Donate Help Contact The AHA Sign In Home
American Heart Association
Circulation
Search: search_blue_button Advanced Search
Published Online
on April 22, 2002

Circulation. 2002
Published online before print April 22, 2002, doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000016043.87291.33
A more recent version of this article appeared on May 14, 2002
This Article
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow All Versions of this Article:
105/19/2259    most recent
01.CIR.0000016043.87291.33v1
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow Request Permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Rihal, C. S.
Right arrow Articles by Holmes, D. R.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow Articles by Rihal, C. S.
Right arrow Articles by Holmes, D. R., Jr,
Related Collections
Right arrow Cardio-renal physiology/pathophysiology
Right arrow Peripheral vascular disease
Right arrow Catheter-based coronary and valvular interventions: other
Right arrow Catheter-based coronary interventions: stents

Submitted on August 14, 2001
Revised on March 6, 2002
Accepted on March 6, 2002

Incidence and Prognostic Importance of Acute Renal Failure After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Charanjit S. Rihal MD*, Stephen C. Textor MD, Diane E. Grill MS, Peter B. Berger MD, Henry H. Ting MD, Patricia J. Best MD, Mandeep Singh MD, Malcolm R. Bell MD, Gregory W. Barsness MD, Verghese Mathew MD, Kirk N. Garratt MD, and David R. Holmes Jr, MD

From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine (C.S.R., P.B.B., H.H.T., P.J.B., M.S., M.R.B., G.W.B., V.M., K.N.G., D.R.H.), Division of Hypertension and Internal Medicine (S.C.T.), and the Section of Biostatistics (D.E.G.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn.

Background—In patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in the modern era, the incidence and prognostic implications of acute renal failure (ARF) are unknown.

Methods and Results—With a retrospective analysis of the Mayo Clinic PCI registry, we determined the incidence of, risk factors for, and prognostic implications of ARF (defined as an increase in serum creatinine [Cr] >0.5 mg/dL from baseline) after PCI. Of 7586 patients, 254 (3.3%) experienced ARF. Among patients with baseline Cr <2.0, the risk of ARF was higher among diabetic than nondiabetic patients, whereas among those with a baseline Cr >2.0, all had a significant risk of ARF. In multivariate analysis, ARF was associated with baseline serum Cr, acute myocardial infarction, shock, and volume of contrast medium administered. Twenty-two percent of patients with ARF died during the index hospitalization compared with only 1.4% of patients without ARF (P<0.0001). After adjustment, ARF remained strongly associated with death. Among hospital survivors with ARF, 1- and 5-year estimated mortality rates were 12.1% and 44.6%, respectively, much greater than the 3.7% and 14.5% mortality rates in patients without ARF (P<0.0001).

Conclusions—The overall incidence of ARF after PCI is low. Diabetic patients with baseline Cr values <2.0 mg/dL are at higher risk than nondiabetic patients, whereas all patients with a serum Cr >2.0 are at high risk for ARF. ARF was highly correlated with death during the index hospitalization and after dismissal.


Key words: coronary disease • kidney • acute renal failure • angioplasty • stents




This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
Am. J. Roentgenol.Home page
M. J. Kuhn, N. Chen, D. V. Sahani, D. Reimer, E. J. R. van Beek, J. P. Heiken, and G. J. So
The PREDICT Study: A Randomized Double-Blind Comparison of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy After Low- or Isoosmolar Contrast Agent Exposure
Am. J. Roentgenol., July 1, 2008; 191(1): 151 - 157.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
RadiologyHome page
S. A. Nguyen, P. Suranyi, J. G. Ravenel, P. K. Randall, P. B. Romano, K. A. Strom, P. Costello, and U. J. Schoepf
Iso-Osmolality versus Low-Osmolality Iodinated Contrast Medium at Intravenous Contrast-enhanced CT: Effect on Kidney Function
Radiology, July 1, 2008; 248(1): 97 - 105.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
CirculationHome page
J. A. Bittl
Damage Control for Renal Artery Stenting
Circulation, May 27, 2008; 117(21): 2724 - 2726.
[Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J Am Coll Cardiol ImgHome page
L. M. Boxt
CT Angiography in Children: It Is Accurate, But Is it Safe?
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Img., May 1, 2008; 1(3): 340 - 342.
[Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
CJASNHome page
S. S. Waikar, K. D. Liu, and G. M. Chertow
Diagnosis, Epidemiology and Outcomes of Acute Kidney Injury
Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., May 1, 2008; 3(3): 844 - 861.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J Am Coll CardiolHome page
P. A. McCullough
Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 15, 2008; 51(15): 1419 - 1428.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular DiseaseHome page
A. Nusca, R. Melfi, and G. Di Sciascio
Review: Percutaneous coronary interventions and statins therapy
Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease, April 1, 2008; 2(2): 101 - 107.
[Abstract] [PDF]


Home page
Nephrol Dial TransplantHome page
G. C. Kane, A. W. Stanson, D. Kalnicka, D. W. Rosenthal, C. U. Lee, S. C. Textor, and V. D. Garovic
Comparison between gadolinium and iodine contrast for percutaneous intervention in atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis: clinical outcomes
Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., April 1, 2008; 23(4): 1233 - 1240.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Am. J. Roentgenol.Home page
A. N. Shetty, K. G. Bis, A. R. Vyas, A. Kumar, A. Anderson, and M. Balasubramaniam
Contrast Volume Reduction with Superior Vena Cava Catheter-Directed Coronary CT Angiography: Comparison with Peripheral IV Contrast Enhancement in a Swine Model
Am. J. Roentgenol., April 1, 2008; 190(4): W247 - W254.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
CirculationHome page
I. Gottlieb and J. A.C. Lima
Screening High-Risk Patients With Computed Tomography Angiography
Circulation, March 11, 2008; 117(10): 1318 - 1332.
[Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Nephrol Dial TransplantHome page
J. K. Inrig, U. D. Patel, L. P. Briley, L. She, B. S. Gillespie, J. D. Easton, E. J. Topol, and L. A. Szczech
Mortality, kidney disease and cardiac procedures following acute coronary syndrome
Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., March 1, 2008; 23(3): 934 - 940.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
CirculationHome page
M. Singh, B. J. Gersh, S. Li, J. S. Rumsfeld, J. A. Spertus, S. M. O'Brien, R. M. Suri, and E. D. Peterson
Mayo Clinic Risk Score for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Predicts In-Hospital Mortality in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery
Circulation, January 22, 2008; 117(3): 356 - 362.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J Am Coll CardiolHome page
G. C. Kane, B. J. Doyle, A. Lerman, G. W. Barsness, P. J. Best, and C. S. Rihal
Ultra-low contrast volumes reduce rates of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing coronary angiography.
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 1, 2008; 51(1): 89 - 90.
[Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
CJASNHome page
M. Rudnick and H. Feldman
Contrast-Induced Nephropathy: What Are the True Clinical Consequences?
Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., January 1, 2008; 3(1): 263 - 272.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
CJASNHome page
A. M. From, B. J. Bartholmai, A. W. Williams, S. S. Cha, A. Pflueger, and F. S. McDonald
Sodium Bicarbonate is Associated with an Increased Incidence of Contrast Nephropathy: A Retrospective Cohort Study of 7977 Patients at Mayo Clinic
Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., January 1, 2008; 3(1): 10 - 18.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
ANGIOLOGYHome page
T. Sayin, S. Turhan, O. Akyurek, and M. Kilickap
Gadolinium:Nonionic Contrast Media (1:1) Coronary Angiography in Patients With Impaired Renal Function
Angiology, November 1, 2007; 58(5): 561 - 564.
[Abstract] [PDF]


Home page
Br J AnaesthHome page
G. T. C. Wong and M. G. Irwin
Contrast-induced nephropathy
Br. J. Anaesth., October 1, 2007; 99(4): 474 - 483.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol.Home page
G. Chen, E. A. Bridenbaugh, A. D. Akintola, J. M. Catania, V. S. Vaidya, J. V. Bonventre, A. C. Dearman, H. W. Sampson, D. C. Zawieja, R. C. Burghardt, et al.
Increased susceptibility of aging kidney to ischemic injury: identification of candidate genes changed during aging, but corrected by caloric restriction
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, October 1, 2007; 293(4): F1272 - F1281.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J Am Coll CardiolHome page
P.-T. Lee, K.-J. Chou, C.-P. Liu, G.-Y. Mar, C.-L. Chen, C.-Y. Hsu, H.-C. Fang, and H.-M. Chung
Renal Protection for Coronary Angiography in Advanced Renal Failure Patients by Prophylactic Hemodialysis: A Randomized Controlled Trial
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 11, 2007; 50(11): 1015 - 1020.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J Am Coll CardiolHome page
W. K. Laskey, C. Jenkins, F. Selzer, O. C. Marroquin, R. L. Wilensky, R. Glaser, H. A. Cohen, D. R. Holmes Jr, and for the NHLBI Dynamic Registry Investigators
Volume-to-Creatinine Clearance Ratio: A Pharmacokinetically Based Risk Factor for Prediction of Early Creatinine Increase After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 14, 2007; 50(7): 584 - 590.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
HeartHome page
J. W H Fung, C. C Szeto, and C. M Yu
Preventing contrast nephropathy in catheter laboratory
Heart, June 1, 2007; 93(6): 654 - 655.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
HeartHome page
A. O Onbasili, Y. Yeniceriglu, P. Agaoglu, A. Karul, T. Tekten, H. Akar, and G. Discigil
Trimetazidine in the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy after coronary procedures
Heart, June 1, 2007; 93(6): 698 - 702.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Am. J. Roentgenol.Home page
A. Kumar, K. G. Bis, A. Shetty, A. Vyas, A. Anderson, M. Balasubramaniam, W. O'Neill, and W. Stein
Aortic Root Catheter-Directed Coronary CT Angiography in Swine: Coronary Enhancement with Minimum Volume of Iodinated Contrast Material
Am. J. Roentgenol., May 1, 2007; 188(5): W415 - W422.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Eur Heart JHome page
G. S. Hillis, B. H. Cuthbertson, and B. L. Croal
Renal function, revascularization and risk
Eur. Heart J., April 1, 2007; 28(7): 782 - 784.
[Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J Am Coll CardiolHome page
A. Recio-Mayoral, M. Chaparro, B. Prado, R. Cozar, I. Mendez, D. Banerjee, J. C. Kaski, J. Cubero, and J. M. Cruz
The Reno-Protective Effect of Hydration With Sodium Bicarbonate Plus N-Acetylcysteine in Patients Undergoing Emergency Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: The RENO Study
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 27, 2007; 49(12): 1283 - 1288.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
CJASNHome page
A. Deo, M. Fogel, and S. E. Cowper
Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis: A Population Study Examining the Relationship of Disease Development to Gadolinium Exposure
Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., March 1, 2007; 2(2): 264 - 267.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J Am Coll CardiolHome page
S.-H. Jo, T.-J. Youn, B.-K. Koo, J.-S. Park, H.-J. Kang, Y.-S. Cho, W.-Y. Chung, G.-W. Joo, I.-H. Chae, D.-J. Choi, et al.
Renal Toxicity Evaluation and Comparison Between Visipaque (Iodixanol) and Hexabrix (Ioxaglate) in Patients With Renal Insufficiency Undergoing Coronary Angiography: The RECOVER Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 5, 2006; 48(5): 924 - 930.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J Am Coll CardiolHome page
P. A. McCullough, M. E. Bertrand, J. A. Brinker, and F. Stacul
A Meta-Analysis of the Renal Safety of Isosmolar Iodixanol Compared With Low-Osmolar Contrast Media
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 15, 2006; 48(4): 692 - 699.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
ANGIOLOGYHome page
P. C. Mannebach, R. S. Dieter, and D. S. Marks
Use of gadolinium-based angiography for renal artery stenting in a patient with renal insufficiency: A case report.
Angiology, August 1, 2006; 57(4): 526 - 529.
[Abstract] [PDF]


Home page
NEJMHome page
G. Marenzi, E. Assanelli, I. Marana, G. Lauri, J. Campodonico, M. Grazi, M. De Metrio, S. Galli, F. Fabbiocchi, P. Montorsi, et al.
N-acetylcysteine and contrast-induced nephropathy in primary angioplasty.
N. Engl. J. Med., June 29, 2006; 354(26): 2773 - 2782.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
JAMAHome page
N. Pannu, N. Wiebe, M. Tonelli, and for the Alberta Kidney Disease Network
Prophylaxis Strategies for Contrast-Induced Nephropathy
JAMA, June 21, 2006; 295(23): 2765 - 2779.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
RadiologyHome page
M. O. Downes, M. Heinrich, and M. Uder
In vitro study of various iodinated contrast media.
Radiology, June 1, 2006; 239(3): 918 - 921.
[Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Am. J. Roentgenol.Home page
B. M. Elicker, Y. S. Cypel, and J. C. Weinreb
IV contrast administration for CT: a survey of practices for the screening and prevention of contrast nephropathy.
Am. J. Roentgenol., June 1, 2006; 186(6): 1651 - 1658.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J Am Coll CardiolHome page
I. Michishita and Z. Fujii
A Novel Contrast Removal System From the Coronary Sinus Using an Adsorbing Column During Coronary Angiography in a Porcine Model
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 2, 2006; 47(9): 1866 - 1870.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
CirculationHome page
M. Tepel, P. Aspelin, and N. Lameire
Contrast-Induced Nephropathy: A Clinical and Evidence-Based Approach
Circulation, April 11, 2006; 113(14): 1799 - 1806.
[Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.Home page
J. L. Xue, F. Daniels, R. A. Star, P. L. Kimmel, P. W. Eggers, B. A. Molitoris, J. Himmelfarb, and A. J. Collins
Incidence and Mortality of Acute Renal Failure in Medicare Beneficiaries, 1992 to 2001
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., April 1, 2006; 17(4): 1135 - 1142.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
CirculationHome page
M. Moscucci, E. K. Rogers, C. Montoye, D. E. Smith, D. Share, M. O'Donnell, A. Maxwell-Eward, W. L. Meengs, A. C. De Franco, K. Patel, et al.
Association of a Continuous Quality Improvement Initiative With Practice and Outcome Variations of Contemporary Percutaneous Coronary Interventions
Circulation, February 14, 2006; 113(6): 814 - 822.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
NEJMHome page
B. J. Barrett and P. S. Parfrey
Preventing Nephropathy Induced by Contrast Medium
N. Engl. J. Med., January 26, 2006; 354(4): 379 - 386.
[Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J Am Coll CardiolHome page
M.-R. Movahed, J. Wong, and S. Molloi
Removal of Iodine Contrast From Coronary Sinus in Swine During Coronary Angiography
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 17, 2006; 47(2): 465 - 467.
[Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Nephrol Dial TransplantHome page
S. Detrenis, M. Meschi, S. Musini, and G. Savazzi
Lights and shadows on the pathogenesis of contrast-induced nephropathy: state of the art
Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., August 1, 2005; 20(8): 1542 - 1550.
[Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Eur Heart J SupplHome page
J. A. Brinker, C. J. Davidson, and W. Laskey
Preventing in-hospital cardiac and renal complications in high-risk PCI patients
Eur. Heart J. Suppl., August 1, 2005; 7(suppl_G): G13 - G24.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
HeartHome page
V O Gomes, C E Poli de Figueredo, P Caramori, R Lasevitch, L C Bodanese, A Araujo, A P Roedel, A P Caramori, F S Brito Jr, H G Bezerra, et al.
N-acetylcysteine does not prevent contrast induced nephropathy after cardiac catheterisation with an ionic low osmolality contrast medium: a multicentre clinical trial
Heart, June 1, 2005; 91(6): 774 - 778.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
RadiologyHome page
M. C. Heinrich, M. K. Kuhlmann, A. Grgic, M. Heckmann, B. Kramann, and M. Uder
Cytotoxic Effects of Ionic High-osmolar, Nonionic Monomeric, and Nonionic Iso-osmolar Dimeric Iodinated Contrast Media on Renal Tubular Cells in Vitro
Radiology, June 1, 2005; 235(3): 843 - 849.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
CMAJHome page
I. Goldenberg and S. Matetzky
Nephropathy induced by contrast media: pathogenesis, risk factors and preventive strategies
Can. Med. Assoc. J., May 24, 2005; 172(11): 1461 - 1471.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J Intensive Care MedHome page
S. D. Weisbord and P. M. Palevsky
Radiocontrast-Induced Acute Renal Failure
J Intensive Care Med, March 1, 2005; 20(2): 63 - 75.
[Abstract] [PDF]


Home page
Diabetes CareHome page
J. L. Gross, M. J. de Azevedo, S. P. Silveiro, L. H. Canani, M. L. Caramori, and T. Zelmanovitz
Diabetic Nephropathy: Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment
Diabetes Care, January 1, 2005; 28(1): 164 - 176.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Am. J. Roentgenol.Home page
T. G. Gleeson and S. Bulugahapitiya
Contrast-Induced Nephropathy
Am. J. Roentgenol., December 1, 2004; 183(6): 1673 - 1689.
[Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J Am Coll CardiolHome page
M. Maeder, M. Klein, T. Fehr, and H. Rickli
Contrast nephropathy: Review focusing on prevention
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 2, 2004; 44(9): 1763 - 1771.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J Am Coll CardiolHome page
G. Marenzi, G. Lauri, E. Assanelli, J. Campodonico, M. De Metrio, I. Marana, M. Grazi, F. Veglia, and A. L. Bartorelli
Contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 2, 2004; 44(9): 1780 - 1785.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
CirculationHome page
K. Spargias, E. Alexopoulos, S. Kyrzopoulos, P. Iacovis, D. C. Greenwood, A. Manginas, V. Voudris, G. Pavlides, C. E. Buller, D. Kremastinos, et al.
Ascorbic Acid Prevents Contrast-Mediated Nephropathy in Patients With Renal Dysfunction Undergoing Coronary Angiography or Intervention
Circulation, November 2, 2004; 110(18): 2837 - 2842.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Nephrol Dial TransplantHome page
J. H. Ix, C. E. McCulloch, and G. M. Chertow
Theophylline for the prevention of radiocontrast nephropathy: a meta-analysis
Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., November 1, 2004; 19(11): 2747 - 2753.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J Am Coll CardiolHome page
R. Mehran, E. D. Aymong, E. Nikolsky, Z. Lasic, I. Iakovou, M. Fahy, G. S. Mintz, A. J. Lansky, J. W. Moses, G. W. Stone, et al.
A simple risk score for prediction of contrast-induced nephropathy after percutaneous coronary intervention: Development and initial validation
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 6, 2004; 44(7): 1393 - 1399.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg.Home page
G. D. Trachiotis, D. Hanumara, L. McKenna, P. Corso, and A. Pfister
Surgical revascularization after acute myocardial infarction in patients with end-stage renal disease
Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., October 1, 2004; 26(4): 671 - 675.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Eur Heart JHome page
I. Goldenberg, M. Shechter, S. Matetzky, M. Jonas, M. Adam, H. Pres, D. Elian, O. Agranat, E. Schwammenthal, and V. Guetta
Oral acetylcysteine as an adjunct to saline hydration for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy following coronary angiography: A randomized controlled trial and review of the current literature
Eur. Heart J., February 1, 2004; 25(3): 212 - 218.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
JAMAHome page
G. W. Stone, P. A. McCullough, J. A. Tumlin, N. E. Lepor, H. Madyoon, P. Murray, A. Wang, A. A. Chu, G. L. Schaer, M. Stevens, et al.
Fenoldopam Mesylate for the Prevention of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy: A Randomized Controlled Trial
JAMA, November 5, 2003; 290(17): 2284 - 2291.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
NEJMHome page
G. Marenzi, I. Marana, G. Lauri, E. Assanelli, M. Grazi, J. Campodonico, D. Trabattoni, F. Fabbiocchi, P. Montorsi, and A. L. Bartorelli
The Prevention of Radiocontrast-Agent-Induced Nephropathy by Hemofiltration
N. Engl. J. Med., October 2, 2003; 349(14): 1333 - 1340.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
NEJMHome page
S. J. Gruber, C. J. Shapiro, C. Braun, R. Birck, C. M. Bridges, V. S. Swaroop, M.-T. Cuddihy, P. Aspelin, and K. J. Berg
Nephropathy Induced by Contrast Medium
N. Engl. J. Med., May 29, 2003; 348(22): 2257 - 2259.
[Full Text] [PDF]


Home page