on February 17, 2003
Published online before print February 17, 2003, doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000053441.43495.1A
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Submitted on September 9, 2002
From the Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol (D.A.L., S.E., G.D.S.); the Department of Primary Care and Population Sciences, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine (J.R.E., G.W., M.W.); and the Department of Public Health Sciences, St George's Hospital Medical School (P.W.), Bristol, UK. * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: d.a.lawlor{at}bristol.ac.uk.
Background--Parity is associated with coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. In the present study, we assessed the associations between number of children and CHD in both women and men. Methods and Results--A total of 4286 women and 4252 men aged 60 to 79 years from 24 British towns were studied. Number of children was positively associated with body mass index and waist-hip ratio in both sexes. In women but not in men, number of children was inversely associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and was positively associated with triglycerides and diabetes. For both sexes, similar "J" shaped associations between number of children and CHD were observed, with the prevalence lowest among those with 2 children and increasing linearly with each additional child beyond 2. For those with at least 2 children, each additional child increased the age-adjusted odds of CHD by 30% (odds ratio, 1.30; 95% confidence interval, 1.17 to 1.44) for women and by 12% for men (odds ratio, 1.12; 95% confidence interval, 1.02 to 1.22). Adjustment for obesity and metabolic risk factors attenuated the associations between greater number of children and CHD in both sexes, although in women some association remained. Conclusions--Lifestyle risk factors associated with child-rearing lead to obesity and result in increased CHD in both sexes; biological responses of pregnancy may have additional adverse effects in women.
Revised on November 21, 2002
Accepted on November 25, 2002
Is the Association Between Parity and Coronary Heart Disease Due to Biological Effects of Pregnancy or Adverse Lifestyle Risk Factors Associated With Child-Rearing?. Findings From the British Women's Heart and Health Study and the British Regional Heart Study
Debbie A. Lawlor MPH, MBchB*,
Key words: heart diseases • pregnancy • women
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