(Circulation. 2000;101:2981.)
© 2000 American Heart Association, Inc.
Clinical Cardiology: New Frontiers |
Left Ventricular Remodeling After Myocardial Infarction
Pathophysiology and Therapy
From the University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pa (M.G.S.J.S.), and the Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (N.S.).
Correspondence to Norman Sharpe, MD, FRACP, FACC, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, 4th Floor, Auckland Hospital, Grafton, Private Bag 92-019, Auckland, New Zealand. E-mail n.sharpe@auckland.ac.nz
Key Words: myocardial infarction • remodeling • signal transduction • structure • pharmacology
Left ventricular remodeling is the process by
which ventricular size, shape, and function are regulated
by mechanical, neurohormonal, and genetic factors.1 2
Remodeling may be physiological and adaptive during
normal growth or pathological due to myocardial infarction,
cardiomyopathy, hypertension, or valvular
heart disease (Figure 1
). This
article will review postinfarction remodeling,
pathophysiological mechanisms, and therapeutic
intervention.
|
Pathophysiology
Postinfarction Left Ventricular Remodeling
The acute loss of myocardium results in an abrupt
increase in loading conditions that induces a unique pattern of
remodeling involving the infarcted border zone and remote noninfarcted
myocardium. Myocyte necrosis and the resultant increase in
load trigger a cascade of biochemical intracellular signaling processes
that initiates and subsequently modulates reparative changes, which
include dilatation, hypertrophy, and the formation of a
discrete collagen scar. Ventricular remodeling may continue
for weeks or months until the distending forces are counterbalanced by
the tensile strength of the collagen scar. This balance is determined
by the size, location, and transmurality of the infarct, the extent of
myocardial stunning, the patency of the infarct-related artery, and
local tropic factors.1 3
The myocardium consists of 3 integrated components:
myocytes, extracellular matrix, and the capillary microcirculation that
services the contractile unit assembly. Consideration of all 3
components provides important insights into the remodeling process and
a rationale for future therapeutic strategies. The
cardiomyocyte is terminally differentiated and develops
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  G. Dwivedi, R. Janardhanan, S. A. Hayat, T. K. Lim, and R. Senior Improved prediction of outcome by contrast echocardiography determined left ventricular remodelling parameters compared to unenhanced echocardiography in patients following acute myocardial infarction Eur J Echocardiogr, December 1, 2009; 10(8): 933 - 940. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. K. Mani, S. Balasubramanian, J. A. Zavadzkas, L. B. Jeffords, W. T. Rivers, M. R. Zile, R. Mukherjee, F. G. Spinale, and D. Kuppuswamy Calpain inhibition preserves myocardial structure and function following myocardial infarction Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2009; 297(5): H1744 - H1751. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Mihaljevic, A. M. Gillinov, and J. F. Sabik III Functional Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation: Myocardial Viability as a Predictor of Postoperative Outcome After Isolated Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Circulation, October 13, 2009; 120(15): 1459 - 1461. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. Schachinger, B. Assmus, S. Erbs, A. Elsasser, W. Haberbosch, R. Hambrecht, J. Yu, R. Corti, D. G. Mathey, C. W. Hamm, et al. Intracoronary infusion of bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells abrogates adverse left ventricular remodelling post-acute myocardial infarction: insights from the reinfusion of enriched progenitor cells and infarct remodelling in acute myocardial infarction (REPAIR-AMI) trial Eur J Heart Fail, October 1, 2009; 11(10): 973 - 979. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F.-L. Xiang, X. Lu, L. Hammoud, P. Zhu, P. Chidiac, J. Robbins, and Q. Feng Cardiomyocyte-Specific Overexpression of Human Stem Cell Factor Improves Cardiac Function and Survival After Myocardial Infarction in Mice Circulation, September 22, 2009; 120(12): 1065 - 1074. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. GLUBA, M. BANACH, D. P. MIKHAILIDIS, and J. RYSZ Genetic Determinants of Cardiovascular Disease: The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, Paraoxonases, Endothelin-1, Nitric Oxide Synthase and Adrenergic Receptors In Vivo, September 1, 2009; 23(5): 797 - 812. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Javadov, M. Karmazyn, and N. Escobales Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore Opening as a Promising Therapeutic Target in Cardiac Diseases J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., September 1, 2009; 330(3): 670 - 678. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Z. Kassiri, J. Zhong, D. Guo, R. Basu, X. Wang, P. P. Liu, J. W. Scholey, J. M. Penninger, and G. Y. Oudit Loss of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Accelerates Maladaptive Left Ventricular Remodeling in Response to Myocardial Infarction Circ Heart Fail, September 1, 2009; 2(5): 446 - 455. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Ding, L. Dong, X. Chen, L. Zhang, X. Xu, A. Ferro, and B. Xu Increased Expression of Integrin-Linked Kinase Attenuates Left Ventricular Remodeling and Improves Cardiac Function After Myocardial Infarction Circulation, September 1, 2009; 120(9): 764 - 773. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Yousef, C. M. Schannwell, M. Kostering, T. Zeus, M. Brehm, and B. E. Strauer The BALANCE Study: clinical benefit and long-term outcome after intracoronary autologous bone marrow cell transplantation in patients with acute myocardial infarction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 16, 2009; 53(24): 2262 - 2269. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Bauer, V. Straub, A. Blain, K. Bushby, and G. A. MacGowan Contrasting effects of steroids and angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors in a mouse model of dystrophin-deficient cardiomyopathy Eur J Heart Fail, May 1, 2009; 11(5): 463 - 471. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. A. Young and A. F. Frangi Computational cardiac atlases: from patient to population and back Exp Physiol, May 1, 2009; 94(5): 578 - 596. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Remmelink, K. D. Sjauw, J. P.S. Henriques, M. M. Vis, R. J. van der Schaaf, K. T. Koch, J. G.P. Tijssen, R. J. de Winter, J. J. Piek, and J. Baan Jr Acute left ventricular dynamic effects of primary percutaneous coronary intervention from occlusion to reperfusion. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 28, 2009; 53(17): 1498 - 1502. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. J. Eisen Surgical Ventricular Reconstruction for Heart Failure N. Engl. J. Med., April 23, 2009; 360(17): 1781 - 1784. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. H. Jones, E. J. Velazquez, R. E. Michler, G. Sopko, J. K. Oh, C. M. O'Connor, J. A. Hill, L. Menicanti, Z. Sadowski, P. Desvigne-Nickens, et al. Coronary Bypass Surgery with or without Surgical Ventricular Reconstruction N. Engl. J. Med., April 23, 2009; 360(17): 1705 - 1717. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Nishio and A. Matsumori Gelsolin and Cardiac Myocyte Apoptosis: A New Target in the Treatment of Postinfarction Remodeling Circ. Res., April 10, 2009; 104(7): 829 - 831. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Zhang, L. Ding, Y. Zhao, W. Sun, B. Chen, H. Lin, X. Wang, L. Zhang, B. Xu, and J. Dai Collagen-Targeting Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Improves Cardiac Performance After Myocardial Infarction Circulation, April 7, 2009; 119(13): 1776 - 1784. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. M. Hollenberg Heart Failure and Cardiac Pulmonary Edema ACCP Crit Care Med Brd Rev, January 1, 2009; 20(0): 117 - 128. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. M. Kramer Insights into Myocardial Microstructure During Infarct Healing and Remodeling: Pathologists Need Not Apply Circ Cardiovasc Imaging, January 1, 2009; 2(1): 4 - 5. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M.-T. Wu, M.-Y. M. Su, Y.-L. Huang, K.-R. Chiou, P. Yang, H.-B. Pan, T. G. Reese, V. J. Wedeen, and W.-Y. I. Tseng Sequential Changes of Myocardial Microstructure in Patients Postmyocardial Infarction by Diffusion-Tensor Cardiac MR: Correlation With Left Ventricular Structure and Function Circ Cardiovasc Imaging, January 1, 2009; 2(1): 32 - 40. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Nahrendorf, D. E. Sosnovik, B. A. French, F. K. Swirski, F. Bengel, M. M. Sadeghi, J. R. Lindner, J. C. Wu, D. L. Kraitchman, Z. A. Fayad, et al. Multimodality Cardiovascular Molecular Imaging, Part II Circ Cardiovasc Imaging, January 1, 2009; 2(1): 56 - 70. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. S. Velagaleti, M. J. Pencina, J. M. Murabito, T. J. Wang, N. I. Parikh, R. B. D'Agostino, D. Levy, W. B. Kannel, and R. S. Vasan Long-Term Trends in the Incidence of Heart Failure After Myocardial Infarction Circulation, November 11, 2008; 118(20): 2057 - 2062. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Mukherjee, J. A. Zavadzkas, S. M. Saunders, J. E. McLean, L. B. Jeffords, C. Beck, R. E. Stroud, A. M. Leone, C. N. Koval, W. T. Rivers, et al. Targeted Myocardial Microinjections of a Biocomposite Material Reduces Infarct Expansion in Pigs Ann. Thorac. Surg., October 1, 2008; 86(4): 1268 - 1276. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Saeed, A. Martin, P. Ursell, L. Do, M. Bucknor, C. B. Higgins, and D. Saloner MR Assessment of Myocardial Perfusion, Viability, and Function after Intramyocardial Transfer of VM202, a New Plasmid Human Hepatocyte Growth Factor in Ischemic Swine Myocardium Radiology, October 1, 2008; 249(1): 107 - 118. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Fraccarollo, J. D. Widder, P. Galuppo, T. Thum, D. Tsikas, M. Hoffmann, H. Ruetten, G. Ertl, and J. Bauersachs Improvement in Left Ventricular Remodeling by the Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Enhancer AVE9488 After Experimental Myocardial Infarction Circulation, August 19, 2008; 118(8): 818 - 827. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Meta-Analysis Research Group in Echocardiography ( Independent Prognostic Importance of a Restrictive Left Ventricular Filling Pattern After Myocardial Infarction: An Individual Patient Meta-Analysis: Meta-Analysis Research Group in Echocardiography Acute Myocardial Infarction Circulation, May 20, 2008; 117(20): 2591 - 2598. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. D. Schocken, E. J. Benjamin, G. C. Fonarow, H. M. Krumholz, D. Levy, G. A. Mensah, J. Narula, E. S. Shor, J. B. Young, and Y. Hong Prevention of Heart Failure: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Councils on Epidemiology and Prevention, Clinical Cardiology, Cardiovascular Nursing, and High Blood Pressure Research; Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group; and Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Interdisciplinary Working Group Circulation, May 13, 2008; 117(19): 2544 - 2565. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Nahrendorf, D. Sosnovik, J. W. Chen, P. Panizzi, J.-L. Figueiredo, E. Aikawa, P. Libby, F. K. Swirski, and R. Weissleder Activatable Magnetic Resonance Imaging Agent Reports Myeloperoxidase Activity in Healing Infarcts and Noninvasively Detects the Antiinflammatory Effects of Atorvastatin on Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Circulation, March 4, 2008; 117(9): 1153 - 1160. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Nahrendorf, E. Aikawa, J.-L. Figueiredo, L. Stangenberg, S. W. van den Borne, W. M. Blankesteijn, D. E. Sosnovik, F. A. Jaffer, C.-H. Tung, and R. Weissleder Transglutaminase activity in acute infarcts predicts healing outcome and left ventricular remodelling: implications for FXIII therapy and antithrombin use in myocardial infarction Eur. Heart J., February 2, 2008; 29(4): 445 - 454. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J.-Y. Qian, P. Harding, Y. Liu, E. Shesely, X.-P. Yang, and M. C. LaPointe Reduced Cardiac Remodeling and Function in Cardiac-Specific EP4 Receptor Knockout Mice With Myocardial Infarction Hypertension, February 1, 2008; 51(2): 560 - 566. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Soeki, I. Kishimoto, D. O. Schwenke, T. Tokudome, T. Horio, M. Yoshida, H. Hosoda, and K. Kangawa Ghrelin suppresses cardiac sympathetic activity and prevents early left ventricular remodeling in rats with myocardial infarction Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, January 1, 2008; 294(1): H426 - H432. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Nahrendorf, F. K. Swirski, E. Aikawa, L. Stangenberg, T. Wurdinger, J.-L. Figueiredo, P. Libby, R. Weissleder, and M. J. Pittet The healing myocardium sequentially mobilizes two monocyte subsets with divergent and complementary functions J. Exp. Med., November 26, 2007; 204(12): 3037 - 3047. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. D. Gilson, F. H. Epstein, Z. Yang, Y. Xu, K.-M. R. Prasad, M.-C. Toufektsian, V. E. Laubach, and B. A. French Borderzone Contractile Dysfunction Is Transiently Attenuated and Left Ventricular Structural Remodeling Is Markedly Reduced Following Reperfused Myocardial Infarction in Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Knockout Mice J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 30, 2007; 50(18): 1799 - 1807. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Sirivella and I. Gielchinsky Results of Coronary Bypass and Valve Operations for Mitral Valve Regurgitation Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann, October 1, 2007; 15(5): 396 - 404. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. G. Spinale Myocardial Matrix Remodeling and the Matrix Metalloproteinases: Influence on Cardiac Form and Function Physiol Rev, October 1, 2007; 87(4): 1285 - 1342. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. E. Ip, Y. Wu, J. Huang, L. Zhang, R. E. Pratt, and V. J. Dzau Mesenchymal Stem Cells Use Integrin beta1 Not CXC Chemokine Receptor 4 for Myocardial Migration and Engraftment Mol. Biol. Cell, August 1, 2007; 18(8): 2873 - 2882. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. I. Dedkov, W. Zheng, L. P. Christensen, R. M. Weiss, F. Mahlberg-Gaudin, and R. J. Tomanek Preservation of coronary reserve by ivabradine-induced reduction in heart rate in infarcted rats is associated with decrease in perivascular collagen Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, July 1, 2007; 293(1): H590 - H598. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Wang, M. C. de Waard, A. Sterner-Kock, H. Stepan, H.-P. Schultheiss, D. J. Duncker, and T. Walther Cardiomyocyte-restricted over-expression of C-type natriuretic peptide prevents cardiac hypertrophy induced by myocardial infarction in mice Eur J Heart Fail, June 1, 2007; 9(6-7): 548 - 557. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Mukherjee, J. T. Mingoia, J. A. Bruce, J. S. Austin, R. E. Stroud, G. P. Escobar, D. M. McClister Jr, C. M. Allen, M. A. Alfonso-Jaume, M. E. Fini, et al. Selective spatiotemporal induction of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 transcription after myocardial infarction Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2006; 291(5): H2216 - H2228. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Assmus, J. Honold, V. Schachinger, M. B. Britten, U. Fischer-Rasokat, R. Lehmann, C. Teupe, K. Pistorius, H. Martin, N. D. Abolmaali, et al. Transcoronary transplantation of progenitor cells after myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med., September 21, 2006; 355(12): 1222 - 1232. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Gheorghiade, G. Sopko, L. De Luca, E. J. Velazquez, J. D. Parker, P. F. Binkley, Z. Sadowski, K. S. Golba, D. L. Prior, J. L. Rouleau, et al. Navigating the Crossroads of Coronary Artery Disease and Heart Failure Circulation, September 12, 2006; 114(11): 1202 - 1213. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M.-T. Wu, W.-Y. I. Tseng, M.-Y. M. Su, C.-P. Liu, K.-R. Chiou, V. J. Wedeen, T. G. Reese, and C.-F. Yang Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mapping the Fiber Architecture Remodeling in Human Myocardium After Infarction: Correlation With Viability and Wall Motion Circulation, September 5, 2006; 114(10): 1036 - 1045. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Sulfi and A. D Timmis Review: Heart failure complicating acute myocardial infarction in patients with diabetes: pathophysiology and management strategies The British Journal of Diabetes & Vascular Disease, September 1, 2006; 6(5): 191 - 196. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 O. Tenhunen, Y. Soini, M. Ilves, J. Rysa, J. Tuukkanen, R. Serpi, H. Pennanen, H. Ruskoaho, and H. Leskinen p38 Kinase rescues failing myocardium after myocardial infarction: evidence for angiogenic and anti-apoptotic mechanisms FASEB J, September 1, 2006; 20(11): 1907 - 1909. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Roig Usefulness of neurohormonal markers in the diagnosis and prognosis of heart failure Eur. Heart J. Suppl., September 1, 2006; 8(suppl_E): E12 - E17. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-S. Choi, K.-B. Kim, W. Han, D. S. Kim, J. S. Park, J. J. Lee, and D. S. Lee Efficacy of Therapeutic Angiogenesis by Intramyocardial Injection of pCK-VEGF165 in Pigs Ann. Thorac. Surg., August 1, 2006; 82(2): 679 - 686. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Sirivella and I. Gielchinsky Clinical outcomes of surgery of mitral valve regurgitation and coronary artery bypass grafting Interactive CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery, August 1, 2006; 5(4): 392 - 397. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Donal, C. Leclercq, C. Linde, and J.-C. Daubert Effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on disease progression in chronic heart failure Eur. Heart J., May 1, 2006; 27(9): 1018 - 1025. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Carluccio, P. Biagioli, G. Alunni, A. Murrone, C. Giombolini, T. Ragni, P. N. Marino, G. Reboldi, and G. Ambrosio Patients With Hibernating Myocardium Show Altered Left Ventricular Volumes and Shape, Which Revert After Revascularization: Evidence That Dyssynergy Might Directly Induce Cardiac Remodeling J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 7, 2006; 47(5): 969 - 977. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Maczewski, M. Borys, P. Kacprzak, T. Gdowski, and D. Wojciechowski Angiotensin II AT1 receptor density on blood platelets predicts early left ventricular remodelling in non-reperfused acute myocardial infarction in humans Eur J Heart Fail, March 1, 2006; 8(2): 173 - 178. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Vanhoutte, M. Schellings, Y. Pinto, and S. Heymans Relevance of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors after myocardial infarction: A temporal and spatial window Cardiovasc Res, February 15, 2006; 69(3): 604 - 613. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Matsumoto-Ida, Y. Takimoto, T. Aoyama, M. Akao, T. Takeda, and T. Kita Activation of TGF-{beta}1-TAK1-p38 MAPK pathway in spared cardiomyocytes is involved in left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction in rats Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, February 1, 2006; 290(2): H709 - H715. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. M. Kolettis Arrhythmogenesis after cell transplantation post-myocardial infarction. Four burning questions-And some answers Cardiovasc Res, February 1, 2006; 69(2): 299 - 301. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y Abe, T Muro, Y Sakanoue, R Komatsu, M Otsuka, T Naruko, A Itoh, M Yoshiyama, K Haze, and J Yoshikawa Intravenous myocardial contrast echocardiography predicts regional and global left ventricular remodelling after acute myocardial infarction: comparison with low dose dobutamine stress echocardiography Heart, December 1, 2005; 91(12): 1578 - 1583. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Pitt, H. White, J. Nicolau, F. Martinez, M. Gheorghiade, M. Aschermann, D. J. van Veldhuisen, F. Zannad, H. Krum, R. Mukherjee, et al. Eplerenone Reduces Mortality 30 Days After Randomization Following Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients With Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction and Heart Failure J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 2, 2005; 46(3): 425 - 431. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. C. Meckert, H. G. Rivello, C. Vigliano, P. Gonzalez, R. Favaloro, and R. Laguens Endomitosis and polyploidization of myocardial cells in the periphery of human acute myocardial infarction Cardiovasc Res, July 1, 2005; 67(1): 116 - 123. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M Kato, K Dote, S Sasaki, K Goto, H Takemoto, S Habara, and D Hasegawa Myocardial performance index for assessment of left ventricular outcome in successfully recanalised anterior myocardial infarction Heart, May 1, 2005; 91(5): 583 - 588. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Schafer, D. Fraccarollo, M. Eigenthaler, P. Tas, A. Firnschild, S. Frantz, G. Ertl, and J. Bauersachs Rosuvastatin Reduces Platelet Activation in Heart Failure: Role of NO Bioavailability Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, May 1, 2005; 25(5): 1071 - 1077. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Soeki, I. Kishimoto, H. Okumura, T. Tokudome, T. Horio, K. Mori, and K. Kangawa C-type natriuretic peptide, a novel antifibrotic and antihypertrophic agent, prevents cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 15, 2005; 45(4): 608 - 616. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Sugano, T. Anzai, T. Yoshikawa, Y. Maekawa, T. Kohno, K. Mahara, K. Naito, and S. Ogawa Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor attenuates early ventricular expansion after experimental myocardial infarction Cardiovasc Res, February 1, 2005; 65(2): 446 - 456. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. M. Albert, C. A. Eastwood, and M. L. Edwards Evidence-Based Practice for Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Crit. Care Nurse, December 1, 2004; 24(6): 14 - 29. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y Sato, T Kita, Y Takatsu, and T Kimura Biochemical markers of myocyte injury in heart failure Heart, October 1, 2004; 90(10): 1110 - 1113. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A D McGavigan, J Moncrieff, M M Lindsay, P R Maxwell, and F G Dunn Time course of plasma markers of collagen turnover in patients with acute myocardial infarction Heart, September 1, 2004; 90(9): 1053 - 1054. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Ramani, M. Mathier, P. Wang, G. Gibson, S. Togel, J. Dawson, A. Bauer, S. Alber, S. C. Watkins, C. F. McTiernan, et al. Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor receptor-1-mediated pathways has beneficial effects in a murine model of postischemic remodeling Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, September 1, 2004; 287(3): H1369 - H1377. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L.G Melo, M Gnecchi, A.S Pachori, K Wang, and V.J Dzau Gene- and cell-based therapies for cardiovascular diseases: current status and future directions Eur. Heart J. Suppl., September 1, 2004; 6(suppl_E): E24 - E35. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Cirillo, A. Amaducci, F. Brunelli, M. Dalla Tomba, P. Parrella, G. Tasca, G. Troise, and E. Quaini Determinants of postinfarction remodeling affect outcome and left ventricular geometry after surgical treatment of ischemic cardiomyopathy J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., June 1, 2004; 127(6): 1648 - 1656. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Janssens, P. Pokreisz, L. Schoonjans, M. Pellens, P. Vermeersch, M. Tjwa, P. Jans, M. Scherrer-Crosbie, M. H. Picard, Z. Szelid, et al. Cardiomyocyte-Specific Overexpression of Nitric Oxide Synthase 3 Improves Left Ventricular Performance and Reduces Compensatory Hypertrophy After Myocardial Infarction Circ. Res., May 14, 2004; 94(9): 1256 - 1262. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Mukherjee, A. M. Parkhurst, J. T. Mingoia, S. E. Sweterlitsch, J. S. Leiser, G. P. Escobar, F. G. Spinale, and J. P. Saul Myocardial remodeling after discrete radiofrequency injury: effects of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 gene deletion Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 2004; 286(4): H1242 - H1247. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Eefting, B. Rensing, J. Wigman, W. J. Pannekoek, W. M. Liu, M. J. Cramer, D. J Lips, and P. A Doevendans Role of apoptosis in reperfusion injury Cardiovasc Res, February 15, 2004; 61(3): 414 - 426. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. A. Whalley, G. D. Gamble, H. J. Walsh, S. P. Wright, S. Agewall, N. Sharpe, and R. N. Doughty Effect of tissue harmonic imaging and contrast upon between observer and test-retest reproducibility of left ventricular ejection fraction measurement in patients with heart failure Eur J Heart Fail, January 1, 2004; 6(1): 85 - 93. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. E. Chapman and F. G. Spinale Extracellular protease activation and unraveling of the myocardial interstitium: critical steps toward clinical applications Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, January 1, 2004; 286(1): H1 - H10. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. M. Yarbrough, R. Mukherjee, G. P. Escobar, J. T. Mingoia, J. A. Sample, J. W. Hendrick, K. B. Dowdy, J. E. McLean, A. S. Lowry, T. P. O'Neill, et al. Selective Targeting and Timing of Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibition in Post-Myocardial Infarction Remodeling Circulation, October 7, 2003; 108(14): 1753 - 1759. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Tsuda, E. Gao, L. Evangelisti, D. Markova, X. Ma, and M.-L. Chu Post-ischemic myocardial fibrosis occurs independent of hemodynamic changes Cardiovasc Res, October 1, 2003; 59(4): 926 - 933. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Christopher, T. F. Mueller, R. DeFina, Y. Liang, J. Zhang, R. Gentleman, and D. L. Perkins The graft response to transplantation: a gene expression profile analysis Physiol Genomics, September 29, 2003; 15(1): 52 - 64. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. J. Wang, D. Levy, E. J. Benjamin, and R. S. Vasan The Epidemiology of "Asymptomatic" Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction: Implications for Screening Ann Intern Med, June 3, 2003; 138(11): 907 - 916. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Jessup and S. Brozena Heart Failure N. Engl. J. Med., May 15, 2003; 348(20): 2007 - 2018. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P Garot, O Pascal, M Simon, J L Monin, E Teiger, J Garot, P Gueret, and J L Dubois-Rande Impact of microvascular integrity and local viability on left ventricular remodelling after reperfused acute myocardial infarction Heart, April 1, 2003; 89(4): 393 - 397. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. M. Yarbrough, R. Mukherjee, T. A. Brinsa, K. B. Dowdy, A. A. Scott, G. P. Escobar, C. Joffs, D. G. Lucas, F. A. Crawford Jr, and F. G. Spinale Matrix metalloproteinase inhibition modifies left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction in pigs J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., March 1, 2003; 125(3): 602 - 610. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Oishi, R. Ozono, Y. Yano, Y. Teranishi, M. Akishita, M. Horiuchi, T. Oshima, and M. Kambe Cardioprotective Role of AT2 Receptor in Postinfarction Left Ventricular Remodeling Hypertension, March 1, 2003; 41(3): 814 - 818. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Mukherjee, T. A. Brinsa, K. B. Dowdy, A. A. Scott, J. M. Baskin, A. M. Deschamps, A. S. Lowry, G. P. Escobar, D. G. Lucas, W. M. Yarbrough, et al. Myocardial Infarct Expansion and Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibition Circulation, February 4, 2003; 107(4): 618 - 625. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. Rademakers, F. Van de Werf, L. Mortelmans, G. Marchal, and J. Bogaert Evolution of regional performance after an acute anterior myocardial infarction in humans using magnetic resonance tagging J. Physiol., February 1, 2003; 546(3): 777 - 787. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. El-Adawi, L. Deng, A. Tramontano, S. Smith, E. Mascareno, K. Ganguly, R. Castillo, and N. El-Sherif The functional role of the JAK-STAT pathway in post-infarction remodeling Cardiovasc Res, January 1, 2003; 57(1): 129 - 138. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. O. Weinberg, M. Shimpo, G. W. De Keulenaer, C. MacGillivray, S.-i. Tominaga, S. D. Solomon, J.-L. Rouleau, and R. T. Lee Expression and Regulation of ST2, an Interleukin-1 Receptor Family Member, in Cardiomyocytes and Myocardial Infarction Circulation, December 3, 2002; 106(23): 2961 - 2966. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Saeed, N. Watzinger, G. A. Krombach, G. K. Lund, M. F. Wendland, M. Chujo, and C. B. Higgins Left Ventricular Remodeling after Infarction: Sequential MR Imaging with Oral Nicorandil Therapy in Rat Model Radiology, September 1, 2002; 224(3): 830 - 837. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Deten, H. C. Volz, W. Briest, and H.-G. Zimmer Cardiac cytokine expression is upregulated in the acute phase after myocardial infarction. Experimental studies in rats Cardiovasc Res, August 1, 2002; 55(2): 329 - 340. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Ohte, K. Kurokawa, A. Iida, H. Narita, S. Akita, K. Yajima, H. Miyabe, J. Hayano, and G. Kimura Myocardial Oxidative Metabolism in Remote Normal Regions in the Left Ventricles with Remodeling After Myocardial Infarction: Effect of {beta}-Adrenoceptor Blockers J. Nucl. Med., June 1, 2002; 43(6): 780 - 785. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. McMurray and M. A. Pfeffer New Therapeutic Options in Congestive Heart Failure: Part I Circulation, April 30, 2002; 105(17): 2099 - 2106. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. K. Pasque Mathematic modeling and cardiac surgery J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., April 1, 2002; 123(4): 617 - 620. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Watzinger, G. K. Lund, C. B. Higgins, M. Chujo, and M. Saeed Noninvasive assessment of the effects of nicorandil on left ventricular volumes and function in reperfused myocardial infarction Cardiovasc Res, April 1, 2002; 54(1): 77 - 84. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Fraccarollo, J. Bauersachs, M. Kellner, P. Galuppo, and G. Ertl Cardioprotection by long-term ETA receptor blockade and ACE inhibition in rats with congestive heart failure: mono- versus combination therapy Cardiovasc Res, April 1, 2002; 54(1): 85 - 94. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|