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(Circulation. 1999;99:3218-3220.)
© 1999 American Heart Association, Inc.
Brief Rapid Communications |
C(-260)
T Polymorphism in the Promoter of the CD14 Monocyte Receptor Gene as a Risk Factor for Myocardial Infarction
k, MDFrom the Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic.
Correspondence to Jaroslav A. Hubacek, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Laboratory of Atherosclerosis Research, Vídenská 1958/9, Prague 4, Czech Republic 140 21. E-mail jaroslav.hubacek{at}medicon.cz
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Abstract |
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 Top Abstract IntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Background—The CD14 receptor of monocytes is an important mediator for the activation of monocytes/macrophages by endotoxins from the envelope of Gram-negative bacteria (lipopolysaccharides). We identified a polymorphism in the CD14 receptor and examined whether this genetic marker influenced the expression of the CD14 receptor on monocytes and affected the predisposition to myocardial infarction.
Methods and Results—We identified a C(-260)
T
nucleotide change, creating a HaeIII
polymorphism in the promoter of the CD14 gene. The polymorphism
was determined in 178 male patients <65 years old (cases; average age,
55.9±6.3 years) at the time of their first myocardial infarction and
in 135 representative selected male control subjects
(controls; average age, 55.2±11.5 years). The frequency of the T
allele (absence of the cutting site) was 0.49 in cases and 0.35 in
controls (P=0.0005; OR, 1.781; 95% CI, 1.286 to
2.465). Subsequently, we measured the expression of monocyte CD14 by
flow cytometry in 18 volunteers with different CD14 genotypes.
A significantly higher density of the CD14 receptor was shown in the
T/T homozygotes than in the others (P=0.0028).
Conclusions—A higher frequency of allele T(-260) in the promoter of the CD14 receptor gene was found in myocardial infarction survivors than in controls. At the same time, this variation was associated with a higher density of CD14 receptors in healthy volunteers. Therefore, we can conclude that in addition to the well-established risk factors, a genetically determined reaction of monocytes/macrophages to infectious stimuli could play an important role in the process of atherosclerosis.
Key Words: genetics • myocardial infarction • epidemiology • immune system
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Introduction |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Recently published studies1 2 have suggested that in addition to the well-established risk factors, inflammatory and infectious processes may participate in the initiation of atherosclerosis and in its complications. The attachment of monocytes to the endothelium, followed by their migration into the intima, is one of the first and most crucial steps in the development of atherosclerotic lesions. In the subendothelial space, these highly active cells mature into tissue macrophages and synthesize proinflammatory and prothrombotic substances.
Among other factors, monocyte maturation could be influenced by the lipopolysaccharides (LPSs, endotoxins of Gram-negative bacteria). LPS is internalized by cells through the CD14 receptor.3 The CD14 receptor is a glycoprotein localized on the cell surface of all myeloid cells, especially on monocytes/macrophages.4 The stimulation of monocytes/macrophages by LPS induces overexpression of certain cytokines, complement components, coagulation factors, and many others.3 5
The gene for the CD14 receptor consists of 
3900 bp organized in 2
exons and encodes a protein of 375 amino acids.6 The
promoter of the gene has been sequenced and characterized, and an Sp1
transcription factor binding site was identified as critical for CD14
expression.7 We identified a polymorphism localized
near the binding site for Sp1 and examined its possible influence on
the risk of myocardial infarction (MI) as well as on the expression of
the CD14 receptor.
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Methods |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Subjects
Case patients were 178 men <65 years old (average age, 55.9±6.3 years) who had survived their first MI and were admitted to 1 of 2 coronary care units within a 22-month period. The blood samples for genetic and biochemical analysis were obtained within 72 hours after admission to coronary care units. The control group represented a 1% population sample of the adult men (average age, 55.2±11.5 years) randomly selected in 1 Czech district according to the protocol of the MONICA study.8 The approval of the local ethics board and informed consent of the participants were obtained before the study. To avoid the possible influence of genetic nonhomogeneity of the samples,9 the control subjects and the patients were selected from the same geographic region of the Czech republic.
In addition, 5 T/T homozygotes, 5 C/T heterozygotes, and 8 C/C homozygotes were selected from 38 young (20- to 30-year-old) male volunteers for monocyte CD14 receptor density determination.
Biochemical Analysis
The lipoprotein parameters were measured
enzymatically by the WHO Lipid Reference Center on a Roche COBAS MIRA
autoanalyzer (Hoffmann–La Roche) with reagents from
Boehringer Mannheim Diagnostics and Hoffmann–La
Roche.
The density of the monocyte CD14 receptors was measured by flow
cytometry with a monoclonal antibody (clone M
P9) according the
standard protocol.10
DNA Analysis
DNA was isolated by a standard method.11 Polymerase
chain reaction (PCR) was performed at a total volume of 50 µL (100 to
200 ng of genomic DNA, 1 U Taq DNA polymerase, 50 pmol of
each primer, 200 nmol of each dNTP, and 1.5 mmol
Mg2+). The promoter of the CD14 receptor gene was
amplified by the primers CDP-1, 5'-TTGGTGCCAACAGATGAGGTTCAC, and CDP-2,
5'-TTCTTTCCTACACAGCGGCACCC on an OmniGene Thermocycler (Hybaid) under
the following conditions: an initial denaturation at 95°C for 2
minutes, followed by 35 cycles at 92.3°C for 40 seconds, at 59.5°C
for 35 seconds, and at 71.5°C for 50 seconds. The final extension
step was prolonged to 5 minutes. DNA from 50 unrelated individuals was
amplified and digested. The 561-bp PCR product (12.5 µL) was
cleaved in appropriate buffer with 15 U of the followed restriction
enzymes: BamHI, CfoI, EcoRI,
EcoRV, HaeIII, HindIII,
MvaI, PstI, RsaI, Sau3A,
TaqI, and XhoI (Boehringer Mannheim) at a
total volume of 25 µL at 37°C (65°C for TaqI)
overnight. The HaeIII digest revealed a common
polymorphism. No polymorphisms were demonstrated with the other
restriction enzymes.
Both alleles of the Hae III polymorphism were registered in the EMBL database (X74984 and U00699).
Statistical Analysis
The frequencies of the alleles in both groups studied were
determined by gene counting, and their associations with biochemical
parameters were determined by 
2
analysis with the Yates correction and with ANOVA.
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Results |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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The frequency of the T allele (restriction site absent) and T/T homozygotes was significantly lower in the control group (35.2% and 15.6%, respectively) than in MI survivors (49.2% and 27.5%, respectively; OR=1.781; 95% CI, 1.286 to 2.465; P=0.0005 for the allele frequency and P=0.0049 for the genotype frequency) (Table
).
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No association between the C(-260)T polymorphism and total or
LDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein B,
triglycerides, blood pressure, or body mass index (data not
shown) was found in the population sample. No significant differences
in conventional risk factors (total, LDL, and HDL
cholesterol; body mass index; frequencies of diabetes and
hypertension; and smoking) between the patient and control groups were
obtained (data not shown).
In healthy volunteers, the density of monocyte CD14 receptors was significantly higher (P=0.0028) in the T/T homozygotes (107 900±16 300) than in the C/T heterozygotes (76 600±13 300) or C/C homozygotes (76 000±13 700).
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Recently, growing evidence has suggested that in addition to the already well-established risk factors (hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and some others), infection may also be an important risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis and consequently for MI. Among other things,12 13 an association was reported between atherosclerosis and infection with Gram-negative bacteria (namely, Chlamydia pneumoniae2 ) and with the presence of their endotoxins (LPSs) in the plasma.14 LPSs stimulate the synthesis of interleukins and growth factors in monocytes3 and endothelial cells.15 As a consequence of this increased production, the adhesion of monocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes to the vessel wall is also increased.16
With infection, as with other risk factors for atherosclerosis, one would also suppose that the genetic makeup of individuals would influence the sensitivity to this stimulus. One of the candidate genes is the gene for the CD14 receptor (binds the complex LPS–LPS binding protein formed in the plasma),17 which plays an important role in the activation of monocytes by LPS. Such activated monocytes can subsequently initiate the process of atherosclerosis.
The described polymorphism in the CD14 gene promoter is located
near the Sp1 recognition sequence factor, which is necessary for CD14
expression.7 Meisel et al10 recently
described a 30% increased density of CD14 receptors in patients in the
acute phase of MI. Our data in healthy volunteers without acute illness
showed that the C(-260)T change affects the level of CD14 gene
expression, and thus we suppose that this increased density is
permanent and genetically determined.
This C(-260)T change in the CD14 gene is the first reported
polymorphism to suggest that the sensitivity of individuals to
infection as an eventual risk factor for
atherosclerosis is at least partially genetically
determined. This genetic predisposition could explain the accumulation
of premature atherosclerosis in certain families
without the presence of common risk factors such as
hyperlipidemia or hypertension.
We present a report of a polymorphism in the CD14 gene
that is associated with increased risk of MI. The C(-260)T
polymorphism near the Sp1 binding site influences the activity of
the CD14 promoter. Whether or not the reported association is causal
needs to be established in further studies revealing the
pathophysiological mechanism of interactions
between monocytes, infectious agents, and the vessel wall in connection
with the different genotypes for CD14 receptor.
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Acknowledgments |
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This work was supported by grants 4246-2, 3658-3, and 3635-6 from the Internal Grant Agency of the Czech Ministry of Health, and grant 306/96/K220 from the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic.
Received February 17, 1999; revision received May 4, 1999; accepted May 5, 1999.
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