on August 23, 2004
Circulation. 2004
Published online before print August 23, 2004, doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000140677.20606.0E
Published online before print August 23, 2004, doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000140677.20606.0E
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Submitted on February 8, 2004
From the Heart Disease Prevention Program, University of California, Irvine (S.M., N.D.W., S.S.F., J.R.P.), and Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, NJ (T.V.K., G.J.L., G.R.W.). * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: ndwong{at}uci.edu.
Background--Mortality resulting from coronary heart disease (CHD), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and all causes in persons with diabetes and pre-existing CVD is high; however, these risks compared with those with metabolic syndrome (MetS) are unclear. We examined the impact of MetS on CHD, CVD, and overall mortality among US adults. Methods and Results--In a prospective cohort study, 6255 subjects 30 to 75 years of age (54% female) (representative of 64 million adults in the United States) from the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were followed for a mean±SD of 13.3±3.8 years. MetS was defined by modified National Cholesterol Education Program criteria. From sample-weighted multivariable Cox proportional-hazards regression, compared with those with neither MetS nor prior CVD, age-, gender-, and risk factor-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for CHD mortality were 2.02 (95% CI, 1.42 to 2.89) for those with MetS and 4.19 (95% CI, 3.04 to 5.79) for those with pre-existing CVD. For CVD mortality, HRs were 1.82 (95% CI, 1.40 to 2.37) and 3.14 (95% CI, 2.49 to 3.96), respectively; for overall mortality, HRs were 1.40 (95% CI, 1.19 to 1.66) and 1.87 (95% CI, 1.60 to 2.17), respectively. In persons with MetS but without diabetes, risks of CHD and CVD mortality remained elevated. Diabetes predicted all mortality end points. Those with even 1 to 2 MetS risk factors were at increased risk for mortality from CHD and CVD. Moreover, MetS more strongly predicts CHD, CVD, and total mortality than its individual components. Conclusions--CHD, CVD, and total mortality are significantly higher in US adults with than in those without MetS.
Revised on May 24, 2004
Accepted on May 27, 2004
Impact of the Metabolic Syndrome on Mortality From Coronary Heart Disease, Cardiovascular Disease, and All Causes in United States Adults
Shaista Malik MD, MPH,
Key words: diabetes mellitus • risk factors • metabolic syndrome X • mortality
Related Article:
Circulation 2004 110: 1177.
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  A. Leibowitz and E. Grossman How to Define Prehypertension in Diabetes/Metabolic Syndrome Diabetes Care, November 1, 2009; 32(suppl_2): S275 - S279. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Conen, K. M. Rexrode, M. A. Creager, P. M Ridker, and A. D. Pradhan Metabolic Syndrome, Inflammation, and Risk of Symptomatic Peripheral Artery Disease in Women: A Prospective Study Circulation, September 22, 2009; 120(12): 1041 - 1047. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. M. Lee, S. J. Chung, V. A. Lopez, and N. D. Wong Association of FVC and Total Mortality in US Adults With Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes Chest, July 1, 2009; 136(1): 171 - 176. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. S. Church, A. M. Thompson, P. T. Katzmarzyk, X. Sui, N. Johannsen, C. P. Earnest, and S. N. Blair Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes, Alone and in Combination, as Predictors of Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Among Men Diabetes Care, July 1, 2009; 32(7): 1289 - 1294. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. R. Sowers, A. Whaley-Connell, and M. Epstein Narrative Review: The Emerging Clinical Implications of the Role of Aldosterone in the Metabolic Syndrome and Resistant Hypertension Ann Intern Med, June 2, 2009; 150(11): 776 - 783. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. B. Bender, J. D. Tune, L. Borbouse, X. Long, M. Sturek, and M. H. Laughlin Altered Mechanism of Adenosine-Induced Coronary Arteriolar Dilation in Early-Stage Metabolic Syndrome Experimental Biology and Medicine, June 1, 2009; 234(6): 683 - 692. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. R. Churilla and E. C. Fitzhugh Relationship between leisure-time physical activity and metabolic syndrome using varying definitions: 1999-2004 NHANES Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research, April 1, 2009; 6(2): 100 - 109. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. D. Johnson, J. J. M. Kroon, F. L. Greenway, C. Bouchard, D. Ryan, and P. T. Katzmarzyk Prevalence of Risk Factors for Metabolic Syndrome in Adolescents: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2001-2006 Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, April 1, 2009; 163(4): 371 - 377. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Rendina, G. Mossetti, G. De Filippo, D. Benvenuto, C. L. Vivona, A. Imbroinise, G. Zampa, S. Ricchio, and P. Strazzullo Association between metabolic syndrome and nephrolithiasis in an inpatient population in southern Italy: role of gender, hypertension and abdominal obesity Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., March 1, 2009; 24(3): 900 - 906. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. L. Dillon, M. Janghorbani, J. A. Angel, S. L. Casperson, J. J. Grady, R. J. Urban, E. Volpi, and M. Sheffield-Moore Novel Noninvasive Breath Test Method for Screening Individuals at Risk for Diabetes Diabetes Care, March 1, 2009; 32(3): 430 - 435. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Adolphe, L. S. Cook, and X. Huang A Cross-sectional Study of Intima-Media Thickness, Ethnicity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Cardiovascular Risk in 2268 Study Participants Mayo Clin. Proc., March 1, 2009; 84(3): 221 - 228. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M.-S. Zhou, I. H. Schulman, and L. Raij Role of angiotensin II and oxidative stress in vascular insulin resistance linked to hypertension Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 2009; 296(3): H833 - H839. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. F. Arenillas, P. Sandoval, N. Perez de la Ossa, M. Millan, C. Guerrero, D. Escudero, L. Dorado, E. Lopez-Cancio, J. Castillo, and A. Davalos The Metabolic Syndrome Is Associated With a Higher Resistance to Intravenous Thrombolysis for Acute Ischemic Stroke in Women Than in Men Stroke, February 1, 2009; 40(2): 344 - 349. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Sugamura, S. Sugiyama, T. Nozaki, Y. Matsuzawa, Y. Izumiya, K. Miyata, M. Nakayama, K. Kaikita, T. Obata, M. Takeya, et al. Activated Endocannabinoid System in Coronary Artery Disease and Antiinflammatory Effects of Cannabinoid 1 Receptor Blockade on Macrophages Circulation, January 6, 2009; 119(1): 28 - 36. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. E Straznicky, G. W Lambert, K. Masuo, T. Dawood, N. Eikelis, P. J Nestel, M. T McGrane, J. A Mariani, F. Socratous, R. Chopra, et al. Blunted sympathetic neural response to oral glucose in obese subjects with the insulin-resistant metabolic syndrome Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, January 1, 2009; 89(1): 27 - 36. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. K. Kramer, D. von Muhlen, J. L. Gross, G. A. Laughlin, and E. Barrett-Connor Blood Pressure and Fasting Plasma Glucose Rather Than Metabolic Syndrome Predict Coronary Artery Calcium Progression: The Rancho Bernardo Study Diabetes Care, January 1, 2009; 32(1): 141 - 146. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M.-A. Cornier, D. Dabelea, T. L. Hernandez, R. C. Lindstrom, A. J. Steig, N. R. Stob, R. E. Van Pelt, H. Wang, and R. H. Eckel The Metabolic Syndrome Endocr. Rev., December 1, 2008; 29(7): 777 - 822. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. Mathew, L. Francis, A. Kayalar, and J. Cone Obesity: Effects on Cardiovascular Disease and its Diagnosis J Am Board Fam Med, November 1, 2008; 21(6): 562 - 568. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. L. Chichlowska, K. M. Rose, A. V. Diez-Roux, S. H. Golden, A. M. McNeill, and G. Heiss Individual and Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status Characteristics and Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study Psychosom Med, November 1, 2008; 70(9): 986 - 992. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Agouni, A. H. Lagrue-Lak-Hal, P. H. Ducluzeau, H. A. Mostefai, C. Draunet-Busson, G. Leftheriotis, C. Heymes, M. C. Martinez, and R. Andriantsitohaina Endothelial Dysfunction Caused by Circulating Microparticles from Patients with Metabolic Syndrome Am. J. Pathol., October 1, 2008; 173(4): 1210 - 1219. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. K. Choi, M. A. De Vera, and E. Krishnan Gout and the risk of type 2 diabetes among men with a high cardiovascular risk profile Rheumatology, October 1, 2008; 47(10): 1567 - 1570. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. Janssen, L. H. Powell, S. Crawford, B. Lasley, and K. Sutton-Tyrrell Menopause and the Metabolic Syndrome: The Study of Women's Health Across the Nation Arch Intern Med, July 28, 2008; 168(14): 1568 - 1575. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. C. Hoang, H. Ghandehari, V. A. Lopez, M. G. Barboza, and N. D. Wong Global Coronary Heart Disease Risk Assessment of Individuals With the Metabolic Syndrome in the U.S. Diabetes Care, July 1, 2008; 31(7): 1405 - 1409. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Chen, J. B Lindsey, A. Khera, J. A. D. Lemos, C. R Ayers, A. Goyal, G. L Vega, S. A Murphy, S. M Grundy, and D. K Mcguire Independent associations between metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis: observations from the Dallas Heart Study Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research, June 1, 2008; 5(2): 96 - 101. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. M. Wassink, Y. Van Der Graaf, S. S Soedamah-Muthu, W. Spiering, and F. L. Visseren Metabolic syndrome and incidence of type 2 diabetes in patients with manifest vascular disease Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research, June 1, 2008; 5(2): 114 - 122. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Love-Gregory, R. Sherva, L. Sun, J. Wasson, T. Schappe, A. Doria, D.C. Rao, S. C. Hunt, S. Klein, R. J. Neuman, et al. Variants in the CD36 gene associate with the metabolic syndrome and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol Hum. Mol. Genet., June 1, 2008; 17(11): 1695 - 1704. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J.-P. Despres, I. Lemieux, J. Bergeron, P. Pibarot, P. Mathieu, E. Larose, J. Rodes-Cabau, O. F. Bertrand, and P. Poirier Abdominal Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome: Contribution to Global Cardiometabolic Risk Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, June 1, 2008; 28(6): 1039 - 1049. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Mozaffarian, A. Kamineni, R. J. Prineas, and D. S. Siscovick Metabolic Syndrome and Mortality in Older Adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study Arch Intern Med, May 12, 2008; 168(9): 969 - 978. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Bahrami, D. A. Bluemke, R. Kronmal, A. G. Bertoni, D. M. Lloyd-Jones, E. Shahar, M. Szklo, and J. A.C. Lima Novel Metabolic Risk Factors for Incident Heart Failure and Their Relationship With Obesity: The MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) Study J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 6, 2008; 51(18): 1775 - 1783. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. W. Krug and M. Ehrhart-Bornstein Aldosterone and Metabolic Syndrome: Is Increased Aldosterone in Metabolic Syndrome Patients an Additional Risk Factor? Hypertension, May 1, 2008; 51(5): 1252 - 1258. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. A Edwards, J. M Bugaresti, and A. C Buchholz Visceral adipose tissue and the ratio of visceral to subcutaneous adipose tissue are greater in adults with than in those without spinal cord injury, despite matching waist circumferences Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, March 1, 2008; 87(3): 600 - 607. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Hollander Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and Visceral Adipose Tissue The Diabetes Educator, March 1, 2008; 34(Supplement_2): 37S - 41S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. R. Feldman, G. J. Bosl, J. Sheinfeld, and R. J. Motzer Medical Treatment of Advanced Testicular Cancer JAMA, February 13, 2008; 299(6): 672 - 684. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Schernthaner and J. M. Morton Bariatric Surgery in Patients With Morbid Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Diabetes Care, February 1, 2008; 31(Supplement_2): S297 - S302. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Writing Group Members, W. Rosamond, K. Flegal, K. Furie, A. Go, K. Greenlund, N. Haase, S. M. Hailpern, M. Ho, V. Howard, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics--2008 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee Circulation, January 29, 2008; 117(4): e25 - e146. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Vaccarino, C. McClure, B. D. Johnson, D. S. Sheps, V. Bittner, T. Rutledge, L. J. Shaw, G. Sopko, M. B. Olson, D. S. Krantz, et al. Depression, the Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Risk Psychosom Med, January 1, 2008; 70(1): 40 - 48. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Natal, M. A. Fortuno, P. Restituto, A. Bazan, I. Colina, J. Diez, and N. Varo Cardiotrophin-1 is expressed in adipose tissue and upregulated in the metabolic syndrome Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, January 1, 2008; 294(1): E52 - E60. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. P. Van Guilder, G. L. Hoetzer, J. J. Greiner, B. L. Stauffer, and C. A. DeSouza Metabolic syndrome and endothelial fibrinolytic capacity in obese adults Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, January 1, 2008; 294(1): R39 - R44. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Boden-Albala, R. L. Sacco, H.-S. Lee, C. Grahame-Clarke, T. Rundek, M. V. Elkind, C. Wright, E.-G. V. Giardina, M. R. DiTullio, S. Homma, et al. Metabolic Syndrome and Ischemic Stroke Risk: Northern Manhattan Study Stroke, January 1, 2008; 39(1): 30 - 35. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. D De Ferranti and S. K Osganian Epidemiology of paediatric metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research, December 1, 2007; 4(4): 285 - 296. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. J Milionis, M. S Kostapanos, K. Vakalis, I. Theodorou, I. Bouba, R. Kalaitzidis, I. Georgiou, M. S Elisaf, and K. C Siamopoulos Impact of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system genes on the treatment response of patients with hypertension and metabolic syndrome Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, December 1, 2007; 8(4): 181 - 189. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. A. Cull, C. C. Jensen, R. Retnakaran, and R. R. Holman Impact of the Metabolic Syndrome on Macrovascular and Microvascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study 78 Circulation, November 6, 2007; 116(19): 2119 - 2126. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Whaley-Connell, B. S. Pavey, K. Chaudhary, G. Saab, and J. R. Sowers Review: Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system intervention in the cardiometabolic syndrome and cardio-renal protection Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease, October 1, 2007; 1(1): 27 - 35. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Zornitzki, O. Ayzenberg, G. Gandelman, S. Vered, E. Yaskil, D. Faraggi, A. Caspi, S. Goland, O. Shvez, A. Schattner, et al. Diabetes, but not the metabolic syndrome, predicts the severity and extent of coronary artery disease in women QJM, September 1, 2007; 100(9): 575 - 581. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. M. Maalouf, M. A. Cameron, O. W. Moe, B. Adams-Huet, and K. Sakhaee Low Urine pH: A Novel Feature of the Metabolic Syndrome Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., September 1, 2007; 2(5): 883 - 888. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Guize, F. Thomas, B. Pannier, K. Bean, B. Jego, and A. Benetos All-Cause Mortality Associated With Specific Combinations of the Metabolic Syndrome According to Recent Definitions Diabetes Care, September 1, 2007; 30(9): 2381 - 2387. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. M Zivkovic, J B. German, and A. J Sanyal Comparative review of diets for the metabolic syndrome: implications for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 2007; 86(2): 285 - 300. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Bergman, L. Ferrucci, J. Guralnik, D. B. Hogan, S. Hummel, S. Karunananthan, and C. Wolfson Frailty: An Emerging Research and Clinical Paradigm Issues and Controversies J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., July 1, 2007; 62(7): 731 - 737. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Ninomiya, M. Kubo, Y. Doi, K. Yonemoto, Y. Tanizaki, M. Rahman, H. Arima, K. Tsuryuya, M. Iida, and Y. Kiyohara Impact of Metabolic Syndrome on the Development of Cardiovascular Disease in a General Japanese Population: The Hisayama Study Stroke, July 1, 2007; 38(7): 2063 - 2069. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C.-P. Liang, S. Han, T. Senokuchi, and A. R. Tall The Macrophage at the Crossroads of Insulin Resistance and Atherosclerosis Circ. Res., June 8, 2007; 100(11): 1546 - 1555. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Windler, M. Schoffauer, and B.-C. Zyriax The significance of low HDL-cholesterol levels in an ageing society at increased risk for cardiovascular disease Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research, June 1, 2007; 4(2): 136 - 142. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Kadota, A. Hozawa, T. Okamura, T. Kadowak, K. Nakmaura, Y. Murakami, T. Hayakawa, Y. Kita, A. Okayama, Y. Nakamura, et al. Relationship Between Metabolic Risk Factor Clustering and Cardiovascular Mortality Stratified by High Blood Glucose and Obesity: NIPPON DATA90, 1990-2000 Diabetes Care, June 1, 2007; 30(6): 1533 - 1538. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Jeppesen, T. W. Hansen, S. Rasmussen, H. Ibsen, C. Torp-Pedersen, and S. Madsbad Insulin Resistance, the Metabolic Syndrome, and Risk of Incident Cardiovascular Disease: A Population-Based Study J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 29, 2007; 49(21): 2112 - 2119. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J.-P. Empana, P. Duciemetiere, B. Balkau, and X. Jouven Contribution of the metabolic syndrome to sudden death risk in asymptomatic men: the Paris Prospective Study I Eur. Heart J., May 1, 2007; 28(9): 1149 - 1154. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Q. Shaibi, M. L. Cruz, M. J. Weigensberg, C. M. Toledo-Corral, C. J. Lane, L. A. Kelly, J. N. Davis, C. Koebnick, E. E. Ventura, C. K. Roberts, et al. Adiponectin Independently Predicts Metabolic Syndrome in Overweight Latino Youth J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2007; 92(5): 1809 - 1813. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. I. Kakafika, D. P. Mikhailidis, A. Karagiannis, and V. G. Athyros The Role of Endocannabinoid System Blockade in the Treatment of the Metabolic Syndrome J. Clin. Pharmacol., May 1, 2007; 47(5): 642 - 652. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-P. Empana, M. Zureik, J. Gariepy, D. Courbon, J. F. Dartigues, K. Ritchie, C. Tzourio, A. Alperovitch, and P. Ducimetiere The Metabolic Syndrome and the Carotid Artery Structure in Noninstitutionalized Elderly Subjects: The Three-City Study Stroke, March 1, 2007; 38(3): 893 - 899. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. M. Lloyd-Jones, K. Liu, L. A. Colangelo, L. L. Yan, L. Klein, C. M. Loria, C. E. Lewis, and P. Savage Consistently Stable or Decreased Body Mass Index in Young Adulthood and Longitudinal Changes in Metabolic Syndrome Components: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study Circulation, February 27, 2007; 115(8): 1004 - 1011. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Rosamond, K. Flegal, G. Friday, K. Furie, A. Go, K. Greenlund, N. Haase, M. Ho, V. Howard, B. Kissela, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics--2007 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee Circulation, February 6, 2007; 115(5): e69 - e171. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. H. Friedlander, J. Weinreb, I. Friedlander, and J. A. Yagiela Metabolic syndrome: Pathogenesis, medical care and dental implications J Am Dent Assoc, February 1, 2007; 138(2): 179 - 187. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Samaras, H. Wand, M. Law, S. Emery, D. Cooper, and A. Carr Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in HIV-Infected Patients Receiving Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Using International Diabetes Foundation and Adult Treatment Panel III Criteria: Associations with insulin resistance, disturbed body fat compartmentalization, elevated C-reactive protein, and hypoadiponectinemia Diabetes Care, January 1, 2007; 30(1): 113 - 119. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Mancia, M. Bombelli, G. Corrao, R. Facchetti, F. Madotto, C. Giannattasio, F. Q. Trevano, G. Grassi, A. Zanchetti, and R. Sega Metabolic Syndrome in the Pressioni Arteriose Monitorate E Loro Associazioni (PAMELA) Study: Daily Life Blood Pressure, Cardiac Damage, and Prognosis Hypertension, January 1, 2007; 49(1): 40 - 47. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. A. Aguilar-Salinas, R. Rojas, C. Gonzalez-Villalpando, F. J. Gomez-Perez, R. Mehta, G. Olaiz, J. A. Rull, and D. R. Cox Design and validation of a population-based definition of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care, November 1, 2006; 29(11): 2420 - 2426. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Monami, L. Lambertucci, A. Ungar, M. Pieri, G. Masotti, N. Marchionni, and E. Mannucci Is the third component of metabolic syndrome really predictive of outcomes in type 2 diabetic patients? Diabetes Care, November 1, 2006; 29(11): 2515 - 2517. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M.-C. Alessi and I. Juhan-Vague PAI-1 and the Metabolic Syndrome: Links, Causes, and Consequences Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, October 1, 2006; 26(10): 2200 - 2207. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E Ingelsson, J Arnlov, L Lind, and J Sundstrom Metabolic syndrome and risk for heart failure in middle-aged men Heart, October 1, 2006; 92(10): 1409 - 1413. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. A. van Zwieten and G. Mancia Background and treatment of metabolic syndrome: a therapeutic challenge. Seminars in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, September 1, 2006; 10(3): 206 - 214. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. H. Sanders, L. M Lubsch, and D. S West Prevalence and Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome in Adolescents with Type 2 Diabetes Ann. Pharmacother., September 1, 2006; 40(9): 1517 - 1521. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Authors/Task Force Members, K. Fox, M. A. A. Garcia, D. Ardissino, P. Buszman, P. G. Camici, F. Crea, C. Daly, G. De Backer, P. Hjemdahl, et al. Guidelines on the management of stable angina pectoris: executive summary: The Task Force on the Management of Stable Angina Pectoris of the European Society of Cardiology Eur. Heart J., June 1, 2006; 27(11): 1341 - 1381. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Maggi, M. Noale, P. Gallina, D. Bianchi, C. Marzari, F. Limongi, G. Crepaldi, and for the ILSA Working Group Metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease in an elderly caucasian cohort: the italian longitudinal study on aging. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., May 1, 2006; 61(5): 505 - 510. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Poirier, T. D. Giles, G. A. Bray, Y. Hong, J. S. Stern, F. X. Pi-Sunyer, and R. H. Eckel Obesity and cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology, evaluation, and effect of weight loss. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, May 1, 2006; 26(5): 968 - 976. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. S. Rana, A. C. Jansen, A. H. Zwinderman, M. Nieuwdorp, E. S. van Aalst-Cohen, J. W. Jukema, M. D. Trip, and J. J.P. Kastelein Metabolic Syndrome and Risk of Coronary, Cerebral, and Peripheral Vascular Disease in a Large Dutch Population With Familial Hypercholesterolemia Diabetes Care, May 1, 2006; 29(5): 1125 - 1127. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L A Adams and P Angulo Treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Postgrad. Med. J., May 1, 2006; 82(967): 315 - 322. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Schillaci, M. Pirro, G. Pucci, M. R. Mannarino, F. Gemelli, D. Siepi, G. Vaudo, and E. Mannarino Different Impact of the Metabolic Syndrome on Left Ventricular Structure and Function in Hypertensive Men and Women Hypertension, May 1, 2006; 47(5): 881 - 886. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Butler, N. Rodondi, Y. Zhu, K. Figaro, S. Fazio, D. E. Vaughan, S. Satterfield, A. B. Newman, B. Goodpaster, D. C. Bauer, et al. Metabolic Syndrome and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Older Adults J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 18, 2006; 47(8): 1595 - 1602. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Sundstrom, U. Riserus, L. Byberg, B. Zethelius, H. Lithell, and L. Lind Clinical value of the metabolic syndrome for long term prediction of total and cardiovascular mortality: prospective, population based cohort study BMJ, April 15, 2006; 332(7546): 878 - 882. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Matsushita, H. Yatsuya, K. Tamakoshi, K. Wada, R. Otsuka, S. Takefuji, K. Sugiura, T. Kondo, T. Murohara, and H. Toyoshima Comparison of Circulating Adiponectin and Proinflammatory Markers Regarding Their Association With Metabolic Syndrome in Japanese Men Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 2006; 26(4): 871 - 876. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H.-J. Chen, C.-H. Bai, W.-T. Yeh, H.-C. Chiu, and W.-H. Pan Influence of Metabolic Syndrome and General Obesity on the Risk of Ischemic Stroke Stroke, April 1, 2006; 37(4): 1060 - 1064. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. M. Grundy Metabolic Syndrome: Connecting and Reconciling Cardiovascular and Diabetes Worlds J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 21, 2006; 47(6): 1093 - 1100. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Dallongeville, M.-C. Grupposo, D. Cottel, J. Ferrieres, D. Arveiler, A. Bingham, J.-B. Ruidavets, B. Haas, P. Ducimetiere, and P. Amouyel Association between the metabolic syndrome and parental history of premature cardiovascular disease Eur. Heart J., March 2, 2006; 27(6): 722 - 728. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. G. Kim, O. H. Ryu, H. Y. Kim, K. W. Lee, J. A Seo, N. H. Kim, K. M. Choi, J. Lee, S. H. Baik, and D. S. Choi Effect of rosiglitazone on plasma adiponectin levels and arterial stiffness in subjects with prediabetes or non-diabetic metabolic syndrome. Eur. J. Endocrinol., March 1, 2006; 154(3): 433 - 440. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Kohli and P. Greenland Role of the Metabolic Syndrome in Risk Assessment for Coronary Heart Disease JAMA, February 15, 2006; 295(7): 819 - 821. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Poirier, T. D. Giles, G. A. Bray, Y. Hong, J. S. Stern, F. X. Pi-Sunyer, and R. H. Eckel Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: Pathophysiology, Evaluation, and Effect of Weight Loss: An Update of the 1997 American Heart Association Scientific Statement on Obesity and Heart Disease From the Obesity Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Circulation, February 14, 2006; 113(6): 898 - 918. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Thom, N. Haase, W. Rosamond, V. J. Howard, J. Rumsfeld, T. Manolio, Z.-J. Zheng, K. Flegal, C. O'Donnell, S. Kittner, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics--2006 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee Circulation, February 14, 2006; 113(6): e85 - e151. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. T. Katzmarzyk, I. Janssen, R. Ross, T. S. Church, and S. N. Blair The Importance of Waist Circumference in the Definition of Metabolic Syndrome: Prospective analyses of mortality in men Diabetes Care, February 1, 2006; 29(2): 404 - 409. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Lind, B. Vessby, and J. Sundstrom The Apolipoprotein B/AI Ratio and the Metabolic Syndrome Independently Predict Risk for Myocardial Infarction in Middle-Aged Men Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, February 1, 2006; 26(2): 406 - 410. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Pladevall, B. Singal, L. K. Williams, C. Brotons, H. Guyer, J. Sadurni, C. Falces, M. Serrano-Rios, R. Gabriel, J. E. Shaw, et al. A Single Factor Underlies the Metabolic Syndrome: A confirmatory factor analysis Diabetes Care, January 1, 2006; 29(1): 113 - 122. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. E. Eberly, R. Prineas, J. D. Cohen, G. Vazquez, X. Zhi, J. D. Neaton, L. H. Kuller, and for the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Re Metabolic Syndrome: Risk factor distribution and 18-year mortality in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Diabetes Care, January 1, 2006; 29(1): 123 - 130. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Lahoz, I. Vicente, F. Laguna, M. F. Garcia-Iglesias, M. Taboada, and J. M. Mostaza Metabolic Syndrome and Asymptomatic Peripheral Artery Disease in Subjects Over 60 Years of Age Diabetes Care, January 1, 2006; 29(1): 148 - 150. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. G. Wannamethee, A. G. Shaper, L. Lennon, and R. W. Morris Metabolic Syndrome vs Framingham Risk Score for Prediction of Coronary Heart Disease, Stroke, and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Arch Intern Med, December 12, 2005; 165(22): 2644 - 2650. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Targher, L. Bertolini, F. Poli, S. Rodella, L. Scala, R. Tessari, L. Zenari, and G. Falezza Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Risk of Future Cardiovascular Events Among Type 2 Diabetic Patients Diabetes, December 1, 2005; 54(12): 3541 - 3546. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|