(Circulation. 2001;103:163.)
© 2001 American Heart Association, Inc.
AHA Scientific Statement |
Primary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke
A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Stroke Council of the American Heart Association
Key Words: AHA Scientific Statements • stroke • prevention • risk factors • arrhythmia • hypercholesterolemia • smoking
Stroke ranks as the third leading cause of death in the United States. It is now estimated that there are more than 700 000 incident strokes annually and 4.4 million stroke survivors.1 2 The economic burden of stroke was estimated by the American Heart Association to be $51 billion (direct and indirect costs) in 1999.3 Despite the advent of treatment of selected patients with acute ischemic stroke with tissue plasminogen activator and the promise of other experimental therapies, the best approach to reducing the burden of stroke remains prevention.4 5 High-risk or stroke-prone individuals can be identified and targeted for specific interventions.6 This is important because epidemiological data suggest a substantial leveling off of prior declines in stroke-related mortality and a possible increase in stroke incidence.7 8
The Stroke Council of the American Heart Association formed
an ad hoc writing group to provide a clear and concise overview of the
evidence regarding various established and potential stroke risk
factors. The writing group was chosen based on expertise in specific
subject areas, and it used literature review, reference to previously
published guidelines, and expert opinion to summarize existing evidence
and formulate recommendations (Table 1
).
|
As given in Tables 2 through 4, risk factors or risk markers for a first
stroke were classified according to potential for modification
(nonmodifiable, modifiable, or potentially modifiable) and strength of
evidence (well documented, less well
documented).5 The tables give
the estimated prevalence, population attributable risk, relative risk,
and risk reduction
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  N. Fassiadis, K. Adams, H. Zayed, D. Goss, C. Deane, P. MacCarthy, and H. Rashid Occult carotid artery disease in patients who have undergone coronary angioplasty Interactive CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery, October 1, 2008; 7(5): 855 - 857. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Mikulik, L. Bunt, D. Hrdlicka, L. Dusek, D. Vaclavik, and J. Kryza Calling 911 in Response to Stroke: A Nationwide Study Assessing Definitive Individual Behavior Stroke, June 1, 2008; 39(6): 1844 - 1849. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Coca, F. H. Messerli, A. Benetos, Q. Zhou, A. Champion, R. M. Cooper-DeHoff, and C. J. Pepine Predicting Stroke Risk in Hypertensive Patients With Coronary Artery Disease: A Report From the INVEST Stroke, February 1, 2008; 39(2): 343 - 348. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Clauser, S. Peyrard, P. Gaussem, M. Crespin, J. Emmerich, M. Aiach, and D. Borgel Development of a Novel Immunoassay for the Assessment of Plasma Gas6 Concentrations and Their Variation with Hormonal Status Clin. Chem., October 1, 2007; 53(10): 1808 - 1813. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. E. Mayo, L. Nadeau, S. S. Daskalopoulou, and R. Cote The evolution of stroke in Quebec: A 15-year perspective Neurology, April 3, 2007; 68(14): 1122 - 1127. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Wilcox, M.-G. Bousser, D. J. Betteridge, G. Schernthaner, V. Pirags, S. Kupfer, J. Dormandy, and for the PROactive Investigators Effects of Pioglitazone in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes With or Without Previous Stroke: Results From PROactive (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events 04) Stroke, March 1, 2007; 38(3): 865 - 873. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. P. Casas, G. L. Cavalleri, L. E. Bautista, L. Smeeth, S. E. Humphries, and A. D. Hingorani Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Gene Polymorphisms and Cardiovascular Disease: A HuGE Review Am. J. Epidemiol., November 15, 2006; 164(10): 921 - 935. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Koren-Morag, U. Goldbourt, and D. Tanne Renal dysfunction and risk of ischemic stroke or TIA in patients with cardiovascular disease. Neurology, July 25, 2006; 67(2): 224 - 228. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. E. Vermeer, W. Sandee, A. Algra, P. J. Koudstaal, L. J. Kappelle, D. W.J. Dippel, and on behalf of the Dutch TIA Trial Study Group Impaired Glucose Tolerance Increases Stroke Risk in Nondiabetic Patients With Transient Ischemic Attack or Minor Ischemic Stroke Stroke, June 1, 2006; 37(6): 1413 - 1417. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. L. Faries, R. A. Chaer, S. Patel, S. C. Lin, B. DeRubertis, and K. C. Kent Current Management of Extracranial Carotid Artery Disease Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, May 1, 2006; 40(3): 165 - 175. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. S. Roubin, S. Iyer, A. Halkin, J. Vitek, and C. Brennan Realizing the Potential of Carotid Artery Stenting: Proposed Paradigms for Patient Selection and Procedural Technique Circulation, April 25, 2006; 113(16): 2021 - 2030. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Matz, K. Keresztes, C. Tatschl, M. Nowotny, A. Dachenhausen, M. Brainin, and J. Tuomilehto Disorders of Glucose Metabolism in Acute Stroke Patients: An underrecognized problem Diabetes Care, April 1, 2006; 29(4): 792 - 797. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. L. Kaplan and L. B. Goldstein What does cerebral platelet activation mean in the setting of carotid stenosis? Neurology, March 28, 2006; 66(6): 792 - 793. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. L. Sacco, R. Adams, G. Albers, M. J. Alberts, O. Benavente, K. Furie, L. B. Goldstein, P. Gorelick, J. Halperin, R. Harbaugh, et al. Guidelines for Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Council on Stroke: Co-Sponsored by the Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline. Circulation, March 14, 2006; 113(10): e409 - e449. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. L. Sacco, R. Adams, G. Albers, M. J. Alberts, O. Benavente, K. Furie, L. B. Goldstein, P. Gorelick, J. Halperin, R. Harbaugh, et al. Guidelines for Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Council on Stroke: Co-Sponsored by the Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline. Stroke, February 1, 2006; 37(2): 577 - 617. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. S.V. Elkind, R. Sciacca, B. Boden-Albala, T. Rundek, M. C. Paik, and R. L. Sacco Moderate Alcohol Consumption Reduces Risk of Ischemic Stroke: The Northern Manhattan Study Stroke, January 1, 2006; 37(1): 13 - 19. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. J. Witt, R. D. Brown Jr., S. J. Jacobsen, S. A. Weston, B. P. Yawn, and V. L. Roger A Community-Based Study of Stroke Incidence after Myocardial Infarction Ann Intern Med, December 6, 2005; 143(11): 785 - 792. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. Vancheri, M. Curcio, A. Burgio, S. Salvaggio, G. Gruttadauria, M.C. Lunetta, R. Dovico, and M. Alletto Impaired glucose metabolism in patients with acute stroke and no previous diagnosis of diabetes mellitus QJM, December 1, 2005; 98(12): 871 - 878. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. S. Kirshner, J. Biller, and A. S. Callahan III Long-Term Therapy to Prevent Stroke J Am Board Fam Med, November 1, 2005; 18(6): 528 - 540. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Bates, J. Y. Choi, P. W. Duncan, J. J. Glasberg, G. D. Graham, R. C. Katz, K. Lamberty, D. Reker, and R. Zorowitz Veterans Affairs/Department of Defense Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Adult Stroke Rehabilitation Care: Executive Summary Stroke, September 1, 2005; 36(9): 2049 - 2056. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Kario, J. Ishikawa, S. Hoshide, Y. Matsui, M. Morinari, K. Eguchi, S. Ishikawa, and K. Shimada Diabetic Brain Damage in Hypertension: Role of Renin-Angiotensin System Hypertension, May 1, 2005; 45(5): 887 - 893. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Task Force Members, L. H. Schwamm, A. Pancioli, J. E. Acker III, L. B. Goldstein, R. D. Zorowitz, T. J. Shephard, P. Moyer, M. Gorman, S. C. Johnston, et al. Recommendations for the Establishment of Stroke Systems of Care: Recommendations From the American Stroke Association's Task Force on the Development of Stroke Systems Stroke, March 1, 2005; 36(3): 690 - 703. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. H. Schwamm, A. Pancioli, J. E. Acker III, L. B. Goldstein, R. D. Zorowitz, T. J. Shephard, P. Moyer, M. Gorman, S. C. Johnston, P. W. Duncan, et al. Recommendations for the Establishment of Stroke Systems of Care: Recommendations From the American Stroke Association's Task Force on the Development of Stroke Systems Circulation, March 1, 2005; 111(8): 1078 - 1091. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. E. Sousa, M. A. Costa, E. M. Tuzcu, J. S. Yadav, and S. Ellis New Frontiers in Interventional Cardiology Circulation, February 8, 2005; 111(5): 671 - 681. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. B. Goldstein and P. Amarenco Prevention and Health Services Delivery Stroke, February 1, 2005; 36(2): 222 - 224. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. J. Mukamal, A. Ascherio, M. A. Mittleman, K. M. Conigrave, C. A. Camargo Jr, I. Kawachi, M. J. Stampfer, W. C. Willett, and E. B. Rimm Alcohol and Risk for Ischemic Stroke in Men: The Role of Drinking Patterns and Usual Beverage Ann Intern Med, January 4, 2005; 142(1): 11 - 19. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. P. Casas, A. D. Hingorani, L. E. Bautista, and P. Sharma Meta-analysis of Genetic Studies in Ischemic Stroke: Thirty-two Genes Involving Approximately 18 000 Cases and 58 000 Controls Arch Neurol, November 1, 2004; 61(11): 1652 - 1661. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Tanne, N. Koren-Morag, and U. Goldbourt Fasting Plasma Glucose and Risk of Incident Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attacks: A Prospective Cohort Study Stroke, October 1, 2004; 35(10): 2351 - 2355. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P.M. Rothwell and L.B. Goldstein Carotid Endarterectomy for Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis: Asymptomatic Carotid Surgery Trial Stroke, October 1, 2004; 35(10): 2425 - 2427. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. R. Sowers Treatment of Hypertension in Patients With Diabetes Arch Intern Med, September 27, 2004; 164(17): 1850 - 1857. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Churchill, S. Grimm, and M. Reding Risks of Diuretic Usage following Stroke Neurorehabil Neural Repair, September 1, 2004; 18(3): 161 - 165. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Task Force Members, J. Lopez-Sendo, K. Swedberg, J. McMurray, J. Tamargo, A. P. Maggioni, H. Dargie, M. Tendera, F. Waagstein, J. Kjekshus, et al. Expert consensus document on {beta}-adrenergic receptor blockers: The Task Force on Beta-Blockers of the European Society of Cardiology Eur. Heart J., August 1, 2004; 25(15): 1341 - 1362. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Eyre, R. Kahn, R. M. Robertson, and and the ACS/ADA/AHA Collaborative Writing Committe Preventing Cancer, Cardiovascular Disease, and Diabetes: A Common Agenda for the American Cancer Society, the American Diabetes Association, and the American Heart Association Stroke, August 1, 2004; 35(8): 1999 - 2010. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Eyre, R. Kahn, R. M. Robertson, and the ACS/ADA/AHA Collaborative Writing Committe, N. G. Clark, C. Doyle, T. Gansler, T. Glynn, Y. Hong, R. A. Smith, et al. Preventing Cancer, Cardiovascular Disease, and Diabetes: A Common Agenda for the American Cancer Society, the American Diabetes Association, and the American Heart Association CA Cancer J Clin, July 1, 2004; 54(4): 190 - 207. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Eyre, R. Kahn, and R. M. Robertson Preventing Cancer, Cardiovascular Disease, and Diabetes: A common agenda for the American Cancer Society, the American Diabetes Association, and the American Heart Association Diabetes Care, July 1, 2004; 27(7): 1812 - 1824. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K.M.A. Welch Statins for the prevention of cerebrovascular disease: the rationale for robust intervention Eur. Heart J. Suppl., July 1, 2004; 6(suppl_C): C34 - C42. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. W. Dodick, I. Meissner, F. B. Meyer, and H. J. Cloft Evaluation and Management of Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Stenosis Mayo Clin. Proc., July 1, 2004; 79(7): 937 - 944. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Pedelty and P. B. Gorelick Chronic Management of Blood Pressure After Stroke Hypertension, July 1, 2004; 44(1): 1 - 5. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Eyre, R. Kahn, R. M. Robertson, the ACS/ADA/AHA Collaborative Writing Committee, ACS/ADA/AHA Collaborative Writing Committee Member, N. G. Clark, C. Doyle, Y. Hong, T. Gansler, T. Glynn, et al. Preventing Cancer, Cardiovascular Disease, and Diabetes: A Common Agenda for the American Cancer Society, the American Diabetes Association, and the American Heart Association Circulation, June 29, 2004; 109(25): 3244 - 3255. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. S.V. Elkind and R. L. Sacco Direct Thrombin Inhibition: A Novel Approach to Stroke Prevention in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation Stroke, June 1, 2004; 35(6): 1519 - 1522. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. J. Greenspon, R. G. Hart, D. Dawson, A. S. Hellkamp, M. Silver, G. C. Flaker, E. Schron, L. Goldman, K. L. Lee, G. A. Lamas, et al. Predictors of stroke in patients paced for sick sinus syndrome J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 5, 2004; 43(9): 1617 - 1622. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. F. Gordon, M. Gulanick, F. Costa, G. Fletcher, B. A. Franklin, E. J. Roth, and T. Shephard Physical Activity and Exercise Recommendations for Stroke Survivors: An American Heart Association Scientific Statement From the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Subcommittee on Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention; the Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism; and the Stroke Council Stroke, May 1, 2004; 35(5): 1230 - 1240. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. F. Gordon, M. Gulanick, F. Costa, G. Fletcher, B. A. Franklin, E. J. Roth, and T. Shephard Physical Activity and Exercise Recommendations for Stroke Survivors: An American Heart Association Scientific Statement From the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Subcommittee on Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention; the Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism; and the Stroke Council Circulation, April 27, 2004; 109(16): 2031 - 2041. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Dukkipati, W. W. O'Neill, K. J. Harjai, W. P. Sanders, D. Deo, J. A. Boura, B. A. Bartholomew, M. W. Yerkey, H. M. Sadeghi, and J. K. Kahn Characteristics of cerebrovascular accidents after percutaneous coronary interventions J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 7, 2004; 43(7): 1161 - 1167. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Bode Recent trials in atrial fibrillation: lessons learned beyond rate and rhythm Eur. Heart J. Suppl., April 1, 2004; 6(suppl_B): B15 - B19. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. C. Horton and T. J. Bunch Patent Foramen Ovale and Stroke Mayo Clin. Proc., January 1, 2004; 79(1): 79 - 88. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. E. Ho, F. Paultre, and L. Mosca Is Diabetes Mellitus a Cardiovascular Disease Risk Equivalent for Fatal Stroke in Women?: Data From the Women's Pooling Project Stroke, December 1, 2003; 34(12): 2812 - 2816. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. V. Chobanian, G. L. Bakris, H. R. Black, W. C. Cushman, L. A. Green, J. L. Izzo Jr, D. W. Jones, B. J. Materson, S. Oparil, J. T. Wright Jr, et al. Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure Hypertension, December 1, 2003; 42(6): 1206 - 1252. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Eguchi, K. Kario, and K. Shimada Greater Impact of Coexistence of Hypertension and Diabetes on Silent Cerebral Infarcts Stroke, October 1, 2003; 34(10): 2471 - 2474. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G.Q. Villani, M. Piepoli, P.E. Villani, and A. Capucci Anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation: what is certain and what is to come Eur. Heart J. Suppl., September 1, 2003; 5(suppl_H): H45 - H50. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. P. Derdeyn, J. D. Barr, A. Berenstein, John. J. Connors, J. E. Dion, G. R. Duckwiler, R. T. Higashida, C. M. Strother, T. A. Tomsick, and P. Turski The International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT): A Position Statement from the Executive Committee of the American Society of Interventional and Therapeutic Neuroradiology and the American Society of Neuroradiology AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., August 1, 2003; 24(7): 1404 - 1408. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. J. Hankey and J. W. Eikelboom Editorial Comment--Routine Thrombophilia Testing in Stroke Patients Is Unjustified Stroke, August 1, 2003; 34(8): 1826 - 1827. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. B. Goldstein Editorial Comment--Advertising Strategies to Increase the Public Knowledge of the Warning Signs of Stroke Stroke, August 1, 2003; 34(8): 1968 - 1969. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. M McKenney Potential Nontraditional Applications of Statins Ann. Pharmacother., July 1, 2003; 37(7): 1063 - 1071. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. L. Katzan, R. D. Cebul, S. H. Husak, N. V. Dawson, and D. W. Baker The effect of pneumonia on mortality among patients hospitalized for acute stroke Neurology, February 25, 2003; 60(4): 620 - 625. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. A. Pearson, T. L. Bazzarre, S. R. Daniels, J. M. Fair, S. P. Fortmann, B. A. Franklin, L. B. Goldstein, Y. Hong, G. A. Mensah, J. F. Sallis Jr, et al. American Heart Association Guide for Improving Cardiovascular Health at the Community Level: A Statement for Public Health Practitioners, Healthcare Providers, and Health Policy Makers From the American Heart Association Expert Panel on Population and Prevention Science Circulation, February 4, 2003; 107(4): 645 - 651. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. I. McFarlane and J. R. Sowers Aldosterone Function in Diabetes Mellitus: Effects on Cardiovascular and Renal Disease J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2003; 88(2): 516 - 523. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. B. Goldstein Prevention and Health Services Delivery Stroke, February 1, 2003; 34(2): 367 - 369. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. R. Sowers and S. Haffner Treatment of Cardiovascular and Renal Risk Factors in the Diabetic Hypertensive Hypertension, December 1, 2002; 40(6): 781 - 788. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Reeves, J. G. Hogan, and A. P. Rafferty Knowledge of stroke risk factors and warning signs among Michigan adults Neurology, November 26, 2002; 59(10): 1547 - 1552. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Tauchmanova, R. Rossi, B. Biondi, M. Pulcrano, V. Nuzzo, E.-A. Palmieri, S. Fazio, and G. Lombardi Patients with Subclinical Cushing's Syndrome due to Adrenal Adenoma Have Increased Cardiovascular Risk J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2002; 87(11): 4872 - 4878. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. E. Straus, S. R. Majumdar, and F. A. McAlister New Evidence for Stroke Prevention: Scientific Review JAMA, September 18, 2002; 288(11): 1388 - 1395. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. A. Pearson, S. N. Blair, S. R. Daniels, R. H. Eckel, J. M. Fair, S. P. Fortmann, B. A. Franklin, L. B. Goldstein, P. Greenland, S. M. Grundy, et al. AHA Guidelines for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke: 2002 Update: Consensus Panel Guide to Comprehensive Risk Reduction for Adult Patients Without Coronary or Other Atherosclerotic Vascular Diseases Circulation, July 16, 2002; 106(3): 388 - 391. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. W. Booth, M. V. Chakravarthy, S. E. Gordon, and E. E. Spangenburg Waging war on physical inactivity: using modern molecular ammunition against an ancient enemy J Appl Physiol, July 1, 2002; 93(1): 3 - 30. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Kothari, R. J. Stevens, A. I. Adler, I. M. Stratton, S. E. Manley, H. A. Neil, and R. R. Holman UKPDS 60: Risk of Stroke in Type 2 Diabetes Estimated by the UK Prospective Diabetes Study Risk Engine Stroke, July 1, 2002; 33(7): 1776 - 1781. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. B. Horenstein, D. E. Smith, and L. Mosca Cholesterol Predicts Stroke Mortality in the Women's Pooling Project Stroke, July 1, 2002; 33(7): 1863 - 1868. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. B. Gorelick Stroke Prevention Therapy Beyond Antithrombotics: Unifying Mechanisms in Ischemic Stroke Pathogenesis and Implications for Therapy: An Invited Review Stroke, March 1, 2002; 33(3): 862 - 875. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M L Bots THE EUROSTROKE PROJECT J Epidemiol Community Health, February 1, 2002; 56(90001): i1 - 1. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. J. Greenlund, W. H. Giles, N. L. Keenan, J. B. Croft, G. A. Mensah, and S. L. Huston Physician Advice, Patient Actions, and Health-Related Quality of Life in Secondary Prevention of Stroke Through Diet and Exercise * The Physician's Role in Helping Patients to Increase Physical Activity and Improve Eating Habits Stroke, February 1, 2002; 33(2): 565 - 571. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. A. Tunick and I. Kronzon Primary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke Circulation, September 11, 2001; 104 (11): e59 - e59. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Mosca, P. Collins, D. M. Herrington, M. E. Mendelsohn, R. C. Pasternak, R. M. Robertson, K. Schenck-Gustafsson, S. C. Smith Jr, K. A. Taubert, and N. K. Wenger Hormone Replacement Therapy and Cardiovascular Disease: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association Circulation, July 24, 2001; 104(4): 499 - 503. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. K. Massey Dairy Food Consumption, Blood Pressure and Stroke J. Nutr., July 1, 2001; 131(7): 1875 - 1878. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. S.V. Elkind Implications of stroke prevention trials: Treatment of global risk Neurology, July 12, 2005; 65(1): 17 - 21. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|