Long-Term Beneficial Effect of Late Reperfusion for Acute Anterior Myocardial Infarction With Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty
Presented in part at the 70th Annual Scientific Sessions of the American Heart Association, Orlando, Fla, November 9–12, 1997, and published in abstract form (Circulation. 1997;96[suppl I]:I-340).
From the First Department of Internal Medicine (H.H., M.T., K.M., M.I., A.T., H.Y., T.F., M.K.) and the Section of Emergency and Critical Medicine (Medical Coordination Center) (H.H., K.M., H.Y.), Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan, and Okamura Memorial Hospital (M.N., T.F., T.S., O.K., H.O.), Shizuoka, Japan.
Correspondence to Hajime Horie, MD, First Department of Internal Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan. E-mail hajime{at}belle.shiga-med.ac.jp
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Abstract |
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Background—Although the short-term and long-term beneficial effects of early coronary revascularization by primary PTCA or thrombolytic therapy have been established for acute myocardial infarction, thrombolytic therapy >24 hours after the onset of acute myocardial infarction has not been shown to improve clinical outcome. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of late revascularization by primary PTCA over a 5-year period.
Methods and Results—Eighty-three patients with initial Q-wave anterior myocardial infarction >24 hours after onset were randomized into a PTCA group (n=44) and a no-PTCA group (n=39). Long-term follow-up was conducted with regard to end points, which included cardiac death, nonfatal recurrence of myocardial infarction, and development of congestive heart failure. Left ventricular ejection fraction and regional wall motion at 6 months after myocardial infarction were similar in the 2 groups. Left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volume indexes were significantly smaller in the PTCA group than in the no-PTCA group (P<0.0001). With cardiac events as end points, a 5-year Kaplan-Meier event-free survival analysis revealed that the no-PTCA group had a worse prognosis than the PTCA group (P<0.0001). Patency of the infarct-related artery, left ventricular ejection fraction, end-diastolic volume index, and end-systolic volume index were significantly associated with cardiac events by a Cox proportional hazards analysis (hazard ratios 0.120, 0.845, 1.065, and 1.164, respectively).
Conclusions—In initial Q-wave anterior myocardial infarction, we conclude that even with late reperfusion, PTCA had beneficial effects on cardiac events over the 5-year period after myocardial infarction, with the prevention of left ventricular dilation after myocardial infarction being a possible mechanism.
Key Words: myocardial infarction • angioplasty • reperfusion • prognosis
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Introduction |
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Early reperfusion in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) by thrombolytic therapy has been shown to reduce infarct size, preserve left ventricular function, and improve both the short- and long-term prognoses.1 2 Several studies of thrombolytic therapy for the late treatment of patients with AMI (late reperfusion) have shown that such treatment confers a survival benefit, although late reperfusion did not reduce the infarct size or preserve left ventricular function.3 Recently, the open-artery theory has been proposed, which suggests that even if patency of the infarct-related artery (IRA) is achieved late, after AMI is complete, the long-term outcome of such patients is still better than that in patients in whom patency was not achieved.4 Nevertheless, thrombolytic therapy beyond 12 hours after the onset of symptoms did not improve the clinical outcome, probably because it was ineffective in establishing coronary patency.5 The failure of earlier studies may be due to the lower initial success rates of emergency PTCA and high reocclusion rates as reported in some randomized trials in which late PTCA was performed for occluded IRA beyond 12 hours after the onset of AMI.6 7 Recently, Sabri et al8 demonstrated a high initial success rate, a low complication rate, and a low incidence of reocclusion by late PTCA in a nonrandomized trial. In addition, Pizzeti et al9 reported beneficial effects of "very late" (2 weeks after myocardial infarction [MI]) mechanical reperfusion of the IRA on left ventricular (LV) remodeling. Hochman,10 in an editorial comment on the Pizzeti report, evaluated the beneficial effects of late PTCA for occluded IRA after anterior MI but stated that a randomized trial was necessary.
We conducted this randomized trial study to assess the effect of late mechanical reperfusion by primary PTCA and to assess any long-term beneficial effect over a 5-year period.
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Methods |
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Patient Selection
The study population was selected from 101 consecutive patients who were admitted to the coronary care unit of Okamura Memorial Hospital, with initial Q-wave anteroseptal MI from January 1990 to December 1992 >24 hours (ranging from 24 hours to 3 weeks) after the onset of symptoms. Inclusion criteria were a history of persistent ST-segment elevation of >0.2 mV in
2 leads on standard 12-lead ECG.
Only patients with total occlusion of the IRA (Thrombolysis
in Myocardial Infarction [TIMI] grade 0 or 1) were eligible for this
study. Patients were excluded for the following reasons: (1) age >80
years; (2) history of MI or cardiomyopathy; (3)
history of stroke within the previous 6 months; (4) severe
valvular disease; (5) left bundle branch block or permanent
pacemaker; (6) chronic renal failure; (7) ventricular
septal defect; (8) perfusion state of the infarct-related artery
exceeded TIMI grade >1 at the initial angiography; (9) 50%
stenosis in the left main coronary artery; (10)
uncertain time of reperfusion; and (11) change in medications during
the follow-up. After exclusion, 83 patients were enrolled in this
study.
Acute Catheterization and Angiography
After administering intravenous heparin (5000 U),
coronary angiography (CAG) and left ventriculography (LVG) were
performed with the use of standard techniques. After baseline
hemodynamic measurements, CAG was recorded in
multiple angulated projections to visualize the IRA and to evaluate
the extent of collateral circulation. Collaterals to the IRA were
evaluated before intervention according to the definition of Rentrop et
al11 : grade 0 to grade 3. Forty-nine patients
underwent LVG, and LV ejection fraction (LVEF),
end-diastolic volume index (EDVI), and end-systolic
volume index (ESVI) were calculated by the area-length
method.12 Percent regional wall motion of the
anterior wall was calculated by the centerline
method13 with correction for the 30° right
anterior oblique projection.
Randomization
After informed consent was obtained and TIMI grade (0 or 1 flow
at the proximal portion of the left descending artery) was confirmed,
patients were randomized into a primary angioplasty group (PTCA group)
and a no-angioplasty group (no-PTCA group). One of a group of
consecutively numbered, sealed envelopes containing a card generated at
the biostatistical core laboratory was pulled for random selection of
the patient to undergo angioplasty at the same sitting or not at
all.
Angioplasty Procedure
Primary angioplasty was performed according to the standard
technique. In patients randomized into the PTCA group, an attempt at
dilatation of the IRA was required. All of the patients received
another 5000 U of heparin before angioplasty, and additional heparin
(3000 U) was administered each hour during the procedure. Angiographic
success was defined as TIMI grade 2 or 3 flow and <50% diameter
narrowing after angioplasty with the use of computer-assisted
quantitative coronary angiographic evaluations with an on-line
analysis system14 and digital images
(ACA-DCI, Phillips).
Medical Treatment After Randomization
All of the patients were monitored for 24 hours and maintained
on heparin infusion for 24 hours, which was titrated to maintain an
activated clotting time of 200 seconds. All of the patients
received intravenous nitroglycerin for
24 hours after admission. Nitrates and aspirin were administered
orally followed by the infusion of nitroglycerin. Other
cardioactive agents (calcium channel blockers, ß-blockers, and
angiotensin-converting enzyme [ACE]
inhibitors) were administered at the discretion of the
physician. Medications were not changed after randomization, and the
dosage was kept constant throughout the study period, except for
warfarin.
Measurement of Cardiac Enzymes
We measured the peak creatinine kinase (CK) activity
and myosin light chain 1 (MLC1) to estimate the infarct size. Blood
samples were drawn from the femoral or antecubital vein for measurement
of CK and MLC1 at admission, every 3 hours until 2 days, and then twice
daily until 10 days after the onset of AMI. CK activity was determined
according to the method of Rosalki.15 MLC1 was
measured by ELISA.16
Follow-Up Catheterization and Angiography
Follow-up cardiac catheterization and
angiography were performed 6 months after AMI in the chronic phase. All
of the patients underwent CAG to assess the occurrence of
restenosis. Restenosis was defined by quantitative
coronary angiography as the recurrence of >50%
luminal narrowing in the coronary segment that had previously
been dilated. In the case of restenosis, repeat PTCA was
performed to avoid stenosis of the IRA in patients who had been
randomized into the PTCA group. In patients who were randomized into
the no-PTCA group, we did not perform additional
revascularization procedures on the IRA.
Revascularization procedures were performed on
other vessels if angina had occurred or if the patient had positive
results in exercise testing. All of the patients also underwent LVG,
and LVEF, percent regional wall motion, EDVI, and ESVI were determined.
Angiographic data were assessed by independent observers who were
blinded to this study.
Long-Term Follow-Up
Long-term follow-up was conducted with regard to cardiac events
as end points, including cardiac death, recurrent nonfatal MI, and the
development of congestive heart failure (CHF). Long-term follow-up was
based on a systematic review of all of the hospital and outpatient
charts to assess rehospitalization during the follow-up period and a
final telephone interview with regard to end points.
Statistical Analysis
Data are presented as mean±SD. Differences in baseline
characteristics were evaluated by Student's t test and by
the 
2 test. A P value of <0.05 was
considered significant. Differences in survival and event-free survival
between the groups were evaluated by the Kaplan-Meier method.
Comparisons were made with the use of the log-rank test.
For clinical and angiographic variables, a multivariate analysis was performed with the Cox proportional hazards model, run in a stepwise manner, to assess the association with cardiac events (cardiac death, recurrence of MI, CHF).
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Results |
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Baseline Characteristics
Table 1
shows the baseline
characteristics of the PTCA and no-PTCA groups. The mean time to
reperfusion from the onset of symptoms was 8.29±9.68 days (range 24
hours to 3 weeks) in the PTCA group. There were no significant
differences in the baseline characteristics between the groups. The
degree of heart failure as measured by the Killip classification was
similar in the 2 groups. The number of patients taking ACE
inhibitors (5 [11%] in the PTCA group, 9 [23%] in the
no-PTCA group), which have been reported to affect the long-term
outcome,17 was also similar in the 2 groups.
Likewise, the number of patients taking ß-blockers was also similar
in the 2 groups.
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Baseline Angiographic Characteristics
The baseline angiographic characteristics of the 2 groups are
shown in Table 2. The 2 groups were
similar with respect to the initial TIMI flow grades, number of
diseased vessels, and the collaterals. The reference diameters of the
occluded IRA were also similar in the 2
groups.
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Results of Angioplasty
The results of angioplasty are also shown in Table 2
. Primary PTCA
for the occluded IRA was performed in 44 patients. TIMI grade 3 flow
was achieved in 38 patients and TIMI grade 2 flow was achieved in 3 of
44 patients after angioplasty. The minimal lumen diameter of the IRA
increased from 0 to 2.41±0.57 mm, and residual stenosis
was 14.5±11.8% after angioplasty. Successful reperfusion was achieved
in 41 (93%) patients. The remaining 3 patients who failed to achieve
2 flow after balloon dilatation were considered unsuccessful.
Follow-Up Angiography
CAG was performed for all of the patients 6 months after the onset
of AMI. Reocclusion was recognized in 2 patients, and
restenosis was recognized in 12 patients in the PTCA group.
Repeat angioplasty was performed in 14 restenosed patients, and all of
the procedures attempted were successful. Spontaneous
recanalization was recognized in 5 patients in the
no-PTCA group. Revascularization procedures were
performed on other vessels in 4 (9%) of the 44 in the PTCA group and
in 4 (10%) of the 39 in the no-PTCA group. The treated vessels were 3
right coronary artery (RCA) and 1 left circumflex (LCx) in the
PTCA group, and 2 RCA and 2 LCx in the no-PTCA group. All of these
procedures were successful without major complications.
Acute and Follow-Up LV Functions
Thirty-two of the 44 (73%) patients in the PTCA group and 17
(44%) of the 39 patients in the no-PTCA group underwent LVG in the
acute phase, and all of the study patients underwent LVG 6 months after
the onset of AMI. As shown in Table 3,
there were no significant differences between the 2 groups with respect
to acute LVEF, percent regional wall motion, EDVI, and ESVI. In the
follow-up LVG, although LVEF and percent wall motion were similar in
the 2 groups, EDVI and ESVI in the PTCA group were significantly
smaller than those in the no-PTCA group.
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Long-Term Follow-Up
We were able to follow up all of the patients. During the mean
follow-up period of 50±24 months, 1 patient in the PTCA group died
from CHF, and 4 patients in the no-PTCA group died (1 reoccurrence of
MI and 3 CHF). The incidence of cardiac death was higher in the no-PTCA
group, but this difference was not statistically significant. The
incidence of other cardiac events was significantly higher in the
no-PTCA group (Table 4). The
Figure shows the 5-year Kaplan-Meier actuarial
event-free survival curves for cardiac death and the combined end
points of cardiac death, CHF, and reoccurrence of MI. Considering all
of the events, the no-PTCA group had a worse prognosis than the PTCA
group.
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Factors Associated With Cardiac Events During Follow-Up
A Cox proportional hazards analysis was performed to
determine which factors were associated with cardiac events during the
follow-up period. The following were considered independent
variables: age, sex, smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus,
hyperlipidemia, preinfarction angina, cardiogenic
shock, patency of the IRA, TIMI flow grade at the initial angiography,
collateral flow (present or none), peak CK, peak MLC1, warfarin,
aspirin, ß-blockers, ACE inhibitors, and LVEF, percent
wall motion, EDVI, and ESVI on follow-up LVG. As a result, the patency
of the IRA, LVEF, EDVI, and ESVI and were significantly associated with
cardiac events (P=0.0074; hazard ratio 0.120,
P=0.0002; 0.845, P=0.0111; 1.065, and
P=0.0152; 1.164, respectively).
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Discussion |
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Our results indicate that late, including very late (from 24 hours to 3 weeks after MI), PTCA for an occluded IRA after initial Q-wave anterior MI provides a high initial success rate and has a beneficial effect on cardiac events over a 5-year period compared with persistent occlusion of the IRA, with the prevention of LV dilation after AMI being a possible mechanism. This is the first report of a randomized trial for patients with initial Q-wave anterior MI to demonstrate both a high initial success rate and long-term clinical benefits after MI.
Previous studies of both primary PTCA and thrombolytic therapy of the IRA within 6 hours of AMI demonstrated lower mortality and reinfarction rates as the result of an improvement of LV function and a reduction in infarct size.18 However, thrombolytic therapy for late-entry patients did not have a beneficial effect after a 1-year follow-up.5 19 In the LATE study,5 thrombolytic therapy >12 hours from the onset of symptoms did not have a beneficial effect in patients with AMI. Possible causes of the unfavorable outcome after thrombolytic therapy for late-entry patients may be the relatively low rate of successful reperfusion, which was reported to be 60% to 65%,5 6 and the high rate of reocclusion late after successful thrombolytic therapy.6 20 The patency of the IRA has been reported to be one of the strongest predictors of late survival.19 21 Therefore, late-entry patients are often not candidates for thrombolytic therapy. If primary PTCA could give a high rate of initial successful reperfusion and could maintain long-term patency, PTCA would be a good strategy for treating late-entry patients.
Primary PTCA for late-entry patients with AMI has been reported to
provide a higher initial recanalization success
rate (81% to 98%)22 than
thrombolytic therapy. However, in 2 small randomized
trials, late PTCA was associated with low patency rates several months
after onset.6 7 In patients with initial anterior
Q-wave MI >24 hours after the onset of AMI, we demonstrated that the
success rate of primary PTCA was 93% in patients randomized into the
PTCA group, and a high patency rate (94%: 37 of 39 successful
reperfusions) was seen at 6 months after primary PTCA. We expected that
primary PTCA would have a beneficial effect even for late-entry
patients. A previous report9 demonstrated that
late mechanical opening of the IRA had beneficial effects on LV
remodeling. However, no previous studies had demonstrated long-term
beneficial clinical effects. We demonstrated that EDVI and ESVI at 6
months after onset were significantly smaller in the PTCA group,
whereas they were equivalent between the groups at the onset of
anterior MI. In addition, primary PTCA had long-term beneficial effects
over the 5-year period after anterior MI despite a similar LVEF and
percent wall motion of the infarct area at 6 months after onset.
Possible Mechanisms of Beneficial Effects of Late
Reperfusion
LV volumes were significantly smaller in the PTCA (late
reperfusion) group than in the no-PTCA group, whereas LVEF was similar
in the 2 groups in our study. The peak MLC1 level was also similar in
the 2 groups. The MLC1 level has been reported to reflect the infarct
size, and reaches its peak 5 to 8 days after the onset of
AMI.23 We estimated the infarct size, even for
late-entry patients, by peak MLC1. The infarct sizes estimated from the
peak MLC1 level were similar between the groups. These results are
consistent with previous reports24 of the
open artery hypothesis that late reperfusion could prevent LV
remodeling after the onset of AMI, whereas infarct size is not
preserved.
If residual persistent ischemia (viable or hibernating myocardium) is present near the risk region of the occluded IRA, late reperfusion could restore LV function, independent of the time after onset. Sabia et al25 showed that regional wall motion in patients with collateral flow can be improved after successful angioplasty a mean of 12 days after MI, and Welty et al26 reported that an open artery after coronary angioplasty for post-MI ischemia is associated with significantly lower mortality rates, particularly in patients with LVEF <50%. In our study, none of the patients complained of chest pain on admission, and none of the patients had antegrade flow at the initial angiography. However, 22 (50%) patients in the PTCA group and 24 (61%) patients in the no-PTCA group had collateral flow at the initial angiography. Although they were similar between the 2 groups in the grade or the presence of collaterals, CAG is insufficient for assessing residual myocardial perfusion. Therefore, one possible mechanism is that primary PTCA might relieve residual ischemia after Q-wave MI.
Importance of Patency of the IRA for Late Cardiac Survival
The open artery theory was suggested by the fact that patients
with a patent IRA after thrombolytic or spontaneous
recanalization had a markedly lower mortality rate
at long-term follow-up than patients with an occluded
IRA.21 However, no previous randomized studies
have assessed whether a patent IRA by primary PTCA provides long-term
beneficial effects even for late-entry patients. In patients with
initial anterior Q-wave MI, we demonstrated that late PTCA provided a
high vessel patency rate and had beneficial effects on the incidence of
cardiac death, reoccurrence of MI, and CHF over a 5-year period. We
also showed that patency of the IRA achieved by late PTCA was an
independent predictor of improved long-term survival. Previous
studies27 28 that have demonstrated an
association between IRA patency and long-term outcome after MI included
not only patients who underwent PTCA but also those with spontaneous
recanalization and those who underwent
thrombolytic therapy. In patients in whom the IRA has
already been reperfused at the initial angiography, salvage of
myocardium within the risk region might have already
occurred, caused not only by the beneficial effect of the open artery
but also by ordinary early reperfusion. The purpose of this study was
to evaluate the time-independent beneficial effects of late mechanical
reperfusion, isolated from other possible beneficial effects.
Therefore, we enrolled a homogeneous group of patients with
a similar infarct location and no antegrade flow, who were admitted
late and treated only with primary PTCA.
Accordingly, we conclude that primary PTCA could achieve IRA patency and provides long-term beneficial effects in patients even with late-entry Q-wave anterior MI.
Study Limitations
Our study has several limitations. First, serial ventriculograms
of sufficient technical quality for analysis were obtained in
73% of the patients in the PTCA group and in 44% of those in the
no-PTCA group. Thus we may have insufficient data for an evaluation in
the acute stage. Although we randomized the study patients and no
significant differences were apparent between the baseline
characteristics of the groups, we cannot rule out the possibility of a
selection bias. Second, because of the small sample size, we cannot
rule out the possibility of a type II error on the basis of our
selection criteria to evaluate the beneficial effects of late
perfusion. Third, we assessed myocardial perfusion only by the degree
of collateral flow. However, contrast ultrasound measurement and
reversible 201-thallium uptake defect may provide results superior to
those obtained by angiography. Therefore, we cannot rule out the
possibility that residual ischemia, hibernating
myocardium, or stunned myocardium within the
infarct area varied between the groups.
Finally, we performed CAG 6 months after the onset of AMI to assess late vessel patency. Therefore, we cannot evaluate sustained vessel patency throughout the follow-up period.
Clinical Implications
Patency of the IRA has beneficial effects on LV function and on
the prognosis after MI. Although very late-entry patients are not
candidates for thrombolytic therapy, primary PTCA can
provide revascularization of the IRA with a high
success rate. Although the rate of reocclusion has been relatively high
in previous studies, this aggressive mechanical
revascularization procedure may contribute to a
lower late cardiac mortality rates, and the use of stents and/or
anti-platelet therapy may help to reduce the rate of
reocclusion.
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Acknowledgments |
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We thank Hiroshi Ohshima, Etsuko Wada, and Naomi Suzuki of the Okamura Memorial Hospital research laboratories.
Received June 18, 1998; revision received July 14, 1998; accepted July 24, 1998.
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28.
Ohman EM, Califf RM, Topol EJ, Candela R, Abbottsmith
C, Ellis S, Sigmon KN, Simonton CA, Kereiakes D, George B, Stack RS.
Consequences of reocclusion after successful reperfusion therapy in
acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1990;82:781–791.In this study, we randomized 83 patients with
initial Q-wave anterior myocardial infarction >24 hours after onset
into percutaneous transluminal coronary
angioplasty (PTCA) (n=44) and no-PTCA (n=39) groups. Cardiac
catheterization was repeated at 6 months and followed
up for an average of 50 months. Patients treated with PTCA had better
preservation of left ventricular cavity size and fewer
serious adverse clinical events. We conclude that even with late
reperfusion, PTCA had beneficial effects on cardiac events over the
5-year follow-up period after myocardial infarction, with the
prevention of left ventricular dilation after anterior
myocardial infarction being a possible mechanism.
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