Published Online
on February 9, 2004

A more recent version of this article appeared on March 9, 2004

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Submitted on May 23, 2003
Revised on October 24, 2003
Accepted on October 28, 2003

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of the Rabbit Atrioventricular Conduction Axis by Combining Histological, Desmin, and Connexin Mapping Data

Yu-Shien Ko MD, PhD^*, Hung-I Yeh MD, PhD, Yu-Lin Ko MD, PhD, Yu-Chun Hsu MFA, Chin-Fen Chen BS, Semon Wu MS, Ying-Shiung Lee MD, and Nicholas J. Severs PhD, DSc

From the First Cardiovascular Division (Y.-S.K., Y.-L.K., C.-F.C., S.W., Y.-S.L.), Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Department of Industrial Design (Y.-C.H.), Chang Gung University, and Department of Internal Medicine (H.-I.Y.), Mackay Memorial Hospital, Mackay Junior College of Nursing, and Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; and National Heart and Lung Institute (N.J.S), Imperial College, London, England.

^* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: c12037{at}adm.cgmh.org.tw.

Background--The 3D structure of the atrioventricular conduction axis incorporating detailed cellular and molecular composition, especially that relating to gap-junctional proteins, is still unclear, impeding mechanistic understanding of cardiac rhythmic disorders.

Methods and Results--A 3D model of the rabbit atrioventricular conduction axis was reconstructed by combining histological and immunofluorescence staining on serial sections. The exact cellular boundaries, especially those between transitional cells and atrial myocardium, were demarcated by a dense and irregular desmin-labeling pattern in conductive myocardium. The model demonstrates that the atrioventricular conduction axis is segregated into 2 connecting compartments, 1 predominantly expressing connexin45 (compact node and transitional cells) and the other predominantly coexpressing connexin43 and connexin45 (His bundle, lower nodal cells, and posterior nodal extension). The transitional zone shows unique features of spatial complexity, including a bridging bilayer structure (a deep transitional zone connecting with a superficial atrial-transitional overlay) and asymmetrical continuity (wider atrial-transitional interfaces and shorter atrial-axial distances in the hisian portion than in the ostial portion). In the latter compartment, the His bundle, lower nodal cells, and posterior nodal extension form a continual axis and longitudinal transitional-axial interface.

Conclusions--Key findings of the present study are the demonstration of a distinct anatomical border between transitional and atrial cells, connection between transitional cells and both lower nodal cells and posterior nodal extension, and distinctive connexin expression patterns in different compartments of the rabbit atrioventricular conduction axis. These features, synthesized in a novel 3D model, provide a structural framework for the interpretation of nodal function.

Key words: myocardium • immunohistochemistry • atrioventricular node • conduction

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