on June 16, 2003
Circulation. 2003
Published online before print June 16, 2003, doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000074229.93804.5C
Published online before print June 16, 2003, doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000074229.93804.5C
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Submitted on January 10, 2003
From the Heart Center, Department of Cardiology (R.H., V.A., S.E., A.L., N.K., Y.S., Y.B., S.G., H.T., G.S.), and Department of Cardiac Surgery (J.F.G., F.W.M.), University of Leipzig, Germany. * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: hamr{at}medizin.uni-leipzig.de.
Background--In stable coronary artery disease (CAD), exercise training has well-documented positive effects on arterial endothelial function. NO derived from endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) is regarded as a protective factor against atherosclerosis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of exercise training on the endothelial function in relation to the expression of eNOS and Akt-dependent eNOS phosphorylation in the left internal mammary artery (LIMA) of patients with stable CAD. Methods and Results--In 17 training patients (T) and 18 control patients (C), endothelium-dependent vasodilation and average peak flow velocity (APV) in response to acetylcholine were measured invasively at study beginning and after 4 weeks in the LIMA. In LIMA tissue sampled during bypass surgery, eNOS expression and content of pospho-eNOS-Ser1177, Akt, and phospho-Akt were determined by Western blot and quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. After exercise training, LIMA APV in response to acetylcholine was increased by 56±8% (from +48±8% at beginning to +104±11% after 4 weeks, P<0.001). Patients in T had a 2-fold higher eNOS protein expression (T 1.0±0.7 versus C 0.5±0.3 arbitrary units, P<0.05) and 4-fold higher eNOS Ser1177-phosphorylation levels in LIMA-endothelium (1.2±0.9 versus 0.3±0.2 arbitrary units, P<0.01). A linear correlation was confirmed between Akt phosphorylation and phospho-eNOS levels (R=0.80, P<0.05) and between phospho-eNOS and Conclusions--Exercise training in stable CAD leads to an improved agonist-mediated endothelium-dependent vasodilatory capacity. The change in acetylcholine-induced vasodilatation was closely related to a shear stress-induced/Akt-dependent phosphorylation of eNOS on Ser1177.
Revised on April 3, 2003
Accepted on April 4, 2003
Regular Physical Activity Improves Endothelial Function in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease by Increasing Phosphorylation of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase
R. Hambrecht MD*,
APV (R=0.59, P<0.05).
Key words: coronary disease • endothelium • exercise • nitric oxide synthase
Related Article:
Circulation 2003 107: 3118-3120.
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  D. R. Seals, A. E. Walker, G. L. Pierce, and L. A. Lesniewski Habitual exercise and vascular ageing J. Physiol., December 1, 2009; 587(23): 5541 - 5549. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. R. Durrant, D. R. Seals, M. L. Connell, M. J. Russell, B. R. Lawson, B. J. Folian, A. J. Donato, and L. A. Lesniewski Voluntary wheel running restores endothelial function in conduit arteries of old mice: direct evidence for reduced oxidative stress, increased superoxide dismutase activity and down-regulation of NADPH oxidase J. Physiol., July 1, 2009; 587(13): 3271 - 3285. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. H.J. Thijssen, E. A. Dawson, T. M. Tinken, N. T. Cable, and D. J. Green Retrograde Flow and Shear Rate Acutely Impair Endothelial Function in Humans Hypertension, June 1, 2009; 53(6): 986 - 992. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Matsumoto, V. Adams, C. Walther, C. Kleinecke, P. Brugger, A. Linke, T. Walther, F. W. Mohr, and G. Schuler Reduced number and function of endothelial progenitor cells in patients with aortic valve stenosis: a novel concept for valvular endothelial cell repair Eur. Heart J., February 1, 2009; 30(3): 346 - 355. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Wu, J. S. Rana, J. Wykrzykowska, Z. Du, Q. Ke, P. Kang, J. Li, and R. J. Laham Exercise-induced expression of VEGF and salvation of myocardium in the early stage of myocardial infarction Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, February 1, 2009; 296(2): H389 - H395. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Pahkala, O. J. Heinonen, H. Lagstrom, P. Hakala, O. Simell, J. S.A. Viikari, T. Ronnemaa, M. Hernelahti, L. Sillanmaki, and O. T. Raitakari Vascular Endothelial Function and Leisure-Time Physical Activity in Adolescents Circulation, December 2, 2008; 118(23): 2353 - 2359. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P Borrione, M Rizzo, A Spaccamiglio, R A Salvo, A Dovio, A Termine, A Parisi, F Fagnani, A Angeli, and F Pigozzi Sport-related hyperhomocysteinaemia: a putative marker of muscular demand to be noted for cardiovascular risk Br. J. Sports Med., November 1, 2008; 42(11): 894 - 900. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. R. Seals, C. A. DeSouza, A. J. Donato, and H. Tanaka Habitual exercise and arterial aging J Appl Physiol, October 1, 2008; 105(4): 1323 - 1332. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. C. Poole, B. J. Behnke, T. I. Musch, M. Sandri, S. Gielen, O. J. Kemi, O. Rognmo, U. Wisloff, P. M. Haram, S. B. Bender, et al. Comments on point: counterpoint: exercise training does/does not induce vascular adaptations beyond the active muscle beds. J Appl Physiol, September 1, 2008; 105(3): 1008 - 1009. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Gielen, R. Hambrecht, and G. C. Schuler Commentary on Viewpoint: Exercise and cardiovascular risk reduction: Time to update the rationale for exercise? J Appl Physiol, August 1, 2008; 105(2): 771 - 771. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. J. Green, G. O'Driscoll, M. J. Joyner, and N. T. Cable Exercise and cardiovascular risk reduction: Time to update the rationale for exercise? J Appl Physiol, August 1, 2008; 105(2): 766 - 768. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. E. Tjonna, S. J. Lee, O. Rognmo, T. O. Stolen, A. Bye, P. M. Haram, J. P. Loennechen, Q. Y. Al-Share, E. Skogvoll, S. A. Slordahl, et al. Aerobic Interval Training Versus Continuous Moderate Exercise as a Treatment for the Metabolic Syndrome: A Pilot Study Circulation, July 22, 2008; 118(4): 346 - 354. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Fernhall and S. Agiovlasitis Arterial function in youth: window into cardiovascular risk J Appl Physiol, July 1, 2008; 105(1): 325 - 333. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Rakobowchuk, S. Tanguay, K. A. Burgomaster, K. R. Howarth, M. J. Gibala, and M. J. MacDonald Sprint interval and traditional endurance training induce similar improvements in peripheral arterial stiffness and flow-mediated dilation in healthy humans Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, July 1, 2008; 295(1): R236 - R242. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. G. Bonini, K. Stadler, S. d. O. Silva, J. Corbett, M. Dore, J. Petranka, D. C. Fernandes, L. Y. Tanaka, D. Duma, F. R. M. Laurindo, et al. Constitutive nitric oxide synthase activation is a significant route for nitroglycerin-mediated vasodilation PNAS, June 24, 2008; 105(25): 8569 - 8574. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Rankinen, T. Church, T. Rice, N. Markward, A. S. Leon, D. C. Rao, J. S. Skinner, S. N. Blair, and C. Bouchard Effect of Endothelin 1 Genotype on Blood Pressure Is Dependent on Physical Activity or Fitness Levels Hypertension, December 1, 2007; 50(6): 1120 - 1125. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. M. Scirica, D. A. Morrow, H. Hod, S. A. Murphy, L. Belardinelli, C. M. Hedgepeth, P. Molhoek, F. W.A. Verheugt, B. J. Gersh, C. H. McCabe, et al. Effect of Ranolazine, an Antianginal Agent With Novel Electrophysiological Properties, on the Incidence of Arrhythmias in Patients With Non ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome: Results From the Metabolic Efficiency With Ranolazine for Less Ischemia in Non ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 36 (MERLIN-TIMI 36) Randomized Controlled Trial Circulation, October 9, 2007; 116(15): 1647 - 1652. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Rassaf, T. Lauer, C. Heiss, J. Balzer, S. Mangold, T. Leyendecker, J. Rottler, C. Drexhage, C. Meyer, and M. Kelm Nitric oxide synthase-derived plasma nitrite predicts exercise capacity Br. J. Sports Med., October 1, 2007; 41(10): 669 - 673. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-Y. Park, I. K. G. Farrance, N. M. Fenty, J. M. Hagberg, S. M. Roth, D. M. Mosser, M. Q. Wang, H. Jo, T. Okazaki, S. R. Brant, et al. NFKB1 promoter variation implicates shear-induced NOS3 gene expression and endothelial function in prehypertensives and stage I hypertensives Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, October 1, 2007; 293(4): H2320 - H2327. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Muniyappa, M. Montagnani, K. K. Koh, and M. J. Quon Cardiovascular Actions of Insulin Endocr. Rev., August 1, 2007; 28(5): 463 - 491. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. G. Soucy, S. Ryoo, A. Benjo, H. K. Lim, G. Gupta, J. S. Sohi, J. Elser, M. A. Aon, D. Nyhan, A. A. Shoukas, et al. Impaired shear stress-induced nitric oxide production through decreased NOS phosphorylation contributes to age-related vascular stiffness J Appl Physiol, December 1, 2006; 101(6): 1751 - 1759. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Gertz, J. Priller, G. Kronenberg, K. B. Fink, B. Winter, H. Schrock, S. Ji, M. Milosevic, C. Harms, M. Bohm, et al. Physical Activity Improves Long-Term Stroke Outcome via Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase-Dependent Augmentation of Neovascularization and Cerebral Blood Flow Circ. Res., November 10, 2006; 99(10): 1132 - 1140. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. Giallauria, R. Lucci, A. De Lorenzo, M. D'Agostino, D. Del Forno, and C. Vigorito Favourable effects of exercise training on N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide plasma levels in elderly patients after acute myocardial infarction Age Ageing, November 1, 2006; 35(6): 601 - 607. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Thum and J. Bauersachs Sports or statins for atheroprotection? New insight from Kruppel-like factor 2 Cardiovasc Res, November 1, 2006; 72(2): 193 - 195. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Yayama, H. Hiyoshi, D. Imazu, and H. Okamoto Angiotensin II Stimulates Endothelial NO Synthase Phosphorylation in Thoracic Aorta of Mice With Abdominal Aortic Banding Via Type 2 Receptor Hypertension, November 1, 2006; 48(5): 958 - 964. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. S. Gottlieb and I. L. Pina Enhanced External Counterpulsation: What Can We Learn From the Treatment of Neurasthenia? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 19, 2006; 48(6): 1206 - 1207. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. E. Petersen, F. Wiesmann, L. E. Hudsmith, M. D. Robson, J. M. Francis, J. B. Selvanayagam, S. Neubauer, and K. M. Channon Functional and Structural Vascular Remodeling in Elite Rowers Assessed by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 15, 2006; 48(4): 790 - 797. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Morawietz, S. Erbs, J. Holtz, A. Schubert, M. Krekler, W. Goettsch, O. Kuss, V. Adams, K. Lenk, F. W. Mohr, et al. Endothelial Protection, AT1 Blockade and Cholesterol-Dependent Oxidative Stress: The EPAS Trial Circulation, July 4, 2006; 114(1_suppl): I-296 - I-301. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. Giallauria, R. Lucci, M. Pietrosante, G. Gargiulo, A. De Lorenzo, M. D'Agostino, G. Gerundo, P. Abete, F. Rengo, and C. Vigorito Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation improves heart rate recovery in elderly patients after acute myocardial infarction. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., July 1, 2006; 61(7): 713 - 717. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Z. Yang and X.-F. Ming Recent advances in understanding endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis. Clin. Med. Res., March 1, 2006; 4(1): 53 - 65. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. L. Heaps, M. L. Mattox, K. A. Kelly, C. J. Meininger, and J. L. Parker Exercise training increases basal tone in arterioles distal to chronic coronary occlusion Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 2006; 290(3): H1128 - H1135. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. W. Wray, A. Uberoi, L. Lawrenson, and R. S. Richardson Evidence of preserved endothelial function and vascular plasticity with age Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 2006; 290(3): H1271 - H1277. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Handberg, B. D. Johnson, C. B. Arant, T. R. Wessel, R. A. Kerensky, G. von Mering, M. B. Olson, S. E. Reis, L. Shaw, C. N. Bairey Merz, et al. Impaired Coronary Vascular Reactivity and Functional Capacity in Women: Results From the NHLBI Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) Study J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 7, 2006; 47(3_Suppl_S): S44 - S49. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. Thorand, J. Baumert, L. Chambless, C. Meisinger, H. Kolb, A. Doring, H. Lowel, W. Koenig, and for the MONICA/KORA Study Group Elevated Markers of Endothelial Dysfunction Predict Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Middle-Aged Men and Women From the General Population Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, February 1, 2006; 26(2): 398 - 405. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Hesse, H. Siedler, S. P. Luntz, B. M. Arendt, R. Goerlich, R. Fricker, M. Heer, and W. E. Haefeli Modulation of endothelial and smooth muscle function by bed rest and hypoenergetic, low-fat nutrition J Appl Physiol, December 1, 2005; 99(6): 2196 - 2203. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. S. Cunha, M. Jose, C. S. Moura, C. F. Bernardes, A. P. Tanno, and F. K. Marcondes Vascular Sensitivity to Phenylephrine in Rats Submitted to Anaerobic Training and Nandrolone Treatment Hypertension, October 1, 2005; 46(4): 1010 - 1015. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Lenk, V. Adams, P. Lurz, S. Erbs, A. Linke, S. Gielen, A. Schmidt, D. Scheinert, G. Biamino, F. Emmrich, et al. Therapeutical potential of blood-derived progenitor cells in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease and critical limb ischaemia Eur. Heart J., September 2, 2005; 26(18): 1903 - 1909. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. S. Bassuk and J. E. Manson Epidemiological evidence for the role of physical activity in reducing risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease J Appl Physiol, September 1, 2005; 99(3): 1193 - 1204. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
REBUTTAL FROM DR. GREEN J Appl Physiol, September 1, 2005; 99(3): 1237 - 1237. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. W. Franks, J. Luan, I. Barroso, S. Brage, J. L. G. Sanchez, U. Ekelund, M. S. Rios, A. J. Schafer, S. O'Rahilly, and N. J. Wareham Variation in the eNOS Gene Modifies the Association Between Total Energy Expenditure and Glucose Intolerance Diabetes, September 1, 2005; 54(9): 2795 - 2801. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Kojda and R. Hambrecht Molecular mechanisms of vascular adaptations to exercise. Physical activity as an effective antioxidant therapy? Cardiovasc Res, August 1, 2005; 67(2): 187 - 197. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Hamerman Osteoporosis and atherosclerosis: biological linkages and the emergence of dual-purpose therapies QJM, July 1, 2005; 98(7): 467 - 484. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. J. Kemi, P. M. Haram, J. P. Loennechen, J.-B. Osnes, T. Skomedal, U. Wisloff, and O. Ellingsen Moderate vs. high exercise intensity: Differential effects on aerobic fitness, cardiomyocyte contractility, and endothelial function Cardiovasc Res, July 1, 2005; 67(1): 161 - 172. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Carrasco-Martin, S. Alonso-Orgaz, J. C De la Pinta, M. Marques, C. Macaya, A. Barrientos, M. M Gonzalez, A. Garcia-Mendez, P. J. Mateos-Caceres, J. C Porres, et al. Endothelial hypoxic preconditioning in rat hypoxic isolated aortic segments Exp Physiol, July 1, 2005; 90(4): 557 - 569. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Sandri, V. Adams, S. Gielen, A. Linke, K. Lenk, N. Krankel, D. Lenz, S. Erbs, D. Scheinert, F. W. Mohr, et al. Effects of Exercise and Ischemia on Mobilization and Functional Activation of Blood-Derived Progenitor Cells in Patients With Ischemic Syndromes: Results of 3 Randomized Studies Circulation, June 28, 2005; 111(25): 3391 - 3399. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. A. Blumenthal, A. Sherwood, M. A. Babyak, L. L. Watkins, R. Waugh, A. Georgiades, S. L. Bacon, J. Hayano, R. E. Coleman, and A. Hinderliter Effects of Exercise and Stress Management Training on Markers of Cardiovascular Risk in Patients With Ischemic Heart Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial JAMA, April 6, 2005; 293(13): 1626 - 1634. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Krankel, V. Adams, A. Linke, S. Gielen, S. Erbs, K. Lenk, G. Schuler, and R. Hambrecht Hyperglycemia Reduces Survival and Impairs Function of Circulating Blood-Derived Progenitor Cells Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 2005; 25(4): 698 - 703. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Adams, A. Linke, N. Krankel, S. Erbs, S. Gielen, S. Mobius-Winkler, J. F. Gummert, F. W. Mohr, G. Schuler, and R. Hambrecht Impact of Regular Physical Activity on the NAD(P)H Oxidase and Angiotensin Receptor System in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease Circulation, February 8, 2005; 111(5): 555 - 562. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-S. Wang, Y.-S. Li, J.-C. Chen, and Y.-W. Chen Effects of Exercise Training and Deconditioning on Platelet Aggregation Induced by Alternating Shear Stress in Men Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, February 1, 2005; 25(2): 454 - 460. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. S. Leon, B. A. Franklin, F. Costa, G. J. Balady, K. A. Berra, K. J. Stewart, P. D. Thompson, M. A. Williams, and M. S. Lauer Cardiac Rehabilitation and Secondary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease: An American Heart Association Scientific Statement From the Council on Clinical Cardiology (Subcommittee on Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention) and the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism (Subcommittee on Physical Activity), in Collaboration With the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation Circulation, January 25, 2005; 111(3): 369 - 376. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. K. Roberts and R. J. Barnard Effects of exercise and diet on chronic disease J Appl Physiol, January 1, 2005; 98(1): 3 - 30. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. A. Sackner, E. Gummels, and J. A. Adams Nitric Oxide Is Released Into Circulation With Whole-Body, Periodic Acceleration Chest, January 1, 2005; 127(1): 30 - 39. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. J Green, A. Maiorana, G. O'Driscoll, and R. Taylor Effect of exercise training on endothelium-derived nitric oxide function in humans J. Physiol., November 15, 2004; 561(1): 1 - 25. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. T. Hirsch and A. R. Folsom The Continuum of Risk: Vascular Pathophysiology, Function, and Structure Circulation, November 2, 2004; 110(18): 2774 - 2777. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. F. Luscher and R. Corti Flow: The Signal of Life Circ. Res., October 15, 2004; 95(8): 749 - 751. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Suvorava, N. Lauer, and G. Kojda Physical inactivity causes endothelial dysfunction in healthy young mice J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 15, 2004; 44(6): 1320 - 1327. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. J. Green, J. H. Walsh, A. Maiorana, V. Burke, R. R. Taylor, and J. G. O'Driscoll Comparison of resistance and conduit vessel nitric oxide-mediated vascular function in vivo: effects of exercise training J Appl Physiol, August 1, 2004; 97(2): 749 - 755. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. J. Kemi, P. M. Haram, U. Wisloff, and O. Ellingsen Aerobic Fitness Is Associated With Cardiomyocyte Contractile Capacity and Endothelial Function in Exercise Training and Detraining Circulation, June 15, 2004; 109(23): 2897 - 2904. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Watts, P. Beye, A. Siafarikas, E. A. Davis, T. W. Jones, G. O'Driscoll, and D. J. Green Exercise training normalizes vascular dysfunction and improves central adiposity in obese adolescents J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 19, 2004; 43(10): 1823 - 1827. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. A Brooks, N. F Butte, W. M Rand, J.-P. Flatt, and B. Caballero Chronicle of the Institute of Medicine physical activity recommendation: how a physical activity recommendation came to be among dietary recommendations Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2004; 79(5): 921S - 930S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Gielen and R. Hambrecht The Childhood Obesity Epidemic: Impact on Endothelial Function Circulation, April 27, 2004; 109(16): 1911 - 1913. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Hambrecht, C. Walther, S. Mobius-Winkler, S. Gielen, A. Linke, K. Conradi, S. Erbs, R. Kluge, K. Kendziorra, O. Sabri, et al. Percutaneous Coronary Angioplasty Compared With Exercise Training in Patients With Stable Coronary Artery Disease: A Randomized Trial Circulation, March 23, 2004; 109(11): 1371 - 1378. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. Vita and G. F. Mitchell Effects of shear stress and flow pulsatility on endothelial function: Insights gleaned from external counterpulsation therapy J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., December 17, 2003; 42(12): 2096 - 2098. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Dimmeler and A. M. Zeiher Exercise and Cardiovascular Health: Get Active to "AKTivate" Your Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Circulation, July 1, 2003; 107(25): 3118 - 3120. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|