This Article Free upon publication Full Text Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Eagle, K. A. Articles by Smith, S. C. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Eagle, K. A. Articles by Smith, S. C., Jr Pubmed/NCBI databases Medline Plus Health Information Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery Related Collections AHA Statements and Guidelines CV surgery: coronary artery disease

(Circulation. 1999;100:1464-1480.)
© 1999 American Heart Association, Inc.

ACC/AHA Practice Guidelines

ACC/AHA Guidelines for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: Executive Summary and Recommendations

A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Revise the 1991 Guidelines for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery)

Committee Members

Kim A. Eagle, MD, FACC, Cochair; Robert A. Guyton, MD, FACC, Cochair; Ravin Davidoff, MB, BCh, FACC; Gordon A. Ewy, MD, FACC; James Fonger, MD; Timothy J. Gardner, MD, FACC; John Parker Gott, MD, FACC; Howard C. Herrmann, MD, FACC; Robert A. Marlow, MD, MA, FAAFP; William Nugent, MD; Gerald T. O'Connor, PhD, DSc; Thomas A. Orszulak, MD; Richard E. Rieselbach, MD, BS, FACP; William L. Winters, MD, FACC; Salim Yusuf, MB, BS, PhD

Task Force Members

Raymond J. Gibbons, MD, FACC, Chair; Joseph S. Alpert, MD, FACC; Kim A. Eagle, MD, FACC; Timothy J. Gardner, MD, FACC; Arthur Garson, Jr, MD, MPH, FACC; Gabriel Gregoratos, MD, FACC; Richard O. Russell, MD, FACC; Thomas J. Ryan, MD, FACC; Sidney C. Smith, Jr, MD, FACC

Key Words: ACC/AHA Practice Guidelines • bypass • angioplasty • morbidity • mortality • revascularization • risk factors

	I. Introduction

 
The American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) Task Force on Practice Guidelines was formed to make recommendations regarding the appropriate use of diagnostic tests and therapies for patients with known or suspected cardiovascular disease. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is among the most common operations performed in the world and accounts for more resources expended in cardiovascular medicine than any other single procedure. Since the original Guidelines were published in 1991, there has been considerable evolution in the surgical approach to coronary disease, and at the same time there have been advances in preventive, medical, and percutaneous catheter approaches to therapy. These revised guidelines are based on a computerized search of the English literature since 1989, a manual search of final articles, and expert opinion.

As with other ACC/AHA guidelines, this document uses ACC/AHA classifications I, II, and III as summarized below:

Class I: Conditions for which there is evidence and/or general agreement that a given procedure or treatment is useful and effective.

Class II: Conditions for which there is conflicting evidence and/or a divergence of opinion about the usefulness or efficacy of a procedure.

Class IIa: Weight of evidence/opinion is in favor of usefulness/efficacy.

Class IIb: Usefulness/efficacy is less well established by evidence/opinion.

Class III: Conditions for which there is evidence and/or general agreement that the procedure/treatment is not useful/effective and in some cases may be harmful.

	II. Outcomes

 
A. Hospital Outcomes
Seven core variables (priority of operation, age, prior heart surgery, sex, left ventricular [LV] ejection fraction [EF], percent stenosis of . . . [Full Text of this Article]

This article has been cited by other articles:

				S. Siminelakis, A. Kotsanti, M. Siafakas, G. Dimakopoulos, S. Sismanidis, M. Koutentakis, C. Paziouros, and G. Papadopoulos Is there any difference in carotid stenosis between male and female patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting? Interactive CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery, November 1, 2009; 9(5): 823 - 826. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Zayed, A. Ali, O. Wendler, and H. Rashid Selective Screening for Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Disease Prior to Isolated Heart Valve Surgery Angiology, October 1, 2009; 60(5): 633 - 636. [Abstract] [PDF]

				T. S.M. Tom, M. W. Kruse, and R. T. Reichman Update: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus screening and decolonization in cardiac surgery. Ann. Thorac. Surg., August 1, 2009; 88(2): 695 - 702. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Mannam, L. R Sajja, S. B. Dandu, S. N Pathuri, K. V. Saikiran, and S. Sompalli Off-Pump Coronary Revascularization for Left Main Coronary Artery Stenosis Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann, December 1, 2008; 16(6): 473 - 478. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Granton and D. Cheng Risk Stratification Models for Cardiac Surgery Seminars in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, September 1, 2008; 12(3): 167 - 174. [Abstract] [PDF]

				S. Gelsomino, R. Lorusso, C. Rostagno, S. Caciolli, G. Bille, G. De Cicco, S. Romagnoli, C. Porciani, P. Stefano, and G. F. Gensini Prognostic value of Doppler-derived mitral deceleration time on left ventricular reverse remodelling after undersized mitral annuloplasty Eur J Echocardiogr, September 1, 2008; 9(5): 631 - 640. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. J. Anstrom, D. F. Kong, L. K. Shaw, R. M. Califf, J. M. Kramer, E. D. Peterson, S. V. Rao, D. B. Matchar, D. B. Mark, R. A. Harrington, et al. Long-term Clinical Outcomes Following Coronary Stenting Arch Intern Med, August 11, 2008; 168(15): 1647 - 1655. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				U. Khanderia, K. A Townsend, S. R Erickson, J. Vlasnik, R. L Prager, and K. A Eagle Medication Adherence Following Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: Assessment of Beliefs and Attitudes Ann. Pharmacother., February 1, 2008; 42(2): 192 - 199. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. A. Albert, N. Halevy, and E. M. Antman Preoperative Evaluation for Cardiac Surgery Card. Surg. Adult, January 1, 2008; 3(2008): 261 - 280. [Full Text]

				J. Van der Heyden, M. J. Suttorp, E. T. Bal, J. M. Ernst, R. G. Ackerstaff, J. Schaap, J. C. Kelder, M. Schepens, and H. W. Plokker Staged Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting Followed by Cardiac Surgery in Patients With Severe Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Stenosis: Early and Long-Term Results Circulation, October 30, 2007; 116(18): 2036 - 2042. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. Ramlawi, H. Otu, J. L. Rudolph, S. Mieno, I. S. Kohane, H. Can, T. A. Libermann, E. R. Marcantonio, C. Bianchi, and F. W. Sellke Genomic expression pathways associated with brain injury after cardiopulmonary bypass. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., October 1, 2007; 134(4): 996 - 1005.e4. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Parolari, M. Camera, F. Alamanni, M. Naliato, G. L. Polvani, M. Agrifoglio, M. Brambilla, C. Biancardi, L. Mussoni, P. Biglioli, et al. Systemic Inflammation After On-Pump and Off-Pump Coronary Bypass Surgery: A One-Month Follow-Up Ann. Thorac. Surg., September 1, 2007; 84(3): 823 - 828. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. J. Botman, H. Post, O. Penn, and N. Pijls Value of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Angiography, and Fractional Flow Reserve to Evaluate the Left Main Coronary Artery After Direct Surgical Angioplasty Ann. Thorac. Surg., February 1, 2007; 83(2): 490 - 494. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Ben-Gal, R. Mohr, R. Braunstein, A. Finkelstein, N. Hansson, A. Hendler, Y. Moshkovitz, and G. Uretzky Revascularization of Left Anterior Descending Artery With Drug-Eluting Stents: Comparison With Minimally Invasive Direct Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery Ann. Thorac. Surg., December 1, 2006; 82(6): 2067 - 2071. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Umenai, Y. Nakajima, D. I. Sessler, S. Taniguchi, H. Yaku, and T. Mizobe Perioperative Amino Acid Infusion Improves Recovery and Shortens the Duration of Hospitalization After Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Anesth. Analg., December 1, 2006; 103(6): 1386 - 1393. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Touze, C. P. Warlow, and P. M. Rothwell Risk of Coronary and Other Nonstroke Vascular Death in Relation to the Presence and Extent of Atherosclerotic Disease at the Carotid Bifurcation Stroke, December 1, 2006; 37(12): 2904 - 2909. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. J. Budoff, S. Achenbach, R. S. Blumenthal, J. J. Carr, J. G. Goldin, P. Greenland, A. D. Guerci, J. A.C. Lima, D. J. Rader, G. D. Rubin, et al. Assessment of Coronary Artery Disease by Cardiac Computed Tomography: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Committee on Cardiovascular Imaging and Intervention, Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention, and Committee on Cardiac Imaging, Council on Clinical Cardiology Circulation, October 17, 2006; 114(16): 1761 - 1791. [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. J. Ferreira-Gonzalez, A. Ribera, P. Cascant, G. Permanyer-Miralda, and for the ARCA study group Outcomes in off-pump vs. on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting stratified by pre-operative risk profile: an assessment using propensity score Eur. Heart J., October 2, 2006; 27(20): 2473 - 2480. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Rajakaruna, C. A. Rogers, C. Suranimala, G. D. Angelini, and R. Ascione The effect of diabetes mellitus on patients undergoing coronary surgery: A risk-adjusted analysis J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., October 1, 2006; 132(4): 802 - 810. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Mahajan, G. Hollander, B. Malik, B. Temple, D. Thekkoott, S. Abrol, N. Schulhoff, J. Ghosh, J. Shani, and E. Lichstein Isolated and Significant Left Main Coronary Artery Disease: Demographics, Hemodynamics and Angiographic Features Angiology, August 1, 2006; 57(4): 464 - 477. [Abstract] [PDF]

				J. Nilsson, M. Ohlsson, L. Thulin, P. Hoglund, S. A.M. Nashef, and J. Brandt Risk factor identification and mortality prediction in cardiac surgery using artificial neural networks J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., July 1, 2006; 132(1): 12 - 19. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Karthik, N. Tahir, B. Thakur, and U. Nair Risk factor awareness and secondary prevention of coronary artery disease: are we doing enough? Interactive CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery, June 1, 2006; 5(3): 268 - 271. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. J. Kereiakes and D. P. Faxon Left Main Coronary Revascularization at the Crossroads Circulation, May 30, 2006; 113(21): 2480 - 2484. [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Kuduvalli, N. Newall, A. Stott, A. D. Grayson, and B. M. Fabri Impact of avoiding cardiopulmonary bypass for coronary surgery on perioperative cardiac enzyme release and survival. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., May 1, 2006; 29(5): 729 - 735. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Abrahamyan, A. Demirchyan, M. E Thompson, and H. Hovaguimian Determinants of Morbidity and Intensive Care Unit Stay after Coronary Surgery Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann, April 1, 2006; 14(2): 114 - 118. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Nilsson, L. Algotsson, P. Hoglund, C. Luhrs, and J. Brandt Comparison of 19 pre-operative risk stratification models in open-heart surgery Eur. Heart J., April 1, 2006; 27(7): 867 - 874. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Newall, A. D. Grayson, A. Y. Oo, N. D. Palmer, W. C. Dihmis, A. Rashid, and R. H. Stables Preoperative White Blood Cell Count is Independently Associated With Higher Perioperative Cardiac Enzyme Release and Increased 1-Year Mortality After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Ann. Thorac. Surg., February 1, 2006; 81(2): 583 - 589. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. F. Buxton Invited commentary Ann. Thorac. Surg., February 1, 2006; 81(2): 589 - 590. [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Touze, O. Varenne, G. Chatellier, S. Peyrard, P. M. Rothwell, and J.-L. Mas Risk of Myocardial Infarction and Vascular Death After Transient Ischemic Attack and Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Stroke, December 1, 2005; 36(12): 2748 - 2755. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. Guru, G. M. Anderson, S. E. Fremes, G. T. O'Connor, F. L. Grover, J. V. Tu, and Canadian CABG Surgery Quality Indicator Consensus The identification and development of Canadian coronary artery bypass graft surgery quality indicators J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., November 1, 2005; 130(5): 1257 - 1257. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J.-F. Legare, A. MacLean, K. J. Buth, and J. A. Sullivan Assessing the risk of waiting for coronary artery bypass graft surgery among patients with stenosis of the left main coronary artery Can. Med. Assoc. J., August 16, 2005; 173(4): 371 - 375. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Parolari, L. Mussoni, M. Frigerio, M. Naliato, F. Alamanni, A. Galanti, G. Fiore, F. Veglia, E. Tremoli, P. Biglioli, et al. Increased prothrombotic state lasting as long as one month after on-pump and off-pump coronary surgery J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., August 1, 2005; 130(2): 303 - 308. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. C.Y. Lu, A. D. Grayson, and D. M. Pullan On-Pump Versus Off-Pump Surgical Revascularization for Left Main Stem Stenosis: Risk Adjusted Outcomes Ann. Thorac. Surg., July 1, 2005; 80(1): 136 - 142. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. E. Jones and C. P. Carney Mental Disorders and Revascularization Procedures in a Commercially Insured Sample Psychosom Med, July 1, 2005; 67(4): 568 - 576. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. E. McCarron, M. J. Shackcloth, A. D. Grayson, and W. C. Dihmis Left internal mammary artery use in patients with poor left ventricular ejection fraction: a propensity-matched analysis of mid-term survival Interactive CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery, June 1, 2005; 4(3): 184 - 188. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Kubal, A. K. Srinivasan, A. D. Grayson, B. M. Fabri, and J. A.C. Chalmers Effect of Risk-Adjusted Diabetes on Mortality and Morbidity After Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery Ann. Thorac. Surg., May 1, 2005; 79(5): 1570 - 1576. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Kaul, B. L. Lytle, J. A. Spertus, E. R. DeLong, and E. D. Peterson Influence of Racial Disparities in Procedure Use on Functional Status Outcomes Among Patients With Coronary Artery Disease Circulation, March 15, 2005; 111(10): 1284 - 1290. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. P. Carrozza Jr and F. W. Sellke Medical vs Surgical Management of Left Main Coronary Artery Disease--Reply JAMA, March 2, 2005; 293(9): 1061 - 1061. [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. P. Wong, N. Nili, and B. H. Strauss In vitro differences between venous and arterial-derived smooth muscle cells: potential modulatory role of decorin Cardiovasc Res, February 15, 2005; 65(3): 702 - 710. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. J. Dacey, D. S. Likosky, B. J. Leavitt, S. J. Lahey, R. D. Quinn, F. Hernandez Jr, H. B. Quinton, J. P. Desimone, C. S. Ross, G. T. O'Connor, et al. Perioperative Stroke and Long-Term Survival After Coronary Bypass Graft Surgery Ann. Thorac. Surg., February 1, 2005; 79(2): 532 - 536. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. K. Srinivasan, A. D. Grayson, and B. M. Fabri On-Pump Versus Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in Diabetic Patients: A Propensity Score Analysis Ann. Thorac. Surg., November 1, 2004; 78(5): 1604 - 1609. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. H. Lindhout, C. W. Wouters, and L. Noyez Influence of obesity on in-hospital and early mortality and morbidity after myocardial revascularization Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., September 1, 2004; 26(3): 535 - 541. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Dickinson, J. Riley, and P. M Zabetakis External validation of compliance to perfusion quality indicators Perfusion, September 1, 2004; 19(5): 295 - 299. [Abstract] [PDF]

				R. Marfella, K. Esposito, F. Nappo, M. Siniscalchi, F. C. Sasso, M. Portoghese, M. Pia Di Marino, A. Baldi, S. Cuzzocrea, C. Di Filippo, et al. Expression of Angiogenic Factors During Acute Coronary Syndromes in Human Type 2 Diabetes Diabetes, September 1, 2004; 53(9): 2383 - 2391. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. A. Bittl and A. T. Hirsch Concomitant Peripheral Arterial Disease and Coronary Artery Disease: Therapeutic Opportunities Circulation, June 29, 2004; 109(25): 3136 - 3144. [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. W. Ketterer, G. Mahr, J. J. Cao, M. Hudson, S. Smith, and W. Knysz What's "Unstable" in Unstable Angina? Psychosomatics, June 1, 2004; 45(3): 185 - 196. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Z. Omar, G. Ambler, P. Royston, J. Eliahoo, and K. M. Taylor Cardiac surgery risk modeling for mortality: a review of current practice and suggestions for improvement Ann. Thorac. Surg., June 1, 2004; 77(6): 2232 - 2237. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. S. Donahue Factor V Leiden and Perioperative Risk Anesth. Analg., June 1, 2004; 98(6): 1623 - 1634. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. J. Drenth, N. J.G.M. Veeger, J. G. Grandjean, M. A. Mariani, A. J. van Boven, and P. W. Boonstra Isolated high-grade lesion of the proximal LAD: a stent or off-pump LIMA? Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., April 1, 2004; 25(4): 567 - 571. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Svorkdal Treatment of Inoperable Coronary Disease and Refractory Angina: Spinal Stimulators, Epidurals, Gene Therapy, Transmyocardial Laser, and Counterpulsation Seminars in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, March 1, 2004; 8(1): 43 - 58. [Abstract] [PDF]

				E.W. Lau, M.J. Griffith, R.K. Pathmanathan, G.A. Ng, M.M. Clune, J. Cooper, H.J. Marshall, P.R. Forsey, P.J. Stafford, R.G. Gray, et al. The midlands trial of empirical amiodarone versus electrophysiology-guided interventions and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (MAVERIC): a multi-centre prospective randomised clinical trial on the secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death Europace, January 1, 2004; 6(4): 257 - 266. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				W. E. McGregor, M. Payne, D. R. Trumble, K. M. Farkas, and J. A. Magovern Improvement of sternal closure stability with reinforced steel wires Ann. Thorac. Surg., November 1, 2003; 76(5): 1631 - 1634. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. J. Adams, M. I. Chimowitz, J. S. Alpert, I. A. Awad, M. D. Cerqueria, P. Fayad, and K. A. Taubert Coronary Risk Evaluation in Patients With Transient Ischemic Attack and Ischemic Stroke: A Scientific Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Stroke Council and the Council on Clinical Cardiology of the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Circulation, September 9, 2003; 108(10): 1278 - 1290. [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. M. Foody, F. D. Ferdinand, D. Galusha, S. S. Rathore, F. A. Masoudi, E. P. Havranek, D. Nilasena, M. J. Radford, and H. M. Krumholz Patterns of Secondary Prevention in Older Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting During Hospitalization for Acute Myocardial Infarction Circulation, September 9, 2003; 108(90101): II-24 - 28. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Suzuki, R. H. Mehta, H. Ince, R. Nagai, Y. Sakomura, F. Weber, T. Sumiyoshi, E. Bossone, S. Trimarchi, J. V. Cooper, et al. Clinical Profiles and Outcomes of Acute Type B Aortic Dissection in the Current Era: Lessons From the International Registry of Aortic Dissection (IRAD) Circulation, September 9, 2003; 108(90101): II-312 - 317. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. J. Adams, M. I. Chimowitz, J. S. Alpert, I. A. Awad, M. D. Cerqueria, P. Fayad, and K. A. Taubert Coronary Risk Evaluation in Patients With Transient Ischemic Attack and Ischemic Stroke: A Scientific Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Stroke Council and the Council on Clinical Cardiology of the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke, September 1, 2003; 34(9): 2310 - 2322. [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Greenland and J. M. Gaziano Selecting Asymptomatic Patients for Coronary Computed Tomography or Electrocardiographic Exercise Testing N. Engl. J. Med., July 31, 2003; 349(5): 465 - 473. [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. K. Srinivasan, A. D. Grayson, D. M. Pullan, B. M. Fabri, and W. C. Dihmis Effect of preoperative aspirin use in off-pump coronary artery bypass operations Ann. Thorac. Surg., July 1, 2003; 76(1): 41 - 45. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Asimakopoulos, S. Al-Ruzzeh, G. Ambler, R.Z. Omar, P. Punjabi, M. Amrani, and K.M. Taylor An evaluation of existing risk stratification models as a tool for comparison of surgical performances for coronary artery bypass grafting between institutions Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., June 1, 2003; 23(6): 935 - 942. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. A. Estrada, J. A. Young, L. W. Nifong, and W.R. Chitwood Jr Outcomes and perioperative hyperglycemia in patients with or without diabetes mellitus undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting Ann. Thorac. Surg., May 1, 2003; 75(5): 1392 - 1399. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S Al-Ruzzeh, G Asimakopoulos, G Ambler, R Omar, R Hasan, B Fabri, A El-Gamel, A DeSouza, V Zamvar, S Griffin, et al. Validation of four different risk stratification systems in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery: a UK multicentre analysis of 2223 patients Heart, April 1, 2003; 89(4): 432 - 435. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Kuduvalli, A. D. Grayson, A. Y. Oo, B. M. Fabri, and A. Rashid The effect of obesity on mid-term survival following coronary artery bypass surgery Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., March 1, 2003; 23(3): 368 - 373. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. K. Haddock, W. S. C. Poston, and J. E. Taylor Neurocognitive Sequelae Following Coronary Artery Bypass Graft: A Research Agenda for Behavioral Scientists Behav Modif, January 1, 2003; 27(1): 68 - 82. [Abstract] [PDF]

				M. A. Albert and E. M. Antman Preoperative Evaluation for Cardiac Surgery Card. Surg. Adult, January 1, 2003; 2(2003): 235 - 248. [Full Text]

				T. M. Sundt III, B. J. Gersh, and H. C. Smith Indications for Coronary Revascularization Card. Surg. Adult, January 1, 2003; 2(2003): 541 - 559. [Full Text]

				M J Naik, Y Abu-Omar, A Alvi, N Wright, A Henderson, K Channon, J C Forfar, and D P Taggart Total arterial revascularisation as a primary strategy for coronary artery bypass grafting Postgrad. Med. J., January 1, 2003; 79(927): 43 - 48. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Kuduvalli, A. D. Grayson, A. Y. Oo, B. M. Fabri, and A. Rashid Risk of morbidity and in-hospital mortality in obese patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., November 1, 2002; 22(5): 787 - 793. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N.C. Patel, A.D. Grayson, M. Jackson, J. Au, N. Yonan, R. Hasan, and B.M. Fabri The effect off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery on in-hospital mortality and morbidity Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., August 1, 2002; 22(2): 255 - 260. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Bartels, A. Gerdes, J. Babin-Ebell, F. Beyersdorf, U. Boeken, T. Doenst, P. Feindt, M. Heiermann, C. Schlensak, and H.-H. Sievers Cardiopulmonary bypass: Evidence or experience based? J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., July 1, 2002; 124(1): 20 - 27. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Li, H. K. Galvin, S. C. Johnson, C. S. Langston, J. Sclamberg, and C. A. Preston Aortic Calcification on Plain Chest Radiography Increases Risk for Coronary Artery Disease* Chest, May 1, 2002; 121(5): 1468 - 1471. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Brosh, S. T. Higano, M. J. Slepian, H. I. Miller, M. J. Kern, R. J. Lennon, D. R. Holmes Jr, and A. Lerman Pulse transmission coefficient: a novel nonhyperemic parameter for assessing the physiological significance of coronary artery stenoses J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 20, 2002; 39(6): 1012 - 1019. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. A. Eagle, P. B. Berger, H. Calkins, B. R. Chaitman, G. A. Ewy, K. E. Fleischmann, L. A. Fleisher, J. B. Froehlich, R. J. Gusberg, J. A. Leppo, et al. ACC/AHA Guideline Update for Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation for Noncardiac Surgery--Executive Summary A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Update the 1996 Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation for Noncardiac Surgery) Circulation, March 12, 2002; 105(10): 1257 - 1267. [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. A. Eagle, P. B. Berger, H. Calkins, B. R. Chaitman, G. A. Ewy, K. E. Fleischmann, L. A. Fleisher, J. B. Froehlich, R. J. Gusberg, J. A. Leppo, et al. ACC/AHA guideline update for perioperative cardiovascular evaluation for noncardiac surgery--executive summary: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Update the 1996 Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation for Noncardiac Surgery) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 6, 2002; 39(3): 542 - 553. [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. H. Mehta, T. Suzuki, P. G. Hagan, E. Bossone, D. Gilon, A. Llovet, L. C. Maroto, J. V. Cooper, D. E. Smith, W. F. Armstrong, et al. Predicting Death in Patients With Acute Type A Aortic Dissection Circulation, January 15, 2002; 105(2): 200 - 206. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				W. Y. Kim, P. G. Danias, M. Stuber, S. D. Flamm, S. Plein, E. Nagel, S. E. Langerak, O. M. Weber, E. M. Pedersen, M. Schmidt, et al. Coronary Magnetic Resonance Angiography for the Detection of Coronary Stenoses N. Engl. J. Med., December 27, 2001; 345(26): 1863 - 1869. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Takami and H. Ina Relation of intraoperative flow measurement with postoperative quantitative angiographic assessment of coronary artery bypass grafting Ann. Thorac. Surg., October 1, 2001; 72(4): 1270 - 1274. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Zindrou, K. M. Taylor, and J. P. Bagger Admission Plasma Glucose: An independent risk factor in nondiabetic women after coronary artery bypass grafting Diabetes Care, September 1, 2001; 24(9): 1634 - 1639. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. A. Modest, K. K. Ray, P. J. Sheridan, K. H. Chan, D. A. Barr, A. Y. Khakoo, D. A. Rastegar, H. Hemingway, A. M. Crook, and A. D. Timmis Underuse of Coronary Revascularization Procedures N. Engl. J. Med., July 26, 2001; 345(4): 294 - 296. [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Moscucci, E. Kline-Rogers, D. Share, M. O'Donnell, A. Maxwell-Eward, W. L. Meengs, P. Kraft, A. C. DeFranco, J. L. Chambers, K. Patel, et al. Simple Bedside Additive Tool for Prediction of In-Hospital Mortality After Percutaneous Coronary Interventions Circulation, July 17, 2001; 104(3): 263 - 268. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Cronin, S. R. Mehta, F. Zhao, J. Pogue, A. Budaj, D. Hunt, and S. Yusuf Stroke in Relation to Cardiac Procedures in Patients With Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Study Involving >18 000 Patients Circulation, July 17, 2001; 104(3): 269 - 274. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Yeatman, M. Caputo, R. Ascione, F. Ciulli, and G. D. Angelini Off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery for critical left main stem disease: safety, efficacy and outcome Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., March 1, 2001; 19(3): 239 - 244. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. D. Surgenor, G. T. O'Connor, S. J. Lahey, R. Quinn, D. C. Charlesworth, L. J. Dacey, R. A. Clough, B. J. Leavitt, G. R. Defoe, M. Fillinger, et al. Predicting the Risk of Death from Heart Failure After Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery Anesth. Analg., March 1, 2001; 92(3): 596 - 601. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				British Cardiac Society Guidelines and Medical Pra and Royal College of Physicians Clinical Effectiveness Guideline for the management of patients with acute coronary syndromes without persistent ECG ST segment elevation Heart, February 1, 2001; 85(2): 133 - 142. [Full Text]

				F. Iellamo, J. M. Legramante, M. Massaro, G. Raimondi, and A. Galante Effects of a Residential Exercise Training on Baroreflex Sensitivity and Heart Rate Variability in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease : A Randomized, Controlled Study Circulation, November 21, 2000; 102(21): 2588 - 2592. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. T. O'Connor Physician leadership in cardiac outcomes reporting Ann. Thorac. Surg., September 1, 2000; 70(3): 693 - 694. [Full Text] [PDF]