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(Circulation. 2000;101:2118.)
© 2000 American Heart Association, Inc.
Current Perspective |
Defining Diastolic Heart Failure
A Call for Standardized Diagnostic Criteria
From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Mass (R.S.V., D.L.); the Divisions of Cardiology and Clinical Epidemiology, Beth Israel Hospital, Boston, Mass (D.L.); the Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass (R.S.V., D.L.); and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md (D.L.).
Correspondence to Ramachandran S. Vasan, MD, Framingham Heart Study, 5 Thurber Street, Framingham, MA 01702. E-mail vasan@fram.nhlbi.nih.gov
Key Words: heart failure • diastole • echocardiography • imaging • diagnosis
 |
Introduction |
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Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a major public health problem in developed countries.1 2 3 It is a significant burden to patients, healthcare providers, and society.2 3 4
Several hospital-based reports have documented that a high proportion
of patients with CHF have normal left ventricular (LV)
systolic function,5 and 4 different
epidemiological investigations further confirmed that nearly half of
CHF subjects in the community have normal LV systolic
function.6 7 8 9 This condition is commonly referred to as
diastolic heart failure (DHF). Hospital readmission rates
for patients with DHF are similar to those for patients with
systolic heart failure (SHF),10 and it is
estimated that DHF accounts for 
25% of the total cost of CHF, which
is estimated at $15 to $40 billion annually.4 11 A
distinction between DHF and SHF is important because DHF is associated
with better long-term survival5 and because these 2 forms
of heart failure require different therapeutic approaches.
Although the societal burden of DHF is high and its economic
impact substantial, it is intriguing that most national and
international guidelines either do not consider the
condition12 13 or underscore that a paucity of information
about it precludes any definitive therapeutic
recommendations.14 Numerous clinical trials have
documented the benefits of treatment for SHF; however, the optimal
treatment for DHF has not yet been defined. The first step toward
evaluating any potential treatment for DHF is to develop uniform
criteria for its diagnosis. This task, however, is complicated by the
pathophysiological heterogeneity of
DHF11 and by the limitations of currently available
noninvasive modalities for diagnosing
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K. Hogg, K. Swedberg, and J. McMurray Heart failure with preserved left ventricular systolic function: epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and prognosis J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 4, 2004; 43(3): 317 - 327. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. K. Gehlbach and E. Geppert The Pulmonary Manifestations of Left Heart Failure Chest, February 1, 2004; 125(2): 669 - 682. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Yamaguchi, J. Yoshida, K. Yamamoto, Y. Sakata, T. Mano, N. Akehi, M. Hori, Y.-J. Lim, M. Mishima, and T. Masuyama Elevation of plasma brain natriuretic peptide is a hallmark of diastolic heart failure independent of ventricular hypertrophy J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 7, 2004; 43(1): 55 - 60. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. S Vasan Diastolic heart failure BMJ, November 22, 2003; 327(7425): 1181 - 1182. [Full Text] [PDF]
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J E Sanderson Diastolic heart failure: fact or fiction? Heart, November 1, 2003; 89(11): 1281 - 1282. [Full Text] [PDF]
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S R Ommen and R A Nishimura A clinical approach to the assessment of left ventricular diastolic function by Doppler echocardiography: update 2003 Heart, November 1, 2003; 89(90003): iii18 - 23. [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Nodari, M. Metra, and L. D. Cas {beta}-Blocker treatment of patients with diastolic heart failure and arterial hypertension. A prospective, randomized, comparison of the long-term effects of atenolol vs. nebivolol Eur J Heart Fail, October 1, 2003; 5(5): 621 - 627. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Bolooki, E. DeMarchena, S. M. Mallon, K. Katariya, M. Barron, H. M. Bolooki, R. J. Thurer, S. Novak, and R. C. Duncan Factors affecting late survival after surgical remodeling of left ventricular aneurysms J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., August 1, 2003; 126(2): 374 - 385. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Jessup and S. Brozena Heart Failure N. Engl. J. Med., May 15, 2003; 348(20): 2007 - 2018. [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. R. Zile Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: is this diastolic heart failure? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 7, 2003; 41(9): 1519 - 1522. [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. G. Angeja and W. Grossman Evaluation and Management of Diastolic Heart Failure Circulation, February 11, 2003; 107(5): 659 - 663. [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Kawaguchi, I. Hay, B. Fetics, and D. A. Kass Combined Ventricular Systolic and Arterial Stiffening in Patients With Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction: Implications for Systolic and Diastolic Reserve Limitations Circulation, February 11, 2003; 107(5): 714 - 720. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. G Gibson and D. P Francis CLINICAL ASSESSMENT OF LEFT VENTRICULAR DIASTOLIC FUNCTION Heart, February 1, 2003; 89(2): 231 - 238. [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. G. Lakatta and D. Levy Arterial and Cardiac Aging: Major Shareholders in Cardiovascular Disease Enterprises: Part II: The Aging Heart in Health: Links to Heart Disease Circulation, January 21, 2003; 107(2): 346 - 354. [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Jessup The less familiar face of heart failure J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 15, 2003; 41(2): 224 - 226. [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. W. Kitzman, W. C. Little, P. H. Brubaker, R. T. Anderson, W. G. Hundley, C. T. Marburger, B. Brosnihan, T. M. Morgan, and K. P. Stewart Pathophysiological Characterization of Isolated Diastolic Heart Failure in Comparison to Systolic Heart Failure JAMA, November 6, 2002; 288(17): 2144 - 2150. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 B. H Gray, J. W Olin, M. B. Childs, T. M Sullivan, and J M. Bacharach Clinical benefit of renal artery angioplasty with stenting for the control of recurrent and refractory congestive heart failure Vascular Medicine, November 1, 2002; 7(4): 275 - 279. [Abstract] [PDF]
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 J. S. Gottdiener, R. L. McClelland, R. Marshall, L. Shemanski, C. D. Furberg, D. W. Kitzman, M. Cushman, J. Polak, J. M. Gardin, B. J. Gersh, et al. Outcome of Congestive Heart Failure in Elderly Persons: Influence of Left Ventricular Systolic Function: The Cardiovascular Health Study Ann Intern Med, October 15, 2002; 137(8): 631 - 639. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Kenchaiah, J. C. Evans, D. Levy, P. W.F. Wilson, E. J. Benjamin, M. G. Larson, W. B. Kannel, and R. S. Vasan Obesity and the Risk of Heart Failure N. Engl. J. Med., August 1, 2002; 347(5): 305 - 313. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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