(Circulation. 2000;101:558.)
© 2000 American Heart Association, Inc.
Cardiovascular Drugs |
ß-Adrenergic Receptor Blockade in Chronic Heart Failure
From the Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colo.
Correspondence to Michael R. Bristow, MD, PhD, Head, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 E 9th Ave, Campus Box B139, Denver, CO 80262. E-mail Michael.Bristow@UCHSC.edu
Key Words: drugs • heart failure • receptors, adrenergic, beta
 |
Introduction |
|---|
The medical treatment of chronic heart failure has undergone a remarkable transition in the past 10 years. The approach has changed from a short-term hemodynamic/pharmacological paradigm to a more long-term, reparative strategy that aims to favorably alter the biological properties of the failing heart.1 This is dramatically illustrated by the recent success in treating mild-to-moderate chronic heart failure with ß-adrenergic blocking agents. This review describes how a treatment that began as a contraindication1 2 3 became an established treatment of chronic heart failure.
|
Rationale for ß-Blocker Therapy in Chronic Heart Failure: Maladaptive Adrenergic Signaling and Altered but Persistent Signal Transduction in the Failing Heart |
|---|
The failing human heart is adrenergically activated,4 5 6 which helps to maintain cardiac performance over the short term by increasing contractility and heart rate. In contrast, in the resting state there is no adrenergic support of normally functioning human left ventricles.6 Multiple lines of evidence7 8 9 indicate that it is the increase in cardiac adrenergic drive rather than an increase in circulating norepinephrine that is both initially supportive and then ultimately damaging to the failing human heart.
As shown in Table 1
, there are 3
adrenergic receptors (ß1,
ß2, and 
1) in human
cardiac myocytes coupled to a positive inotropic response and cell
growth.10 11 12 ß-Adrenergic receptors are coupled via the
"stimulatory" G protein Gs to the effector
enzyme adenylyl cyclase, which converts the substrate MgATP to cAMP.
cAMP is a positively inotropic and chronotropic second messenger and is
strongly growth promoting. In nonfailing human left or right
ventricles, the ß1/ß2
ratio is 70 to 80/30 to 20, but in failing human ventricles, 35% to
40% of the
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  L. H. Opie and J. Knuuti The adrenergic-Fatty Acid load in heart failure. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 27, 2009; 54(18): 1637 - 1646. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Q. CHE, M. J. SCHREIBER JR, and M. A. RAFEY Beta-blockers for hypertension: Are they going out of style? Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, September 1, 2009; 76(9): 533 - 542. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. GLUBA, M. BANACH, D. P. MIKHAILIDIS, and J. RYSZ Genetic Determinants of Cardiovascular Disease: The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, Paraoxonases, Endothelin-1, Nitric Oxide Synthase and Adrenergic Receptors In Vivo, September 1, 2009; 23(5): 797 - 812. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. K. Kjekshus, C. Torp-Pedersen, L. Gullestad, L. Kober, T. Edvardsen, I. C. Olsen, I. Sjaastad, E. Qvigstad, T. Skomedal, J.-B. Osnes, et al. Effect of piboserod, a 5-HT4 serotonin receptor antagonist, on left ventricular function in patients with symptomatic heart failure Eur J Heart Fail, August 1, 2009; 11(8): 771 - 778. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Cresci, R. J. Kelly, T. P. Cappola, A. Diwan, D. Dries, S. L.R. Kardia, and G. W. Dorn II Clinical and genetic modifiers of long-term survival in heart failure. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 28, 2009; 54(5): 432 - 444. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Pandya, K. Porter, H. A. Rockman, and O. Smithies Decreased beta-adrenergic responsiveness following hypertrophy occurs only in cardiomyocytes that also re-express beta-myosin heavy chain Eur J Heart Fail, July 1, 2009; 11(7): 648 - 652. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 U. H. Frey, M. Adamzik, E. Kottenberg-Assenmacher, H. Jakob, I. Manthey, M. Broecker-Preuss, L. Bergmann, G. Heusch, W. Siffert, J. Peters, et al. A novel functional haplotype in the human GNAS gene alters G{alpha}s expression, responsiveness to {beta}-adrenoceptor stimulation, and peri-operative cardiac performance Eur. Heart J., June 1, 2009; 30(11): 1402 - 1410. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. A. Dixon and F. G. Spinale Large Animal Models of Heart Failure: A Critical Link in the Translation of Basic Science to Clinical Practice Circ Heart Fail, May 1, 2009; 2(3): 262 - 271. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J.-P. Vilardaga, M. Bunemann, T. N. Feinstein, N. Lambert, V. O. Nikolaev, S. Engelhardt, M. J. Lohse, and C. Hoffmann Minireview: GPCR and G Proteins: Drug Efficacy and Activation in Live Cells Mol. Endocrinol., May 1, 2009; 23(5): 590 - 599. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. J. Duncker, N. M. Boontje, D. Merkus, A. Versteilen, J. Krysiak, G. Mearini, A. El-Armouche, V. J. de Beer, J. M.J. Lamers, L. Carrier, et al. Prevention of Myofilament Dysfunction by {beta}-Blocker Therapy in Postinfarct Remodeling Circ Heart Fail, May 1, 2009; 2(3): 233 - 242. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Laonigro, M. Correale, M. Di Biase, and E. Altomare Alcohol abuse and heart failure Eur J Heart Fail, May 1, 2009; 11(5): 453 - 462. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Schmechel, M. Grimm, A. El-Armouche, G. Hoppner, A. P. Schwoerer, H. Ehmke, and T. Eschenhagen Treatment with atorvastatin partially protects the rat heart from harmful catecholamine effects Cardiovasc Res, April 1, 2009; 82(1): 100 - 106. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. Nicolini and T. Gherli Alternatives to transplantation in the surgical therapy for heart failure Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., February 1, 2009; 35(2): 214 - 228. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H.-Z. Feng, M. Chen, L. S. Weinstein, and J.-P. Jin Removal of the N-terminal Extension of Cardiac Troponin I as a Functional Compensation for Impaired Myocardial {beta}-Adrenergic Signaling J. Biol. Chem., November 28, 2008; 283(48): 33384 - 33393. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I.-M. Kim, D. G. Tilley, J. Chen, N. C. Salazar, E. J. Whalen, J. D. Violin, and H. A. Rockman {beta}-Blockers alprenolol and carvedilol stimulate {beta}-arrestin-mediated EGFR transactivation PNAS, September 23, 2008; 105(38): 14555 - 14560. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Koyanagi, L. Y. Wong, K. Inagaki, O. V. Petrauskene, and D. Mochly-Rosen Alteration of gene expression during progression of hypertension-induced cardiac dysfunction in rats Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, July 1, 2008; 295(1): H220 - H226. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. P. C. Davel, L. E. Fukuda, L. L. De Sa, C. D. Munhoz, C. Scavone, D. Sanz-Rosa, V. Cachofeiro, V. Lahera, and L. V. Rossoni Effects of isoproterenol treatment for 7 days on inflammatory mediators in the rat aorta Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, July 1, 2008; 295(1): H211 - H219. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Masutani, H.-J. Cheng, M. Hyttila-Hopponen, J. Levijoki, A. Heikkila, A. Vuorela, W. C. Little, and C.-P. Cheng Orally Available Levosimendan Dose-Related Positive Inotropic and Lusitropic Effect in Conscious Chronically Instrumented Normal and Heart Failure Dogs J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., April 1, 2008; 325(1): 236 - 247. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Morisco, C. Marrone, J. Galeotti, D. Shao, D. E. Vatner, S. F. Vatner, and J. Sadoshima Endocytosis machinery is required for {beta}1-adrenergic receptor-induced hypertrophy in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes Cardiovasc Res, April 1, 2008; 78(1): 36 - 44. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Kurzyna and A. Torbicki Neurohormonal modulation in right ventricular failure Eur. Heart J. Suppl., December 1, 2007; 9(suppl_H): H35 - H40. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. M. Cole, A. Gawlinski, N. Steers, and J. Kotlerman Animal-Assisted Therapy in Patients Hospitalized With Heart Failure Am. J. Crit. Care., November 1, 2007; 16(6): 575 - 585. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. W. Wisler, S. M. DeWire, E. J. Whalen, J. D. Violin, M. T. Drake, S. Ahn, S. K. Shenoy, and R. J. Lefkowitz A unique mechanism of beta-blocker action: Carvedilol stimulates beta-arrestin signaling PNAS, October 16, 2007; 104(42): 16657 - 16662. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Okumura, D. E. Vatner, R. Kurotani, Y. Bai, S. Gao, Z. Yuan, K. Iwatsubo, C. Ulucan, J.-i. Kawabe, K. Ghosh, et al. Disruption of Type 5 Adenylyl Cyclase Enhances Desensitization of Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Signal and Increases Akt Signal With Chronic Catecholamine Stress Circulation, October 16, 2007; 116(16): 1776 - 1783. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. S. Tutor, P. Penela, and F. Mayor Jr. Anti-{beta}1-adrenergic receptor autoantibodies are potent stimulators of the ERK1/2 pathway in cardiac cells Cardiovasc Res, October 1, 2007; 76(1): 51 - 60. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. O. Nikolaev, V. Boivin, S. Stork, C. E. Angermann, G. Ertl, M. J. Lohse, and R. Jahns A Novel Fluorescence Method for the Rapid Detection of Functional {beta}1-Adrenergic Receptor Autoantibodies in Heart Failure J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 31, 2007; 50(5): 423 - 431. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Rodriguez, B. Mitton, P. Nicolaou, G. Chen, and E. G. Kranias Phosphorylation of human inhibitor-1 at Ser67 and/or Thr75 attenuates stimulatory effects of protein kinase A signaling in cardiac myocytes Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, July 1, 2007; 293(1): H762 - H769. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Ibanez, S. Prat-Gonzalez, W. S. Speidl, G. Vilahur, A. Pinero, G. Cimmino, M. J. Garcia, V. Fuster, J. Sanz, and J. J. Badimon Early Metoprolol Administration Before Coronary Reperfusion Results in Increased Myocardial Salvage: Analysis of Ischemic Myocardium at Risk Using Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Circulation, June 12, 2007; 115(23): 2909 - 2916. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Srivastava, B. Chandrasekar, Y. Gu, J. Luo, T. Hamid, B. G. Hill, and S. D. Prabhu Downregulation of CuZn-superoxide dismutase contributes to {beta}-adrenergic receptor-mediated oxidative stress in the heart Cardiovasc Res, June 1, 2007; 74(3): 445 - 455. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Ly, Y. Kawase, R. Yoneyama, and R. J. Hajjar Gene Therapy in the Treatment of Heart Failure Physiology, April 1, 2007; 22(2): 81 - 96. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. E. Yutzey and J. Robbins Principles of Genetic Murine Models for Cardiac Disease Circulation, February 13, 2007; 115(6): 792 - 799. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. U. Khand, A. C. Rankin, J. G.F. Cleland, I. Gemmell, E. Clark, and P. W. Macfarlane The assessment of autonomic function in chronic atrial fibrillation: description of a non-invasive technique based on circadian rhythm of atrioventricular nodal functional refractory periods. Europace, November 1, 2006; 8(11): 927 - 934. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. J. Matkovich, A. Diwan, J. L. Klanke, D. J. Hammer, Y. Marreez, A. M. Odley, E. W. Brunskill, W. J. Koch, R. J. Schwartz, and G. W. Dorn II Cardiac-Specific Ablation of G-Protein Receptor Kinase 2 Redefines Its Roles in Heart Development and {beta}-Adrenergic Signaling Circ. Res., October 27, 2006; 99(9): 996 - 1003. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X.-J. Du, X.-M. Gao, H. Kiriazis, X.-L. Moore, Z. Ming, Y. Su, A. M. Finch, R. A. Hannan, A. M. Dart, and R. M. Graham Transgenic {alpha}1A-adrenergic activation limits post-infarct ventricular remodeling and dysfunction and improves survival Cardiovasc Res, September 1, 2006; 71(4): 735 - 743. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Nishii, T. Inomata, H. Niwano, H. Takehana, I. Takeuchi, H. Nakano, H. Shinagawa, T. Naruke, T. Koitabashi, J.-i. Nakahata, et al. {beta}2-Adrenergic Agonists Suppress Rat Autoimmune Myocarditis: Potential Role of {beta}2-Adrenergic Stimulants as New Therapeutic Agents for Myocarditis Circulation, August 29, 2006; 114(9): 936 - 944. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Hu, X. Jiao, E. Gao, W. J. Koch, S. Sharifi-Azad, Z. Grunwald, X. L. Ma, and J.-Z. Sun Chronic beta-Adrenergic Receptor Stimulation Induces Cardiac Apoptosis and Aggravates Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Provoking Inducible Nitric-Oxide Synthase-Mediated Nitrative Stress J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., August 1, 2006; 318(2): 469 - 475. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Takahashi, T. Tang, N. C. Lai, D. M. Roth, B. Rebolledo, M. Saito, W. Y.W. Lew, P. Clopton, and H. K. Hammond Increased Cardiac Adenylyl Cyclase Expression Is Associated With Increased Survival After Myocardial Infarction Circulation, August 1, 2006; 114(5): 388 - 396. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. D. Mills, H. Kubo, D. M. Harris, R. M. Berretta, V. Piacentino III, and S. R. Houser Phosphorylation of phospholamban at threonine-17 reduces cardiac adrenergic contractile responsiveness in chronic pressure overload-induced hypertrophy Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, July 1, 2006; 291(1): H61 - H70. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S Ellery, L Williams, and M Frenneaux Role of resynchronisation therapy and implantable cardioverter defibrillators in heart failure Postgrad. Med. J., January 1, 2006; 82(963): 16 - 23. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Molenaar, T. Christ, U. Ravens, and A. Kaumann Carvedilol blocks {beta}2- more than {beta}1-adrenoceptors in human heart Cardiovasc Res, January 1, 2006; 69(1): 128 - 139. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. Aranda Jr, G. W. Woo, R. S. Schofield, E. M. Handberg, J. A. Hill, A. B. Curtis, S. F. Sears, J. S. Goff, D. F. Pauly, and J. B. Conti Management of Heart Failure After Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: Integrating Advanced Heart Failure Treatment With Optimal Device Function J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., December 20, 2005; 46(12): 2193 - 2198. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z.-S. Zhang, H.-J. Cheng, K. Onishi, N. Ohte, T. Wannenburg, and C.-P. Cheng Enhanced Inhibition of L-type Ca2+ Current by {beta}3-Adrenergic Stimulation in Failing Rat Heart J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., December 1, 2005; 315(3): 1203 - 1211. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Bernstein, G. Fajardo, M. Zhao, T. Urashima, J. Powers, G. Berry, and B. K. Kobilka Differential cardioprotective/cardiotoxic effects mediated by {beta}-adrenergic receptor subtypes Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2005; 289(6): H2441 - H2449. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Metra, C. Torp-Pedersen, K. Swedberg, J. G.F. Cleland, A. Di Lenarda, M. Komajda, W. J. Remme, B. Lutiger, A. Scherhag, M. A. Lukas, et al. Influence of heart rate, blood pressure, and beta-blocker dose on outcome and the differences in outcome between carvedilol and metoprolol tartrate in patients with chronic heart failure: results from the COMET trial Eur. Heart J., November 1, 2005; 26(21): 2259 - 2268. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. A. R. Paiva, L. S. Matsubara, B. B. Matsubara, M. F. Minicucci, P. S. Azevedo, A. O. Campana, and L. A. M. Zornoff Retinoic Acid Supplementation Attenuates Ventricular Remodeling after Myocardial Infarction in Rats J. Nutr., October 1, 2005; 135(10): 2326 - 2328. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y.-L. Sun, S.-J. Hu, L.-H. Wang, Y. Hu, and J.-Y. Zhou Effect of {beta}-Blockers on Cardiac Function and Calcium Handling Protein in Postinfarction Heart Failure Rats Chest, September 1, 2005; 128(3): 1812 - 1821. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Burkhoff and S. A. Ben-Haim Nonexcitatory electrical signals for enhancing ventricular contractility: rationale and initial investigations of an experimental treatment for heart failure Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 1, 2005; 288(6): H2550 - H2556. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. L. Mann and M. R. Bristow Mechanisms and Models in Heart Failure: The Biomechanical Model and Beyond Circulation, May 31, 2005; 111(21): 2837 - 2849. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Qvigstad, T. Brattelid, I. Sjaastad, K. W. Andressen, K. A. Krobert, J. A. Birkeland, O. M. Sejersted, A. J. Kaumann, T. Skomedal, J.-B. Osnes, et al. Appearance of a ventricular 5-HT4 receptor-mediated inotropic response to serotonin in heart failure Cardiovasc Res, March 1, 2005; 65(4): 869 - 878. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Tachibana, H.-J. Cheng, T. Ukai, A. Igawa, Z.-S. Zhang, W. C. Little, and C.-P. Cheng Levosimendan improves LV systolic and diastolic performance at rest and during exercise after heart failure Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, February 1, 2005; 288(2): H914 - H922. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. F. McBride and C. M. White Critical Differences Among Beta-Adrenoreceptor Antagonists in Myocardial Failure: Debating the MERIT of COMET J. Clin. Pharmacol., January 1, 2005; 45(1): 6 - 24. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. K. Hamlin, P. S. Villars, J. T. Kanusky, and A. D. Shaw Role of Diastole in Left Ventricular Function, II: Diagnosis and Treatment Am. J. Crit. Care., November 1, 2004; 13(6): 453 - 466. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M.R. Bristow, H. Krause-Steinrauf, R. Nuzzo, C.-S. Liang, J. Lindenfeld, B.D. Lowes, B. Hattler, W.T. Abraham, L. Olson, S. Krueger, et al. Effect of Baseline or Changes in Adrenergic Activity on Clinical Outcomes in the {beta}-Blocker Evaluation of Survival Trial Circulation, September 14, 2004; 110(11): 1437 - 1442. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Kawai, F. Qin, J. Shite, W. Mao, S. Fukuoka, and C.-s. Liang Importance of antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects of {beta}-receptor blockers in heart failure therapy Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, September 1, 2004; 287(3): H1003 - H1012. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T.-a. Koshimizu, G. Tsujimoto, A. Hirasawa, Y. Kitagawa, and A. Tanoue Carvedilol selectively inhibits oscillatory intracellular calcium changes evoked by human {alpha}1D- and {alpha}1B-adrenergic receptors Cardiovasc Res, September 1, 2004; 63(4): 662 - 672. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Okoshi, M. Nakayama, X. Yan, M. P. Okoshi, A. J.T. Schuldt, M. A. Marchionni, and B. H. Lorell Neuregulins Regulate Cardiac Parasympathetic Activity: Muscarinic Modulation of {beta}-Adrenergic Activity in Myocytes From Mice With Neuregulin-1 Gene Deletion Circulation, August 10, 2004; 110(6): 713 - 717. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. T. Ko, P. R. Hebert, C. S. Coffey, J. P. Curtis, J. M. Foody, A. Sedrakyan, and H. M. Krumholz Adverse Effects of {beta}-Blocker Therapy for Patients With Heart Failure: A Quantitative Overview of Randomized Trials Arch Intern Med, July 12, 2004; 164(13): 1389 - 1394. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Zaugg, C. Schulz, J. Wacker, and M. C. Schaub Sympatho-modulatory therapies in perioperative medicine Br. J. Anaesth., July 1, 2004; 93(1): 53 - 62. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Kindermann, C. Maack, S. Schaller, N. Finkler, K. I. Schmidt, S. Laer, H. Wuttke, H.-J. Schafers, and M. Bohm Carvedilol but Not Metoprolol Reduces {beta}-Adrenergic Responsiveness After Complete Elimination From Plasma In Vivo Circulation, June 29, 2004; 109(25): 3182 - 3190. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. R. Salpeter, T. M. Ormiston, and E. E. Salpeter Cardiovascular Effects of {beta}-Agonists in Patients With Asthma and COPD: A Meta-Analysis Chest, June 1, 2004; 125(6): 2309 - 2321. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Morimoto, H. Hasegawa, H.-J. Cheng, W. C. Little, and C.-P. Cheng Endogenous {beta}3-adrenoreceptor activation contributes to left ventricular and cardiomyocyte dysfunction in heart failure Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 1, 2004; 286(6): H2425 - H2433. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Odley, H. S. Hahn, R. A. Lynch, Y. Marreez, H. Osinska, J. Robbins, and G. W. Dorn II Regulation of cardiac contractility by Rab4-modulated {beta}2-adrenergic receptor recycling PNAS, May 4, 2004; 101(18): 7082 - 7087. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-J. Blanc, V. Bertault-Valls, M. Fatemi, M. Gilard, P.-Y. Pennec, and Y. Etienne Midterm Benefits of Left Univentricular Pacing in Patients With Congestive Heart Failure Circulation, April 13, 2004; 109(14): 1741 - 1744. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. L. Bauman and R. L. Talbert Pharmacodynamics of{beta}-Blockers in Heart Failure: Lessons from the Carvedilol Or Metoprolol European Trial Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, April 1, 2004; 9(2): 117 - 128. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Fukuchi, Y. Yasumura, K. Kiso, K. Hayashida, K. Miyatake, and Y. Ishida Gated Myocardial SPECT to Predict Response to {beta}-Blocker Therapy in Patients with Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy J. Nucl. Med., April 1, 2004; 45(4): 527 - 531. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Sundell, E. Engblom, J. Koistinen, A. Ylitalo, A. Naum, K. Q. Stolen, R. Kalliokoski, S. G. Nekolla, K. E. J. Airaksinen, J. J. Bax, et al. The effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on left ventricular function, myocardial energetics, and metabolic reserve in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 17, 2004; 43(6): 1027 - 1033. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Engelhardt, L. Hein, V. Dyachenkow, E. G. Kranias, G. Isenberg, and M. J. Lohse Altered Calcium Handling Is Critically Involved in the Cardiotoxic Effects of Chronic {beta}-Adrenergic Stimulation Circulation, March 9, 2004; 109(9): 1154 - 1160. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. L. Kirstein and P. A. Insel Autonomic Nervous System Pharmacogenomics: A Progress Report Pharmacol. Rev., March 1, 2004; 56(1): 31 - 52. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Metra, S. Nodari, and L. Dei Cas Current guidelines in the pharmacological management of chronic heart failure Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, March 1, 2004; 5(1_suppl): S11 - S16. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Okuda, M. Yano, M. Doi, T. Oda, T. Tokuhisa, M. Kohno, S. Kobayashi, T. Yamamoto, T. Ohkusa, and M. Matsuzaki Valsartan Restores Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Function With No Appreciable Effect on Resting Cardiac Function in Pacing-Induced Heart Failure Circulation, February 24, 2004; 109(7): 911 - 919. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. H. Eisenach, A. M. McGuire, R. M. Schwingler, S. T. Turner, and M. J. Joyner The Arg16/Gly {beta}2-adrenergic receptor polymorphism is associated with altered cardiovascular responses to isometric exercise Physiol Genomics, February 13, 2004; 16(3): 323 - 328. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. A. Jortani, S. D. Prabhu, and R. Valdes Jr Strategies for Developing Biomarkers of Heart Failure Clin. Chem., February 1, 2004; 50(2): 265 - 278. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. W. Dorn II and J. D. Molkentin Manipulating Cardiac Contractility in Heart Failure: Data From Mice and Men Circulation, January 20, 2004; 109(2): 150 - 158. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. J. Dixon, J. G. Murtagh, S. G. Richardson, and E. W. Chew Reduction in hospitalization rates following cardiac resynchronisation therapy in cardiac failure: experience from a single centre Europace, January 1, 2004; 6(6): 586 - 589. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. N. Singh Survival Advantage with Cardiovascular Drugs: Are they Real? Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, December 1, 2003; 8(4): 249 - 251. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Omerovic, E. Bollano, B. Soussi, and F. Waagstein Selective {beta}1-blockade attenuates post-infarct remodelling without improvement in myocardial energy metabolism and function in rats with heart failure Eur J Heart Fail, December 1, 2003; 5(6): 725 - 732. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Lohse, S. Engelhardt, and T. Eschenhagen What Is the Role of {beta}-Adrenergic Signaling in Heart Failure? Circ. Res., November 14, 2003; 93(10): 896 - 906. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. S. McKelvie, J.-L. Rouleau, M. White, R. Afzal, J. B. Young, A. P. Maggioni, P. Held, and S. Yusuf Comparative impact of enalapril, candesartan or metoprolol alone or in combination on ventricular remodelling in patients with congestive heart failure Eur. Heart J., October 1, 2003; 24(19): 1727 - 1734. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Mukherjee, S. Baksi, R. A. Dart, S. Gollub, J. Lazar, C. Nair, D. Schroeder, and S. H. Woolf {beta}-Blockers With Vasodilatory Actions Chest, October 1, 2003; 124(4): 1621 - 1621. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. Sim, D. Hampton, C. Phillips, S.-N. Lo, S. Vasishta, J. Davies, and M. Penney The use of brain natriuretic peptide as a screening test for left ventricular systolic dysfunction-- cost-effectiveness in relation to open access echocardiography Fam. Pract., October 1, 2003; 20(5): 570 - 574. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B.N. Singh Increased heart rate as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease Eur. Heart J. Suppl., September 1, 2003; 5(suppl_G): G3 - G9. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C.-s. Liang Sympatholysis and cardiac sympathetic nerve function in the treatment of congestive heart failure J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 6, 2003; 42(3): 549 - 551. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. S.H. Bell Heart Failure: The frequent, forgotten, and often fatal complication of diabetes Diabetes Care, August 1, 2003; 26(8): 2433 - 2441. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Maack, M. Bohm, L. Vlaskin, E. Dabew, K. Lorenz, H.-J. Schafers, M. J. Lohse, and S. Engelhardt Partial Agonist Activity of Bucindolol Is Dependent on the Activation State of the Human {beta}1-Adrenergic Receptor Circulation, July 22, 2003; 108(3): 348 - 353. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. V. Salukhe, M. Y. Henein, and R. Sutton Pacing in heart failure: patient and pacing mode selection Eur. Heart J., June 1, 2003; 24(11): 977 - 986. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. H. Au, E. M. Udris, V. S. Fan, J. R. Curtis, M. B. McDonell, and S. D. Fihn Risk of Mortality and Heart Failure Exacerbations Associated With Inhaled {beta}-Adrenoceptor Agonists Among Patients With Known Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction Chest, June 1, 2003; 123(6): 1964 - 1969. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E Bollano, M S. Tang, A Hjalmarson, F Waagstein, and B Andersson Different responses to dobutamine in the presence of carvedilol or metoprolol in patients with chronic heart failure Heart, June 1, 2003; 89(6): 621 - 624. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Jessup and S. Brozena Heart Failure N. Engl. J. Med., May 15, 2003; 348(20): 2007 - 2018. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. R. Houser and K. B. Margulies Is Depressed Myocyte Contractility Centrally Involved in Heart Failure? Circ. Res., March 7, 2003; 92(4): 350 - 358. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Abbate, G. G. L. Biondi-Zoccai, R. Bussani, A. Dobrina, D. Camilot, F. Feroce, R. Rossiello, F. Baldi, F. Silvestri, L. M. Biasucci, et al. Increased myocardial apoptosis in patients with unfavorable left ventricular remodeling and early symptomatic post-infarction heart failure J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 5, 2003; 41(5): 753 - 760. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Bristow Antiadrenergic Therapy of Chronic Heart Failure: Surprises and New Opportunities Circulation, March 4, 2003; 107(8): 1100 - 1102. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Simon, M. Mary-Krause, C. Funck-Brentano, Ph. Lechat, P. Jaillon, and on behalf of CIBIS II investigators Bisoprolol dose-response relationship in patients with congestive heart failure: a subgroup analysis in the cardiac insufficiency bisoprolol study (CIBIS II) Eur. Heart J., March 2, 2003; 24(6): 552 - 559. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A P Maggioni, G Sinagra, C Opasich, E Geraci, M Gorini, E Gronda, D Lucci, G Tognoni, E Balli, and L Tavazzi Treatment of chronic heart failure with {beta} adrenergic blockade beyond controlled clinical trials: the BRING-UP experience Heart, March 1, 2003; 89(3): 299 - 305. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. A Turner, K. E Porter, W. H.T Smith, H. L White, S. G Ball, and A. J Balmforth Chronic {beta}2-adrenergic receptor stimulation increases proliferation of human cardiac fibroblasts via an autocrine mechanism Cardiovasc Res, March 1, 2003; 57(3): 784 - 792. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|