. E. Hall, L. J. Appel, B. E. Falkner, J. Graves, M. N. Hill, D. W. Jones, T. Kurtz, S. G. Sheps, and E. J. Roccella Recommendations for Blood Pressure Measurement in Humans and Experimental Animals: Part 1: Blood Pressure Measurement in Humans: A Statement for Professionals From the Subcommittee of Professional and Public Education of the American Heart Association Council on High Blood Pressure Research Circulation, February 8, 2005; 111(5): 697 - 716. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. G. Pickering, J. E. Hall, L. J. Appel, B. E. Falkner, J. Graves, M. N. Hill, D. W. Jones, T. Kurtz, S. G. Sheps, and E. J. Roccella Recommendations for Blood Pressure Measurement in Humans and Experimental Animals: Part 1: Blood Pressure Measurement in Humans: A Statement for Professionals From the Subcommittee of Professional and Public Education of the American Heart Association Council on High Blood Pressure Research Hypertension, January 1, 2005; 45(1): 142 - 161. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Karp, M. Abrahamowicz, G. Bartlett, and L. Pilote Updated Risk Factor Values and the Ability of the Multivariable Risk Score to Predict Coronary Heart Disease Am. J. Epidemiol., October 1, 2004; 160(7): 707 - 716. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Ronnback, J. Fagerudd, C. Forsblom, K. Pettersson-Fernholm, A. Reunanen, P.-H. Groop, and on behalf of the Finnish Diabetic Nephropathy Stu Altered Age-Related Blood Pressure Pattern in Type 1 Diabetes Circulation, August 31, 2004; 110(9): 1076 - 1082. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Franco, S. Oparil, and O. A. Carretero Hypertensive Therapy: Part I Circulation, June 22, 2004; 109(24): 2953 - 2958. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Taguchi, M. Sanada, Y. Suei, M. Ohtsuka, K. Lee, K. Tanimoto, M. Tsuda, K. Ohama, M. Yoshizumi, and Y. Higashi Tooth Loss Is Associated With an Increased Risk of Hypertension in Postmenopausal Women Hypertension, June 1, 2004; 43(6): 1297 - 1300. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. H. Samson Hypertension and the Vascular Patient Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, March 1, 2004; 38(2): 103 - 119. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. A. Staessen, E. Den Hond, H. Celis, R. Fagard, L. Keary, G. Vandenhoven, and E. T. O'Brien Antihypertensive Treatment Based on Blood Pressure Measurement at Home or in the Physician's Office: A Randomized Controlled Trial JAMA, February 25, 2004; 291(8): 955 - 964. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. J. O'Connor Overcome Clinical Inertia to Control Systolic Blood Pressure Arch Intern Med, December 8, 2003; 163(22): 2677 - 2678. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. V. Chobanian, G. L. Bakris, H. R. Black, W. C. Cushman, L. A. Green, J. L. Izzo Jr, D. W. Jones, B. J. Materson, S. Oparil, J. T. Wright Jr, et al. Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure Hypertension, December 1, 2003; 42(6): 1206 - 1252. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Pastor-Barriuso, J. R. Banegas, J. Damian, L. J. Appel, and E. Guallar Systolic Blood Pressure, Diastolic Blood Pressure, and Pulse Pressure: An Evaluation of Their Joint Effect on Mortality Ann Intern Med, November 4, 2003; 139(9): 731 - 739. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 O. O. Aalami, T. D. Fang, H. M. Song, and R. P. Nacamuli Physiological Features of Aging Persons Arch Surg, October 1, 2003; 138(10): 1068 - 1076. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. B. Kannel, R. S. Vasan, and D. Levy Is the Relation of Systolic Blood Pressure to Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Continuous and Graded, or Are There Critical Values? Hypertension, October 1, 2003; 42(4): 453 - 456. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration Blood Pressure Indices and Cardiovascular Disease in the Asia Pacific Region: A Pooled Analysis Hypertension, July 1, 2003; 42(1): 69 - 75. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Lenfant, A. V. Chobanian, D. W. Jones, and E. J. Roccella Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC 7): Resetting the Hypertension Sails Circulation, June 24, 2003; 107(24): 2993 - 2994. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Lenfant, A. V. Chobanian, D. W. Jones, and E. J. Roccella Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC 7): Resetting the Hypertension Sails Hypertension, June 1, 2003; 41(6): 1178 - 1179. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. J. Oliver and D. J. Webb Noninvasive Assessment of Arterial Stiffness and Risk of Atherosclerotic Events Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 2003; 23(4): 554 - 566. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A Staessen, J.-G. Wang, and W. H Birkenhager Outcome beyond blood pressure control? Eur. Heart J., March 2, 2003; 24(6): 504 - 514. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. G. Lakatta and D. Levy Arterial and Cardiac Aging: Major Shareholders in Cardiovascular Disease Enterprises: Part I: Aging Arteries: A "Set Up" for Vascular Disease Circulation, January 7, 2003; 107(1): 139 - 146. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C-K Wong and H D White Relation between blood pressure after an acute coronary event and subsequent cardiovascular risk Heart, December 1, 2002; 88(6): 555 - 558. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. H. Young, M. J. Klag, P. Muntner, J. L. Whyte, M. Pahor, and J. Coresh Blood Pressure and Decline in Kidney Function: Findings from the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP) J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., November 1, 2002; 13(11): 2776 - 2782. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. W. Hense, W. Maziak, and J. Heidrich Why is blood pressure control unsatisfactory--or is it? Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., September 1, 2002; 17(9): 1547 - 1550. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Domanski, G. Mitchell, M. Pfeffer, J. D. Neaton, J. Norman, K. Svendsen, R. Grimm, J. Cohen, J. Stamler, and for the MRFIT Research Group Pulse Pressure and Cardiovascular Disease-Related Mortality: Follow-up Study of the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT) JAMA, May 22, 2002; 287(20): 2677 - 2683. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Benetos, F. Thomas, K. Bean, S. Gautier, H. Smulyan, and L. Guize Prognostic Value of Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure in Treated Hypertensive Men Arch Intern Med, March 11, 2002; 162(5): 577 - 581. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-H. Wu, J. Hagaman, S. Kim, R. L. Reddick, and N. Maeda Aortic Constriction Exacerbates Atherosclerosis and Induces Cardiac Dysfunction in Mice Lacking Apolipoprotein E Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, March 1, 2002; 22(3): 469 - 475. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Bobrie and J. F Potter The elderly hypertensive population: what lies ahead of us? Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, March 1, 2002; 3(1_suppl): S4 - S9. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Blacher and M. Safar Specific aspects of high blood pressure in the elderly Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, March 1, 2002; 3(1_suppl): S10 - S15. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. L. Abramson, W. S. Weintraub, and V. Vaccarino Association Between Pulse Pressure and C-Reactive Protein Among Apparently Healthy US Adults Hypertension, February 1, 2002; 39(2): 197 - 202. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. S. Franklin, N. D. Wong, M. G. Larson, W. B. Kannel, D. Levy, P. Greenland, A. R. Dyer, J. Stamler, and K. Miura How Important Is Pulse Pressure as a Predictor of Cardiovascular Risk? * Response Hypertension, February 1, 2002; 39 (2): e12 - e13. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. S. Vasan, J. M. Massaro, P. W.F. Wilson, S. Seshadri, P. A. Wolf, D. Levy, and R. B. D'Agostino Antecedent Blood Pressure and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: The Framingham Heart Study Circulation, January 1, 2002; 105(1): 48 - 53. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Meaume, A. Benetos, O.F. Henry, A. Rudnichi, and M.E. Safar Aortic Pulse Wave Velocity Predicts Cardiovascular Mortality in Subjects >70 Years of Age Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, December 1, 2001; 21(12): 2046 - 2050. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. B. Wilkinson, S. S. Franklin, I. R. Hall, S. Tyrrell, and J. R. Cockcroft Pressure Amplification Explains Why Pulse Pressure Is Unrelated to Risk in Young Subjects Hypertension, December 1, 2001; 38(6): 1461 - 1466. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. W. Davidson, T. G. Pickering, B. S. Jonas, S. S. Franklin, S. A. Khan, N. D. Wong, M. G. Larson, E. P. Leip, W. B. Kannel, and D. Levy Cautionary Note on the Use of Pulse Pressure as a Risk Factor for Coronary Heart Disease Response Circulation, November 27, 2001; 104 (22): e128 - e129. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. L. Pauca, M. F. O'Rourke, and N. D. Kon Prospective Evaluation of a Method for Estimating Ascending Aortic Pressure From the Radial Artery Pressure Waveform Hypertension, October 1, 2001; 38(4): 932 - 937. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. C. Cushman, B. J. Materson, D. W. Williams, and D. J. Reda Pulse Pressure Changes With Six Classes of Antihypertensive Agents in a Randomized, Controlled Trial Hypertension, October 1, 2001; 38(4): 953 - 957. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. F. O'Rourke Diastolic heart failure, diastolic left ventricular dysfunction and exercise intolerance J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 1, 2001; 38(3): 803 - 805. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. M. London, J. Blacher, B. Pannier, A. P. Guerin, S. J. Marchais, and M. E. Safar Arterial Wave Reflections and Survival in End-Stage Renal Failure Hypertension, September 1, 2001; 38(3): 434 - 438. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Age Affects How BP Indicators Relate to Heart Disease Risk Journal Watch Cardiology, May 4, 2001; 2001(504): 7 - 7. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. E. Safar Epidemiological Findings Imply That Goals for Drug Treatment of Hypertension Need to Be Revised Circulation, March 6, 2001; 103(9): 1188 - 1190. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|