on July 15, 2002
Circulation. 2002
Published online before print July 15, 2002, doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000024416.33113.0A
Published online before print July 15, 2002, doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000024416.33113.0A
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Submitted on April 11, 2002
From the Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Internal Medicine, GKT School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London (G.V.), London, UK, and South Yorkshire Cardiothoracic Centre (N.M.W.), Sheffield, UK. * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: giancarlo.viberti{at}kcl.ac.uk.
Background—Elevated urine albumin excretion (UAER) is a modifiable risk factor for renal and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes. Blockade of the renin-angiotensin system lowers UAER, but whether this effect is independent of blood pressure (BP) reduction remains controversial. The MicroAlbuminuria Reduction With VALsartan (MARVAL) study was designed to evaluate the BP-independent effect of valsartan on UAER in type 2 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria. Methods and Results—Three hundred thirty-two patients with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria, with or without hypertension, were randomly assigned to 80 mg/d valsartan or 5 mg/d amlodipine for 24 weeks. A target BP of 135/85 mm Hg was aimed for by dose-doubling followed by addition of bendrofluazide and doxazosin whenever needed. The primary end point was the percent change in UAER from baseline to 24 weeks. The UAER at 24 weeks was 56% (95% CI, 49.6 to 63.0) of baseline with valsartan and 92% (95% CI, 81.7 to 103.7) of baseline with amlodipine, a highly significant between-group effect (P<0.001). Valsartan lowered UAER similarly in both the hypertensive and normotensive subgroups. More patients reversed to normoalbuminuria with valsartan (29.9% versus 14.5%; P=0.001). Over the study period, BP reductions were similar between the two treatments (systolic/diastolic 11.2/6.6 mm Hg for valsartan, 11.6/6.5 mm Hg for amlodipine) and at no time point was there a between-group significant difference in BP values in either the hypertensive or the normotensive subgroup. Conclusions—For the same level of attained BP and the same degree of BP reduction, valsartan lowered UAER more effectively than amlodipine in patients with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria, including the subgroup with baseline normotension. This indicates a BP-independent antiproteinuric effect of valsartan.
Revised on May 17, 2002
Accepted on May 17, 2002
Microalbuminuria Reduction With Valsartan in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. A Blood Pressure--Independent Effect
Giancarlo Viberti MD, FRCP*,
Key words: diabetes mellitus • kidney • angiotensin • blood pressure • valsartan
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  K. Ishizawa, Y. Izawa-Ishizawa, N. Dorjsuren, E. Miki, Y. Kihira, Y. Ikeda, S. Hamano, K. Kawazoe, K. Minakuchi, S. Tomita, et al. Angiotensin II receptor blocker attenuates PDGF-induced mesangial cell migration in a receptor-independent manner Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., November 4, 2009; (2009) gfp520v2. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. R. Wenzel, T. Littke, S. Kuranoff, C. Jurgens, H. Bruck, E. Ritz, T. Philipp, A. Mitchell, and for the SPP301 (Avosentan) Endothelin Antagonist E Avosentan Reduces Albumin Excretion in Diabetics with Macroalbuminuria J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., March 1, 2009; 20(3): 655 - 664. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Galle, E. Schwedhelm, S. Pinnetti, R. H. Boger, C. Wanner, and on behalf of the VIVALDI investigators Antiproteinuric effects of angiotensin receptor blockers: telmisartan versus valsartan in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and overt nephropathy Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., October 1, 2008; 23(10): 3174 - 3183. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Izuhara, T. Sada, H. Yanagisawa, H. Koike, S. Ohtomo, T. Dan, S. Ito, M. Nangaku, C. van Ypersele de Strihou, and T. Miyata A Novel Sartan Derivative With Very Low Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Affinity Protects the Kidney in Type 2 Diabetic Rats Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, October 1, 2008; 28(10): 1767 - 1773. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. D. Crowley, C. W. Frey, S. K. Gould, R. Griffiths, P. Ruiz, J. L. Burchette, D. N. Howell, N. Makhanova, M. Yan, H.-S. Kim, et al. Stimulation of lymphocyte responses by angiotensin II promotes kidney injury in hypertension Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, August 1, 2008; 295(2): F515 - F524. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Karalliedde, A. Smith, L. DeAngelis, V. Mirenda, A. Kandra, J. Botha, P. Ferber, and G. Viberti Valsartan Improves Arterial Stiffness in Type 2 Diabetes Independently of Blood Pressure Lowering Hypertension, June 1, 2008; 51(6): 1617 - 1623. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Izuhara, M. Nangaku, S. Takizawa, S. Takahashi, J. Shao, H. Oishi, H. Kobayashi, C. van Ypersele de Strihou, and T. Miyata A novel class of advanced glycation inhibitors ameliorates renal and cardiovascular damage in experimental rat models Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., February 1, 2008; 23(2): 497 - 509. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Basi, P. Fesler, A. Mimran, and J. B. Lewis Microalbuminuria in Type 2 Diabetes and Hypertension: A marker, treatment target, or innocent bystander? Diabetes Care, February 1, 2008; 31(Supplement_2): S194 - S201. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Kunz, C. Friedrich, M. Wolbers, and J. F.E. Mann Meta-analysis: Effect of Monotherapy and Combination Therapy with Inhibitors of the Renin-Angiotensin System on Proteinuria in Renal Disease Ann Intern Med, January 1, 2008; 148(1): 30 - 48. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Burnier Blockade of the renin-angiotensin system for renal future perspectives protection: from history to future perspective Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, December 1, 2007; 8(4): 208 - 211. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. J Hardy, N. J Furlong, S. A Hulme, and S. V O'Brien Delivering improved management and outcomes in diabetic kidney disease in routine clinical care The British Journal of Diabetes & Vascular Disease, July 1, 2007; 7(4): 172 - 182. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Authors/Task Force Members:, G. Mancia, G. De Backer, A. Dominiczak, R. Cifkova, R. Fagard, G. Germano, G. Grassi, A. M. Heagerty, S. E. Kjeldsen, et al. 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension: The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Eur. Heart J., June 11, 2007; (2007) ehm236v1. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
The Shiga Microalbuminuria Reduction Trial (SMART) Reduction of Microalbuminuria in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: The Shiga Microalbuminuria Reduction Trial (SMART) Diabetes Care, June 1, 2007; 30(6): 1581 - 1583. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. F. Hou, D. Xie, X. Zhang, P. Y. Chen, W. R. Zhang, M. Liang, Z. J. Guo, and J. P. Jiang Renoprotection of Optimal Antiproteinuric Doses (ROAD) Study: A Randomized Controlled Study of Benazepril and Losartan in Chronic Renal Insufficiency J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., June 1, 2007; 18(6): 1889 - 1898. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. J. Dzau, E. M. Antman, H. R. Black, D. L. Hayes, J. E. Manson, J. Plutzky, J. J. Popma, and W. Stevenson The Cardiovascular Disease Continuum Validated: Clinical Evidence of Improved Patient Outcomes: Part II: Clinical Trial Evidence (Acute Coronary Syndromes Through Renal Disease) and Future Directions Circulation, December 19, 2006; 114(25): 2871 - 2891. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Lubrano, F. Soscia, M. Elli, F. Ventriglia, C. Raggi, E. Travasso, S. Scateni, V. Di Maio, P. Versacci, R. Masciangelo, et al. Renal and Cardiovascular Effects of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Plus Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonist Therapy in Children With Proteinuria Pediatrics, September 1, 2006; 118(3): e833 - e838. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. L. Johnson, E. F. Tierney, K. U. Onyemere, C.-W. Tseng, M. M. Safford, A. J. Karter, A. Ferrara, O. K. Duru, A. F. Brown, K.M. V. Narayan, et al. Who Is Tested for Diabetic Kidney Disease and Who Initiates Treatment?: The Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes (TRIAD) study Diabetes Care, August 1, 2006; 29(8): 1733 - 1738. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Miyata and C. van Ypersele de Strihou Renoprotection of angiotensin receptor blockers: beyond blood pressure lowering Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., April 1, 2006; 21(4): 846 - 849. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Konoshita, S. Wakahara, S. Mizuno, M. Motomura, C. Aoyama, Y. Makino, Y. Kawai, N. Kato, I. Koni, I. Miyamori, et al. Tissue Gene Expression of Renin-Angiotensin System in Human Type 2 Diabetic Nephropathy Diabetes Care, April 1, 2006; 29(4): 848 - 852. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Sugaru, T. Nakagawa, M. Ono-Kishino, J. Nagamine, T. Tokunaga, M. Kitoh, W. E. Hume, R. Nagata, and M. Taiji SMP-534 ameliorates progression of glomerular fibrosis and urinary albumin in diabetic db/db mice Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, April 1, 2006; 290(4): F813 - F820. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Volpe, G. Tocci, and E. Pagannone Fewer Mega-Trials and More Clinically Oriented Studies in Hypertension Research? The Case of Blocking the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., April 1, 2006; 17(4_suppl_2): S36 - S43. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Remuzzi, M. Macia, and P. Ruggenenti Prevention and Treatment of Diabetic Renal Disease in Type 2 Diabetes: The BENEDICT Study J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., April 1, 2006; 17(4_suppl_2): S90 - S97. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Barnett Preventing Renal Complications in Type 2 Diabetes: Results of the Diabetics Exposed to Telmisartan and Enalapril Trial J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., April 1, 2006; 17(4_suppl_2): S132 - S135. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Ogawa, T. Mori, K. Nako, T. Kato, K. Takeuchi, and S. Ito Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers Reduce Urinary Oxidative Stress Markers in Hypertensive Diabetic Nephropathy Hypertension, April 1, 2006; 47(4): 699 - 705. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. P. Kopyt Chronic Kidney Disease: The New Silent Killer J Am Osteopath Assoc, March 1, 2006; 106(3): 133 - 136. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Ibsen, M. H. Olsen, K. Wachtell, K. Borch-Johnsen, L. H. Lindholm, C. E. Mogensen, B. Dahlof, S. M. Snapinn, Y. Wan, and P. A. Lyle Does Albuminuria Predict Cardiovascular Outcomes on Treatment With Losartan Versus Atenolol in Patients With Diabetes, Hypertension, and Left Ventricular Hypertrophy?: The LIFE study. Diabetes Care, March 1, 2006; 29(3): 595 - 600. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Nickenig, J. Ostergren, and H. Struijker-Boudier Clinical Evidence for the Cardiovascular Benefits of Angiotensin Receptor Blockers Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, March 1, 2006; 7(1_suppl): S1 - S7. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. M. Hall Prevention of Progression in Diabetic Nephropathy Diabetes Spectr, January 1, 2006; 19(1): 18 - 24. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Montalescot and J.-P. Collet Preserving cardiac function in the hypertensive patient: why renal parameters hold the key Eur. Heart J., December 2, 2005; 26(24): 2616 - 2622. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Izuhara, M. Nangaku, R. Inagi, N. Tominaga, T. Aizawa, K. Kurokawa, C. van Ypersele de Strihou, and T. Miyata Renoprotective Properties of Angiotensin Receptor Blockers beyond Blood Pressure Lowering J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., December 1, 2005; 16(12): 3631 - 3641. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. L. Bakris, V. Fonseca, R. E. Katholi, J. B. McGill, F. Messerli, R. A. Phillips, P. Raskin, J. T. Wright Jr, B. Waterhouse, M. A. Lukas, et al. Differential Effects of {beta}-Blockers on Albuminuria in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Hypertension, December 1, 2005; 46(6): 1309 - 1315. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Yamada, M. Komatsu, I. Komiya, Y. Miyahara, Y. Shima, M. Matsuzaki, Y. Ishikawa, R. Mita, M. Fujiwara, N. Furusato, et al. Development, Progression, and Regression of Microalbuminuria in Japanese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Under Tight Glycemic and Blood Pressure Control: The Kashiwa Study Diabetes Care, November 1, 2005; 28(11): 2733 - 2738. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S.-i. Araki, M. Haneda, T. Sugimoto, M. Isono, K. Isshiki, A. Kashiwagi, and D. Koya Factors Associated With Frequent Remission of Microalbuminuria in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Diabetes, October 1, 2005; 54(10): 2983 - 2987. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. E. Schmieder, A. U. Klingbeil, E. H. Fleischmann, R. Veelken, and C. Delles Additional Antiproteinuric Effect of Ultrahigh Dose Candesartan: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Prospective Study J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., October 1, 2005; 16(10): 3038 - 3045. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. C. Hermida, C. Calvo, D. E. Ayala, and J. E. Lopez Decrease in Urinary Albumin Excretion Associated With the Normalization of Nocturnal Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Subjects Hypertension, October 1, 2005; 46(4): 960 - 968. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. H Boger, E. Schwedhelm, R. Maas, S. Quispe-Bravo, and C. Skamira ADMA and oxidative stress may relate to the progression of renal disease: rationale and design of the VIVALDI study Vascular Medicine, July 1, 2005; 10(1_suppl): S97 - S102. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Hypertension in type 2 diabetes - targeting angiotensin DTB, June 1, 2005; 43(6): 41 - 45. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. H Boger, E. Schwedhelm, R. Maas, S. Quispe-Bravo, and C. Skamira ADMA and oxidative stress may relate to the progression of renal disease: rationale and design of the VIVALDI study Vascular Medicine, May 1, 2005; 10(2_suppl): S97 - S102. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. P. Kopyt Slowing Progression Along the Renal Disease Continuum J Am Osteopath Assoc, April 1, 2005; 105(4): 207 - 215. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Nagai, L. Yao, H. Kobori, K. Miyata, Y. Ozawa, A. Miyatake, T. Yukimura, T. Shokoji, S. Kimura, H. Kiyomoto, et al. Temporary Angiotensin II Blockade at the Prediabetic Stage Attenuates the Development of Renal Injury in Type 2 Diabetic Rats J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., March 1, 2005; 16(3): 703 - 711. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Fioretto and A. Solini Antihypertensive Treatment and Multifactorial Approach for Renal Protection in Diabetes J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., March 1, 2005; 16(3_suppl_1): S18 - S21. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Krimholtz, J. Karalliedde, S. Thomas, R. Bilous, and G. Viberti Targeting Albumin Excretion Rate in the Treatment of the Hypertensive Diabetic Patient with Renal Disease J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., March 1, 2005; 16(3_suppl_1): S42 - S47. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. H. Gradman, R. E. Schmieder, R. L. Lins, J. Nussberger, Y. Chiang, and M. P. Bedigian Aliskiren, a Novel Orally Effective Renin Inhibitor, Provides Dose-Dependent Antihypertensive Efficacy and Placebo-Like Tolerability in Hypertensive Patients Circulation, March 1, 2005; 111(8): 1012 - 1018. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. L. Gross, M. J. de Azevedo, S. P. Silveiro, L. H. Canani, M. L. Caramori, and T. Zelmanovitz Diabetic Nephropathy: Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment Diabetes Care, January 1, 2005; 28(1): 164 - 176. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Sironi, P. Gelosa, U. Guerrini, C. Banfi, V. Crippa, M. Brioschi, E. Gianazza, E. Nobili, A. Gianella, M. de Gasparo, et al. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of AT1 Receptor Blockade Provide End-Organ Protection in Stroke-Prone Rats Independently from Blood Pressure Fall J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., December 1, 2004; 311(3): 989 - 995. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. S. Lim, A. D. Blann, A. Y. Chong, B. Freestone, and G. Y.H. Lip Plasma Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Angiopoietin-1, and Angiopoietin-2 in Diabetes: Implications for cardiovascular risk and effects of multifactorial intervention Diabetes Care, December 1, 2004; 27(12): 2918 - 2924. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Gaede, L. Tarnow, P. Vedel, H.-H. Parving, and O. Pedersen Remission to normoalbuminuria during multifactorial treatment preserves kidney function in patients with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., November 1, 2004; 19(11): 2784 - 2788. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. D Coyle, S. F Gardner, and C M. White The Renal Protective Effects of Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Ann. Pharmacother., October 1, 2004; 38(10): 1731 - 1738. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. R. Sowers Treatment of Hypertension in Patients With Diabetes Arch Intern Med, September 27, 2004; 164(17): 1850 - 1857. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. S. Lim, R. J. MacFadyen, and G. Y. H. Lip Diabetes Mellitus, the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, and the Heart Arch Intern Med, September 13, 2004; 164(16): 1737 - 1748. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Nickenig Should Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers and Statins Be Combined? Circulation, August 24, 2004; 110(8): 1013 - 1020. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. M. Sharma Is There a Rationale for Angiotensin Blockade in the Management of Obesity Hypertension? Hypertension, July 1, 2004; 44(1): 12 - 19. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. N. Cohn, A. A. Quyyumi, N. K. Hollenberg, and K. A. Jamerson Surrogate Markers for Cardiovascular Disease: Functional Markers Circulation, June 29, 2004; 109(25_suppl_1): IV-31 - IV-46. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Yasunari, K. Maeda, T. Watanabe, M. Nakamura, J. Yoshikawa, and A. Asada Comparative effects of valsartan versus amlodipine on left ventricular mass and reactive oxygen species formation by monocytes in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 2, 2004; 43(11): 2116 - 2123. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Delles, A. U. Klingbeil, M. P. Schneider, R. Handrock, T. Schaufele, and R. E. Schmieder The role of nitric oxide in the regulation of glomerular haemodynamics in humans Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., June 1, 2004; 19(6): 1392 - 1397. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. K. Hollenberg Treatment of the Patient With Diabetes Mellitus and Risk of Nephropathy: What Do We Know, and What Do We Need to Learn? Arch Intern Med, January 26, 2004; 164(2): 125 - 130. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. D. Laverman, G. Remuzzi, and P. Ruggenenti ACE Inhibition versus Angiotensin Receptor Blockade: Which Is Better for Renal and Cardiovascular Protection? J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., January 1, 2004; 15(90010): S64 - 70. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Schafer, W. Linz, A. Bube, M. Gerl, J. Huber, G. U. Kurzel, M. Bleich, H.-L. Schmidts, A. E Busch, and H. Rutten Vasopeptidase inhibition prevents nephropathy in Zucker diabetic fatty rats Cardiovasc Res, November 1, 2003; 60(2): 447 - 454. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. T. Bloomgarden The Endocrine Society Meeting: Topics in Insulin Sensitivity and Hypertension Diabetes Care, September 1, 2003; 26(9): 2679 - 2688. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Torp-Pedersen, C. Rask-Madsen, I. Gustafsson, F. Gustafsson, and L. Kober Diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular risk: just another risk factor? Eur. Heart J. Suppl., August 1, 2003; 5(suppl_F): F26 - F32. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Wolf and E. Ritz Diabetic Nephropathy in Type 2 Diabetes Prevention and Patient Management J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., May 1, 2003; 14(5): 1396 - 1405. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. T. Bloomgarden American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) Consensus Conference on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome: 25-26 August 2002, Washington, DC Diabetes Care, April 1, 2003; 26(4): 1297 - 1303. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M.A. Weber Angiotensin receptor blockers and the cardiovascular continuum: what future is indicated by recent successes? Eur. Heart J. Suppl., April 1, 2003; 5(suppl_C): C1 - C4. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Ruilope Proven benefits of angiotensin receptor blockers in the progression of renal disease Eur. Heart J. Suppl., April 1, 2003; 5(suppl_C): C9 - C12. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R.M. Califf Insulin resistance: a global epidemic in need of effective therapies Eur. Heart J. Suppl., April 1, 2003; 5(suppl_C): C13 - C18. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. M Vivian Slowing the progression of renal disease in patients with diabetes mellitus Ann. Pharmacother., February 1, 2003; 37(2): 303 - 303. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. H. Opie and H.-H. Parving Diabetic Nephropathy: Can Renoprotection Be Extrapolated to Cardiovascular Protection? Circulation, August 6, 2002; 106(6): 643 - 645. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|