on March 15, 2004
Circulation. 2004
Published online before print March 15, 2004, doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000120707.98922.E3
Published online before print March 15, 2004, doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000120707.98922.E3
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Submitted on April 25, 2003
From the Department of Internal Medicine II, Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany (W.K.); GSF, National Research Center for Environment and Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Neuherberg, Germany (H.L., J.B., C.M.); and MONICA/KORA Coronary Event Register, Central Hospital, Augsburg, Germany (H.L., C.M.). * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: wolfgang.koenig{at}medizin.uni-ulm.de.
Background--The Framingham Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) prediction score is recommended for global risk assessment in subjects prone to CHD. Recently, C-reactive protein (CRP) has emerged as an independent predictor of CHD. We sought to assess the potential of CRP measurements to enhance risk prediction based on the Framingham Risk Score (FRS) in a large cohort of middle-aged men from the general population. Methods and Results--We measured CRP and traditional cardiovascular risk factors at baseline in 3435 white men of German nationality, 45 to 74 years of age. All men were drawn from 3 random samples of the general population in the Augsburg area located in Southern Germany in 1984 to 1985, 1989 to 1990, and 1994 to 1995 (response rate, 80%), and the FRS was calculated in all of them. Outcome was defined as nonfatal and fatal coronary events, including sudden cardiac death. During an average follow-up of 6.6 years, a total of 191 coronary events occurred. Cox regression showed a significant contribution of CRP to coronary event risk prediction independent of the FRS (P=0.0002). In stratified analysis for 5 categories of FRS, CRP significantly added prognostic information to the FRS in subjects in 2 intermediate risk categories (P=0.03 and P=0.02). Conclusions--Our results suggest that CRP enhances global coronary risk as assessed by the FRS, especially in intermediate risk groups. This might have implications for future risk assessment.
Revised on December 17, 2003
Accepted on December 29, 2003
C-Reactive Protein Modulates Risk Prediction Based on the Framingham Score. Implications for Future Risk Assessment: Results From a Large Cohort Study in Southern Germany
Wolfgang Koenig MD*,
Key words: inflammation • risk factors • coronary disease • epidemiology • prevention
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  I. Tzoulaki, G. Liberopoulos, and J. P. A. Ioannidis Assessment of Claims of Improved Prediction Beyond the Framingham Risk Score JAMA, December 2, 2009; 302(21): 2345 - 2352. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Florentin, M. S. Kostapanos, E. S. Nakou, M. Elisaf, and E. N. Liberopoulos Efficacy and Safety of Ezetimibe Plus Orlistat or Rimonabant in Statin-Intolerant Nondiabetic Overweight/Obese Patients With Dyslipidemia Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, December 1, 2009; 14(4): 274 - 282. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J S Rana, M Cote, J-P Despres, M S Sandhu, P J Talmud, E Ninio, N J Wareham, J J P Kastelein, A H Zwinderman, K-T Khaw, et al. Inflammatory biomarkers and the prediction of coronary events among people at intermediate risk: the EPIC-Norfolk prospective population study Heart, October 15, 2009; 95(20): 1682 - 1687. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. I. Buckley, R. Fu, M. Freeman, K. Rogers, and M. Helfand C-Reactive Protein as a Risk Factor for Coronary Heart Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analyses for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Ann Intern Med, October 6, 2009; 151(7): 483 - 495. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Helfand, D. I. Buckley, M. Freeman, R. Fu, K. Rogers, C. Fleming, and L. L. Humphrey Emerging Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease: A Summary of Systematic Reviews Conducted for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Ann Intern Med, October 6, 2009; 151(7): 496 - 507. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Conen, K. M. Rexrode, M. A. Creager, P. M Ridker, and A. D. Pradhan Metabolic Syndrome, Inflammation, and Risk of Symptomatic Peripheral Artery Disease in Women: A Prospective Study Circulation, September 22, 2009; 120(12): 1041 - 1047. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Horinaka, A. Yabe, H. Yagi, K. Ishimura, H. Hara, T. Iemua, and H. Matsuoka Comparison of Atherosclerotic Indicators Between Cardio Ankle Vascular Index and Brachial Ankle Pulse Wave Velocity Angiology, August 1, 2009; 60(4): 468 - 476. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Agarwal The Association of Active and Passive Smoking With Peripheral Arterial Disease: Results From NHANES 1999-2004 Angiology, June 1, 2009; 60(3): 335 - 345. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Woodward, P. Welsh, A. Rumley, H. Tunstall-Pedoe, and G. D.O. Lowe Do inflammatory biomarkers add to the discrimination of cardiovascular disease after allowing for social deprivation? Results from a 10 year cohort study in Glasgow, Scotland Eur. Heart J., April 10, 2009; (2009) ehp115v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. J. Glynn, J. G. MacFadyen, and P. M Ridker Tracking of High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein after an Initially Elevated Concentration: The JUPITER Study Clin. Chem., February 1, 2009; 55(2): 305 - 312. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. M Ridker C-Reactive Protein: Eighty Years from Discovery to Emergence as a Major Risk Marker for Cardiovascular Disease Clin. Chem., February 1, 2009; 55(2): 209 - 215. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. D. Hingorani, T. Shah, J. P. Casas, S. E. Humphries, and P. J. Talmud C-Reactive Protein and Coronary Heart Disease: Predictive Test or Therapeutic Target? Clin. Chem., February 1, 2009; 55(2): 239 - 255. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. W. Hamm, H. Möllmann, J.-P. Bassand, and F. van de Werf CHAPTER 16 Acute Coronary Syndromes ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, January 1, 2009; 2(1): med-9780199566990-chapter - med-9780199566990-chapter. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. M Ridker, E. Danielson, F. A.H. Fonseca, J. Genest, A. M. Gotto Jr., J. J.P. Kastelein, W. Koenig, P. Libby, A. J. Lorenzatti, J. G. MacFadyen, et al. Rosuvastatin to Prevent Vascular Events in Men and Women with Elevated C-Reactive Protein N. Engl. J. Med., November 20, 2008; 359(21): 2195 - 2207. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Meisinger, W. Koenig, J. Baumert, and A. Doring Uric Acid Levels Are Associated With All-Cause and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Independent of Systemic Inflammation in Men From the General Population: The MONICA/KORA Cohort Study Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, June 1, 2008; 28(6): 1186 - 1192. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Tzoulaki, M.-R. Jarvelin, A.-L. Hartikainen, M. Leinonen, A. Pouta, M. Paldanius, A. Ruokonen, D. Canoy, U. Sovio, P. Saikku, et al. Size at birth, weight gain over the life course, and low-grade inflammation in young adulthood: northern Finland 1966 birth cohort study Eur. Heart J., April 9, 2008; (2008) ehn105v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Clarke, J. R. Emberson, E. Breeze, J. P. Casas, S. Parish, A. D. Hingorani, A. Fletcher, R. Collins, and L. Smeeth Biomarkers of inflammation predict both vascular and non-vascular mortality in older men Eur. Heart J., March 2, 2008; 29(6): 800 - 809. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D Conen, B M Everett, R J Glynn, and P M Ridker Effect of valsartan compared with valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide on plasma levels of cellular adhesion molecules: the Val-MARC trial Heart, March 1, 2008; 94(3): e13 - e13. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. R. S. Packard and P. Libby Inflammation in Atherosclerosis: From Vascular Biology to Biomarker Discovery and Risk Prediction Clin. Chem., January 1, 2008; 54(1): 24 - 38. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. A. Yialamas, A. A. Dwyer, E. Hanley, H. Lee, N. Pitteloud, and F. J. Hayes Acute Sex Steroid Withdrawal Reduces Insulin Sensitivity in Healthy Men with Idiopathic Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2007; 92(11): 4254 - 4259. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Winkler, M. M. Hoffmann, B. R. Winkelmann, I. Friedrich, G. Schafer, U. Seelhorst, B. Wellnitz, H. Wieland, B. O. Boehm, and W. Marz Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 Predicts 5-Year Cardiac Mortality Independently of Established Risk Factors and Adds Prognostic Information in Patients with Low and Medium High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (The Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health Study) Clin. Chem., August 1, 2007; 53(8): 1440 - 1447. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. M. Lepper, C. Schumann, K. Triantafilou, F. M. Rasche, T. Schuster, H. Frank, E. M. Schneider, M. Triantafilou, and M. von Eynatten Association of Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein and Coronary Artery Disease in Men J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 3, 2007; 50(1): 25 - 31. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. C. Morrison, L. A. Bare, L. E. Chambless, S. G. Ellis, M. Malloy, J. P. Kane, J. S. Pankow, J. J. Devlin, J. T. Willerson, and E. Boerwinkle Prediction of Coronary Heart Disease Risk using a Genetic Risk Score: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study Am. J. Epidemiol., July 1, 2007; 166(1): 28 - 35. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. W. Lorenz, P. Karbstein, H. S. Markus, and M. Sitzer High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Is Not Associated With Carotid Intima-Media Progression: The Carotid Atherosclerosis Progression Study Stroke, June 1, 2007; 38(6): 1774 - 1779. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. M. Ridker C-Reactive Protein and the Prediction of Cardiovascular Events Among Those at Intermediate Risk: Moving an Inflammatory Hypothesis Toward Consensus J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 29, 2007; 49(21): 2129 - 2138. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. G. Flynn, B. K. McFarlin, and M. M. Markofski State of the Art Reviews: The Anti-Inflammatory Actions of Exercise Training American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, May 1, 2007; 1(3): 220 - 235. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. S. Sabatine, D. A. Morrow, K. A. Jablonski, M. M. Rice, J. W. Warnica, M. J. Domanski, J. Hsia, B. J. Gersh, N. Rifai, P. M Ridker, et al. Prognostic Significance of the Centers for Disease Control/American Heart Association High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Cut Points for Cardiovascular and Other Outcomes in Patients With Stable Coronary Artery Disease Circulation, March 27, 2007; 115(12): 1528 - 1536. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. H. Revkin, C. L. Shear, H. G. Pouleur, S. W. Ryder, and D. G. Orloff Biomarkers in the Prevention and Treatment of Atherosclerosis: Need, Validation, and Future Pharmacol. Rev., March 1, 2007; 59(1): 40 - 53. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. M Ridker, J. E. Buring, N. Rifai, and N. R. Cook Development and Validation of Improved Algorithms for the Assessment of Global Cardiovascular Risk in Women: The Reynolds Risk Score JAMA, February 14, 2007; 297(6): 611 - 619. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. Jeevanantham, N. Singh, K. Izuora, J. P. D'souza, and D. H. Hsi Correlation of High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein and Calcific Aortic Valve Disease Mayo Clin. Proc., February 1, 2007; 82(2): 171 - 174. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Koenig and N. Khuseyinova Biomarkers of Atherosclerotic Plaque Instability and Rupture Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, January 1, 2007; 27(1): 15 - 26. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. M. Everett, T. Kurth, J. E. Buring, and P. M. Ridker The Relative Strength of C-Reactive Protein and Lipid Levels as Determinants of Ischemic Stroke Compared With Coronary Heart Disease in Women J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 9, 2006; (2006) j.jacc.2006.09.030v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Libby and P. M. Ridker Inflammation and Atherothrombosis: From Population Biology and Bench Research to Clinical Practice J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 27, 2006; 48(9_Suppl_A): A33 - A46. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Blankenberg and S. Yusuf The Inflammatory Hypothesis: Any Progress in Risk Stratification and Therapeutic Targets? Circulation, October 10, 2006; 114(15): 1557 - 1560. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Bos, C. M. A. Schipper, P. J. Koudstaal, J. C.M. Witteman, A. Hofman, and M. M.B. Breteler High Serum C-Reactive Protein Level Is Not an Independent Predictor for Stroke: The Rotterdam Study Circulation, October 10, 2006; 114(15): 1591 - 1598. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M May, D A Lawlor, P Brindle, R Patel, and S Ebrahim Cardiovascular disease risk assessment in older women: can we improve on Framingham? British Women's Heart and Health prospective cohort study Heart, October 1, 2006; 92(10): 1396 - 1401. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. A. Vogel Coronary Artery Calcification and Myocardial Perfusion: Kissing Cousins or Distant Relatives? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 5, 2006; 48(5): 1027 - 1028. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. A. Albert and P. M Ridker C-Reactive Protein as a Risk Predictor: Do Race/Ethnicity and Gender Make a Difference? Circulation, August 1, 2006; 114(5): e67 - e74. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. R. Folsom, L. E. Chambless, C. M. Ballantyne, J. Coresh, G. Heiss, K. K. Wu, E. Boerwinkle, T. H. Mosley Jr, P. Sorlie, G. Diao, et al. An assessment of incremental coronary risk prediction using C-reactive protein and other novel risk markers: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Arch Intern Med, July 10, 2006; 166(13): 1368 - 1373. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. M. Lloyd-Jones, K. Liu, L. Tian, and P. Greenland Narrative Review: Assessment of C-Reactive Protein in Risk Prediction for Cardiovascular Disease Ann Intern Med, July 4, 2006; 145(1): 35 - 42. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. R. Cook, J. E. Buring, and P. M Ridker The Effect of Including C-Reactive Protein in Cardiovascular Risk Prediction Models for Women Ann Intern Med, July 4, 2006; 145(1): 21 - 29. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. M Ridker, E. Danielson, N. Rifai, R. J. Glynn, and for the Val-MARC Investigators Valsartan, Blood Pressure Reduction, and C-Reactive Protein: Primary Report of the Val-MARC Trial Hypertension, July 1, 2006; 48(1): 73 - 79. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Agarwal Anti-inflammatory effects of short-term pioglitazone therapy in men with advanced diabetic nephropathy Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, March 1, 2006; 290(3): F600 - F605. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Sander, C. Schulze-Horn, H. Bickel, H. Gnahn, E. Bartels, and B. Conrad Combined Effects of Hemoglobin A1c and C-Reactive Protein on the Progression of Subclinical Carotid Atherosclerosis: The INVADE Study Stroke, February 1, 2006; 37(2): 351 - 357. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 2nd International Symposium on Triglycerides and HDL: Lipid abnormalities and their treatment Diabetes Care, November 1, 2005; 28(11): 2795 - 2802. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Heeschen Biomarkers in acute coronary syndromes and their role in diabetic patients Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research, October 1, 2005; 2(3): 122 - 127. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Bruunsgaard Physical activity and modulation of systemic low-level inflammation J. Leukoc. Biol., October 1, 2005; 78(4): 819 - 835. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Wang, S. Oparil, Y.-F. Chen, M. A. McCrory, G. A. Skibinski, W. Feng, and A. J. Szalai Estrogen Treatment Abrogates Neointima Formation in Human C-Reactive Protein Transgenic Mice Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, October 1, 2005; 25(10): 2094 - 2099. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. B. Clearfield C-Reactive Protein: A New Risk Assessment Tool for Cardiovascular Disease J Am Osteopath Assoc, September 1, 2005; 105(9): 409 - 416. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. E. Laaksonen, L. Niskanen, K. Nyyssonen, K. Punnonen, T.-P. Tuomainen, and J. T. Salonen C-reactive protein in the prediction of cardiovascular and overall mortality in middle-aged men: a population-based cohort study Eur. Heart J., September 1, 2005; 26(17): 1783 - 1789. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. M Ridker, N. Rifai, N. R. Cook, G. Bradwin, and J. E. Buring Non-HDL Cholesterol, Apolipoproteins A-I and B100, Standard Lipid Measures, Lipid Ratios, and CRP as Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in Women JAMA, July 20, 2005; 294(3): 326 - 333. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Cushman, A. M. Arnold, B. M. Psaty, T. A. Manolio, L. H. Kuller, G. L. Burke, J. F. Polak, and R. P. Tracy C-Reactive Protein and the 10-Year Incidence of Coronary Heart Disease in Older Men and Women: The Cardiovascular Health Study Circulation, July 5, 2005; 112(1): 25 - 31. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. M. Heitritter, C. G. Solomon, G. F. Mitchell, N. Skali-Ounis, and E. W. Seely Subclinical Inflammation and Vascular Dysfunction in Women with Previous Gestational Diabetes Mellitus J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2005; 90(7): 3983 - 3988. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. D. Karelis, M. Faraj, J.-P. Bastard, D. H. St-Pierre, M. Brochu, D. Prud'homme, and R. Rabasa-Lhoret The Metabolically Healthy but Obese Individual Presents a Favorable Inflammation Profile J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2005; 90(7): 4145 - 4150. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. M. Okin, M. J. Roman, L. G. Best, E. T. Lee, J. M. Galloway, B. V. Howard, and R. B. Devereux C-Reactive Protein and Electrocardiographic ST-Segment Depression Additively Predict Mortality: The Strong Heart Study J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 7, 2005; 45(11): 1787 - 1793. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. D. Horne, J. L. Anderson, J. M. John, A. Weaver, T. L. Bair, K. R. Jensen, D. G. Renlund, J. B. Muhlestein, and Intermountain Heart Collaborative (IHC) Study Grou Which White Blood Cell Subtypes Predict Increased Cardiovascular Risk? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 17, 2005; 45(10): 1638 - 1643. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. J. Kullo and C. M. Ballantyne Conditional Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis Mayo Clin. Proc., February 1, 2005; 80(2): 219 - 230. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. M Ridker, C. P. Cannon, D. Morrow, N. Rifai, L. M. Rose, C. H. McCabe, M. A. Pfeffer, E. Braunwald, and the Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Inf C-Reactive Protein Levels and Outcomes after Statin Therapy N. Engl. J. Med., January 6, 2005; 352(1): 20 - 28. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. K. Pai, T. Pischon, J. Ma, J. E. Manson, S. E. Hankinson, K. Joshipura, G. C. Curhan, N. Rifai, C. C. Cannuscio, M. J. Stampfer, et al. Inflammatory Markers and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Men and Women N. Engl. J. Med., December 16, 2004; 351(25): 2599 - 2610. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. M. Lloyd-Jones and P. Greenland Letter Regarding Article by Ridker et al, "Should C-Reactive Protein Be Added to Metabolic Syndrome and to Assessment of Global Cardiovascular Risk?" Circulation, December 14, 2004; 110(24): e532 - e532. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Koenig, N. Khuseyinova, H. Lowel, G. Trischler, and C. Meisinger Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 Adds to Risk Prediction of Incident Coronary Events by C-Reactive Protein in Apparently Healthy Middle-Aged Men From the General Population: Results From the 14-Year Follow-Up of a Large Cohort From Southern Germany Circulation, October 5, 2004; 110(14): 1903 - 1908. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. J. Glynn, N. R. Cook, P. Libby, J. T. Willerson, E. Braunwald, J. M. Foody, A. M. Gotto, N. Wenger, P. M. Ridker, W. Koenig, et al. C-Reactive Protein and Coronary Heart Disease N. Engl. J. Med., July 15, 2004; 351(3): 295 - 298. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. M Ridker, N. J. Brown, D. E. Vaughan, D. G. Harrison, and J. L. Mehta Established and Emerging Plasma Biomarkers in the Prediction of First Atherothrombotic Events Circulation, June 29, 2004; 109(25_suppl_1): IV-6 - IV-19. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. M Ridker, P. W.F. Wilson, and S. M. Grundy Should C-Reactive Protein Be Added to Metabolic Syndrome and to Assessment of Global Cardiovascular Risk? Circulation, June 15, 2004; 109(23): 2818 - 2825. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. M. Lloyd-Jones, B.-H. Nam, R. B. D'Agostino Sr, D. Levy, J. M. Murabito, T. J. Wang, P. W. F. Wilson, and C. J. O'Donnell Parental Cardiovascular Disease as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease in Middle-aged Adults: A Prospective Study of Parents and Offspring JAMA, May 12, 2004; 291(18): 2204 - 2211. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|