(Circulation. 1999;99:1011-1014.)
© 1999 American Heart Association, Inc.
Clinical Investigation and Reports |
In-Stent Neointimal Proliferation Correlates With the Amount of Residual Plaque Burden Outside the Stent
An Intravascular Ultrasound Study
From the Catheterization Laboratory (F.P., M.T.M., A.P., E.L.), S. Camillo Hospital, Rome, Italy; and Centro Cuore Columbus (C.D.M., I.M., B.R., A.C.), Milan, Italy.
Correspondence to Antonio Colombo, MD, FACC, Centro Cuore Columbus, Via Buonarroti, 48, 20145 Milano, Italy.
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Abstract |
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Background—The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between residual plaque burden after coronary stent implantation and the development of late in-stent neointimal proliferation.
Methods and Results—Between January 1996 and May 1997, 50
patients underwent intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) interrogation at
6±1.2 months after coronary stent implantation in native
coronary arteries. IVUS images were acquired with a motorized
pullback, and cross-sectional measurements were performed within the
stents at 1-mm intervals. The following measurements were obtained: (1)
lumen area (LA), (2) stent area (SA), (3) area delimited by the
external elastic membrane (EEMA), (4) percent neointimal
area calculated as (SA-LA/SA)x100, and (5) percent residual plaque
area calculated as (EEMA-SA)/EEMAx100. Volume measurements within the
stented segments were calculated by applying Simpson's rule. In the
pooled data analysis of 876 cross sections, linear regression
showed a significant positive correlation between percent residual
plaque area and percent neointimal area
(r=0.50, y= 45.03+0.29x,
P<0.01). There was significant incremental increase in
mean percent neointimal area for stepwise increase in
percent residual plaque area. Mean percent neointimal area
was 16.3±10.3% for lesions with a percent residual plaque area of
<50% and 27.7±11% for lesions with a percent residual plaque area
of 
50% (P<0.001). The volumetric analysis
showed that the percent residual plaque volume was significantly
greater in restenotic lesions compared with
nonrestenotic lesions (58.7±4.3% versus 51.4±5.7%,
respectively; P<0.01).
Conclusions—Late in-stent neointimal proliferation has a direct correlation with the amount of residual plaque burden after coronary stent implantation, supporting the hypothesis that plaque removal before stent implantation may reduce restenosis.
Key Words: ultrasonics • stents • restenosis
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Introduction |
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Several studies in animals have shown that the implantation of metal endoprosthesis in coronary arteries promotes late neointimal proliferation.1 2 3 4 5 6 This healing process was attributed to vessel trauma induced by stent implantation and by a "foreign body" reaction. These experiments, however, were performed in nonatherosclerotic coronary arteries; therefore, the contribution of the atherosclerotic plaque per se to the proliferative process has not been elucidated in these studies. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) observations in humans have confirmed that in-stent restenosis (Palmaz-Schatz stent) is primarily due to neointimal proliferation.7 In addition, it was observed that the late neointimal formation is greater in the midportion of the stented segment. Initially, it was thought that the presence of the central articulation in that particular stent was the reason for this finding, but similar results were confirmed with nonarticulated stent designs.8 These observations raise the possibility that the bulk of the intimal proliferation may be occurring at the original site of the lesion (where the plaque burden is largest). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the correlation between the residual plaque burden after stent implantation and the amount of neointimal proliferation at follow-up using IVUS.
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Methods |
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Study Population and Design
Between January 1996 and May 1997, 72 patients who previously had coronary stent implantation (80 stents) returned for angiographic and IVUS follow-up studies. Twenty-two patients (with 30 stents) were excluded because of the inability to delineate the external elastic membrane (EEM) due to stent filament shadowing.
Thus, the study population consisted of 50 patients with 50 lesions who
had a single stent implantation (34 Microstent, 7 Palmaz-Schatz, 3
BeStent, 2 Wiktor, and 4 Nir) and in whom it was possible to identify
80% of the EEM circumference in all slices of the stented segment at
the follow-up study. The stent length was 8 to 30 mm.
Of this population, 15 patients originally had poststent IVUS assessment; therefore, it was possible to evaluate whether there were any variations in residual plaque burden and stent size between the time of stent implantation and the follow-up study.
Coronary Angiography
Coronary angiography was performed in a routine manner.
Angiographic measurements were performed with digital electronic
calipers (Brown and Sharp) from an optically magnified image in the
view that shows the most severe narrowing. All angiograms were
analyzed by an experienced angiographer who was not involved in
the intervention and who was blinded to the IVUS measurements.
Angiographic restenosis was defined as diameter
stenosis of 50% at the treated site.
IVUS Assessment
Image Acquisition
Postintervention and follow-up IVUS images were obtained with a
3.2F short monorail imaging catheter (Cardiovascular
Imaging Systems, Inc) after written informed consent had been obtained.
The IVUS catheter incorporates a 30-MHz single-element bevelled
transducer mounted at the distal end of the catheter and rotated at
1800 rpm. After coronary angiography, patients were
administered heparin 5000 U IV in the arterial sheath and
nitroglycerin 200 µg IC. The imaging probe was
positioned distal to the stented segment and a mechanical pullback was
performed at 0.5 mm/s. IVUS images were recorded onto
high-resolution s-VHS videotape for offline analysis.
Quantitative IVUS Analysis
Cross-sectional vessel area, stent area, and lumen area
measurements were performed every 2 seconds of videotape. Therefore,
each stent was axially divided into several 1-mm segments. The
following measurements were obtained: (1) lumen area (LA), (2) stent
area (SA), and (3) area inside the external elastic membrane (EEMA).
Two indexes were calculated: (1) percent neointimal area,
defined as echogenic material within the stent and calculated as
(SA-LA/SA)x100; and (2) percent residual plaque area, calculated as
(EEMA-SA)/EEMAx100. Volume measurements of the stented segments were
calculated by applying Simpson's rule.9
The reproducibility of IVUS measurements of EEMA, SA, and plaque-plus-media area has already been reported.10 11 Because visualization of the EEM in stented segments can be hampered by stent filaments, the reproducibility of measurements of the EEM, stent, lumen, and plaque volumes was tested in a blind comparison performed by 2 independent operators in 10 stents (5 Palmaz-Schatz, 3 BeStent, and 2 NIR stents).
Statistical Analysis
Continuous variables were expressed as mean±SD values.
Two-tailed t test was used for continuous variables. A
2 test was used to detect differences between
categorical variables. Linear regression analyses were
performed for pooled data and for each individual stented segment. A
value of P<0.05 was considered statistically
significant.
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Results |
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Patient and Procedural Characteristics
The clinical characteristics of the study patients and the procedural variables are presented in the Table
. The majority of patients
were men who presented with stable angina. Stent implantation
was elective in the majority of patients.
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Follow-up angiographic and IVUS studies were performed at 6.0±1.2 months. Fourteen of 50 patients (28%) were found to have angiographic restenosis. Ten of these patients (20%) had angina pectoris and required repeat intervention. The other 40 patients returned for repeat angiography as part of a routine follow-up.
Association Between Residual Plaque Burden After Stent Implantation
and In-Stent Neointimal Proliferation
A pooled data analysis was performed on 876 intrastent
ultrasound cross sections. Mean percent residual plaque area and mean
percent neointimal area were 54.0±8.9% and 25.8±14.5%,
respectively. A significant positive correlation between these 2
indices was found (r=0.50,
y=45.03+0.29x, P<0.01) (Figure 1). A pooled data analysis was
also obtained in the stent group with restenosis (210
intrastent cross sections) and confirmed the significant positive
correlation between these 2 indices (r=0.48,
y=45.10+0.28x, P<0.01). This
association persisted when linear regression analysis was
performed for each individual stent. A significant correlation between
percent neointimal area and percent residual plaque area
was found in 37 of 50 lesions (74%).
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In addition, as shown in Figure 2, an
incremental increase of percent residual plaque area was associated
with a stepwise increase in percent neointimal area. This
association could be dichotomized using 50% residual plaque area as
cut-off criterion. At this threshold, 2 lesion groups could be
identified: group I with percent residual plaque area of <0.50 who had
a mean percent neointimal area of 16.3±10.3%, and group
II with percent residual plaque area of 0.50 who had a mean percent
neointimal area of 27.7±11.0% (P<0.001). The
same results were found in the patient group with restenosis.
Mean percent neointimal area was significantly higher in
group I (percent residual plaque area <0.50) than in group II (percent
residual plaque area 0.50) (22.9±13.3% in group I versus
42.1±12.6% in group II, respectively; P<0.001).
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Volumetric Analysis
Volume measurements of stent, EEM, and plaque measured by 2
independent observers were highly reproducible. Correlation of repeated
measurements of stent EEM and plaque volume, obtained at either
postintervention or follow-up, were 0.99, 0.98, and 0.98, respectively.
Also, there was no volumetric variation in serial IVUS assessments of
stent volume (from 170.3±98.0 mm3 at
postintervention to 167.1±84.2 mm3 at
follow-up, NS), EEM volume (from 404.4±202.2 to 400.1±178.4
mm3, NS), and residual plaque volume (from
234.1±102.6 to 233±92.0 mm3, NS).
In the pooled data analysis, percent residual plaque volume was 52±9.5% and percent neointimal volume was 25±8.8%. Percent residual plaque volume was significantly greater in the stent group with restenosis than in the group without restenosis (58.7±4.3% versus 51.4±5.7%, respectively) (P<0. 01).
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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The major finding of this study was that the amount of residual plaque burden present after stent implantation is related to the development of late in-stent neointimal proliferation. In this study, residual plaque area was determined at follow-up based on the assumption that these measurements did not change during the follow-up period. This assumption was confirmed in a subanalysis of 15 lesions in which a volumetric assessment was performed postintervention and at follow-up and demonstrated no significant variations in stent volume, EEM volume, and residual plaque volume. This is consistent with other studies that used serial IVUS assessment of Palmaz-Schatz stents to demonstrate the absence of late variations in stent volume.7 8
Our findings are consistent with previous observations that demonstrated that the residual plaque area after various coronary interventions influences late restenosis. In the GUIDE II trial,12 500 lesions were studied with IVUS after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty or directional coronary atherectomy (DCA). The final MLD achieved and the residual percent plaque area were found to be predictors of late clinical recurrence or angiographic restenosis. These data were further supported by the results of 2 trials using IVUS-guided directional atherectomy (OARS and ABACAS).13 14 In the OARS trial, percent residual plaque area after directional atherectomy was 58%, which resulted in a restenosis rate of 29%. In the ABACAS trial, more aggressive IVUS-guided directional atherectomy was performed, achieving a 42% residual plaque area with a subsequent restenosis rate of 21%. Furthermore, Mintz et al15 reported an analysis of 343 lesions treated with percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, laser, rotational, or directional atherectomy that showed the amount of residual plaque is a powerful predictor of restenosis.
In nonstent coronary interventions, restenosis is primarily due to late vessel constriction. Stent implantation eliminates this component of the restenotic process but may stimulate neointimal proliferation. Previous studies provided indirect evidence that the amount of plaque burden before stent implantation influences the development of in-stent neointimal proliferation: (1) few studies suggested that the percent plaque burden before stent implantation was significantly correlated with the development of angiographic late lumen loss and restenosis16 17 ; (2) other studies suggested that lesion-specific factors are related to in-stent restenosis, which is linearly related to the length of lesion and the angiographic vessel size, 2 conditions that are associated with the presence of diffuse atherosclerotic burden with IVUS8 ; and (3) serial IVUS assessment shows a larger neointimal formation in the midportion of the stented segments, where a large residual plaque should be expected. These findings were initially explained with the incomplete coverage at the site of the articulation in the Palmaz-Schatz stent, but they have been confirmed in nonarticulated stents.7 8 18 (4) In a large prospective series of lesions treated with directional coronary atherectomy before stent implantation, a low restenosis rate has been reported, significantly different from the restenosis observed in matched lesions treated with stent without previous debulking. This difference could not be explained only by the additional immediate gain allowed by the plaque removal because the most striking finding was a low late lumen loss, suggesting that plaque removal diminishes the hyperplastic response after stent implantation.19
Study Limitations
A limitation of the study was that the number of patients was
relatively small and selection bias might have occurred because only
patients with IVUS follow-up were studied. However, the majority of
these patients returned for angiographic and IVUS studies as part of a
routine follow-up, and only 28% of them were found to have
angiographic restenosis. Despite these shortcomings, this study
illustrates the quantitative relationship between plaque burden and
in-stent neointimal proliferation, a finding that may have
important clinical implications.
Conclusions
The amount of plaque burden that remains after stent implantation
is strongly associated with the amount of late in-stent
neointimal proliferation. This observation supports the use
of plaque removal before stenting to reduce late neointimal
growth.
Received July 1, 1998; revision received November 11, 1998; accepted November 18, 1998.
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