Published Online
on March 15, 2004

A more recent version of this article appeared on April 6, 2004

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Submitted on August 19, 2003
Revised on January 7, 2004
Accepted on January 12, 2004

Progression of Atherosclerosis as Assessed by Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Patients With HIV Infection

Priscilla Y. Hsue MD, Joan C. Lo MD, Arlana Franklin RDMS, Ann F. Bolger MD, Jeffrey N. Martin MD, Steven G. Deeks MD, and David D. Waters MD^*

From the Divisions of Cardiology, Endocrinology, and Infectious Diseases, San Francisco General Hospital, and the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco.

^* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: dwaters{at}medsfgh.ucsf.edu.

Background--HIV-infected patients may be at increased risk for coronary events. The purpose of this study was to identify predictors of carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) in HIV patients at baseline and to measure IMT progression over 1 year.

Methods and Results--We measured blood lipids, inflammatory markers, and IMT in 148 HIV-infected adults (mean age, 45±8 years) and in 63 age- and sex-matched HIV-uninfected control subjects. The mean duration of HIV infection was 11 years, and the median duration of protease inhibitor treatment was 3.3 years. Mean baseline IMT was 0.91±0.33 mm in HIV patients and 0.74±0.17 mm in control subjects (P=0.0001). Multivariable predictors of baseline IMT in HIV patients were age (P<0.001), LDL cholesterol (P<0.001), cigarette pack-years (P=0.005), Latino race (P=0.062), and hypertension (P=0.074). When the control group was added to the analysis, HIV infection was an independent predictor of IMT (P=0.001). The rate of progression among the 121 HIV patients with a repeated IMT measurement at 1 year was 0.074±0.13 mm, compared with -0.006±0.05 mm in 27 control subjects (P=0.002). Age (P<0.001), Latino race (P=0.02), and nadir CD4 count 200 (P=0.082) were multivariable predictors of IMT progression.

Conclusions--Carotid IMT is higher in HIV patients than in age-matched control subjects and progresses much more rapidly than previously reported rates in non-HIV cohorts. In HIV patients, carotid IMT is associated with classic coronary risk factors and with nadir CD4 count 200, suggesting that immunodeficiency and traditional coronary risk factors may contribute to atherosclerosis.

Key words: AIDS • atherosclerosis • carotid arteries • risk factors

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