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on August 11, 2003

Circulation. 2003
Published online before print August 11, 2003, doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000086014.80477.0D
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Submitted on March 11, 2003
Revised on June 3, 2003
Accepted on June 6, 2003

The Receptor RAGE as a Progression Factor Amplifying Arachidonate-Dependent Inflammatory and Proteolytic Response in Human Atherosclerotic Plaques. Role of Glycemic Control

Francesco Cipollone MD, Annalisa Iezzi PhD, Maria Fazia PhD, Mirco Zucchelli PhD, Barbara Pini MD, Chiara Cuccurullo MD, Domenico De Cesare Tch, Giovanni De Blasis MD, Raffaella Muraro MD, Roberto Bei MD, Francesco Chiarelli MD, Ann Marie Schmidt MD, Franco Cuccurullo MD, and Andrea Mezzetti MD*

From the University of Chieti "G D'Annunzio" School of Medicine (F. Cipollone, A.I., M.F., M.Z., B.P., C.C., D.D.C., R.M., F. Chiarelli, F. Cuccurullo, A.M.), Chieti, Italy; S. Filippo & Nicola Hospital (G.D.B.), Avezzano, Italy; University of Rome Tor Vergata School of Medicine (R.B.), Rome, Italy; and Columbia University (A.M.S.), New York, NY.

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: mezzetti{at}unich.it.

Background--RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end products [AGEs]) plays a role in diabetic atherosclerosis. Recently, we have demonstrated enhanced expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and PGE synthase-1 (COX-2/mPGES-1) in human symptomatic plaques, and provided evidence that it is associated with metalloproteinase (MMP)-induced plaque rupture. However, the specific transmembrane signaling pathway(s) influencing plaque COX-2/mPGES-1 expression is unknown. The aim of this study was to characterize RAGE expression in human plaques and to correlate it with the inflammatory infiltration, COX-2/mPGES-1 and MMP expression, and with clinical evidence of diabetes.

Methods and Results--Plaques obtained from 60 patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy were divided into diabetic and nondiabetic according to clinical evidence of type 2 diabetes. Plaques were subjected to analysis of RAGE, NF-{kappa}B, COX-2/mPGES-1, MMP-2 and MMP-9, lipid and oxidized LDL (oxLDL) content, and collagen content by immunohistochemistry and Western blot, whereas zymography was used to detect MMP activity. Immunohistochemistry was used to identify CD68+ macrophages, CD3+ T-lymphocytes, smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and HLA-DR+ inflammatory cells. Diabetic plaques had more (P<0.0001) macrophages, T-lymphocytes, and HLA-DR+ cells, more (P<0.0001) immunoreactivity for RAGE, activated NF-{kappa}B, COX-2/mPGES-1, and MMPs, increased (P<0.0001) gelatinolytic activity, reduced (P<0.0001) collagen content, and increased (P<0.0001) lipid and oxLDL content. Interestingly, RAGE, COX-2/mPGES-1, and MMP expression was linearly correlated with plasma level of HbA1c.

Conclusions--In conclusion, this study demonstrates in humans that RAGE overexpression is associated with enhanced inflammatory reaction and COX-2/mPGES-1 expression in diabetic plaque macrophages, and this effect may contribute to plaque destabilization by inducing culprit metalloproteinase expression.


Key words: diabetes mellitus • plaque • inflammation • prostaglandins • metalloproteinases




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