(Circulation. 1998;98:2307-2313.)
© 1998 American Heart Association, Inc.
Basic Science Reports |
Glucocorticoid-Induced Granulocytosis
Contribution of Marrow Release and Demargination of Intravascular Granulocytes
From the Pulmonary Research Laboratory, University of British Columbia, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
Correspondence to Dr S.F. van Eeden, University of British Columbia, Pulmonary Research Laboratory, St Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard St, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6Z1Y6. E-mail svaneeden{at}prl.pulmonary.ubc.ca
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Abstract |
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Background—Glucocorticoid-induced granulocytosis has been attributed to enhanced release of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) from bone marrow, delayed apoptosis, and reduced egress of PMNs into tissues. This study was designed to determine the relative contributions of PMNs released from the bone marrow and those entering the circulation from the marginated pool to the granulocytosis produced by a single dose of dexamethasone (2.0 mg/kg) in rabbits.
Methods and Results—PMN transit through the mitotic and
postmitotic pools of the bone marrow and rate of release of PMNs into
the circulation were measured by use of the thymidine analogue
5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) to pulse-label PMNs in the bone marrow.
The shift of PMNs from the marginated to the circulating pool was
measured with BrdU-labeled PMNs transferred from donor rabbits to
recipients before dexamethasone was delivered. The data
show that dexamethasone increased bone marrow release of
PMNs and shortened their transit time through the postmitotic pool
(P<0.001) but not the mitotic pool of the bone marrow
(P>0.05). Dexamethasone slowed the
clearance of BrdU-labeled PMNs from the circulation
(P<0.05) and lengthened their disappearance (half-life)
from the circulation compared with control (half-life, 4.95 versus 9.45
hours). At 6 hours after dexamethasone, bone marrow release
contributed 
10%, mobilization from the marginated pool 61%, and
a lengthened half-life in the circulation 29% to the
glucocorticoid-induced granulocytosis.
Conclusions—We conclude that a single dose of dexamethasone causes a granulocytosis primarily by a shift of PMNs from the marginated to the circulating pool, with a minor contribution from marrow release.
Key Words: leukocytes • microcirculation • hormones • immunohistochemistry
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Introduction |
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Glucocorticoids are used to control the inflammatory response in many human diseases. Inhibition of phospholipases1 and inhibition of transcription of various cytokines2 have been reported to be major mechanisms for this anti-inflammatory action. Although glucocorticoids inhibit polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) accumulation in inflamed tissue,3 4 they cause a marked increase in circulating PMNs available to participate in the inflammatory response.
Several possible mechanisms for the glucocorticoid-induced granulocytosis have been proposed, including enhanced release of PMNs from bone marrow,5 delayed apoptosis of PMNs in the circulation,6 and reduced egress of PMNs into inflamed tissues.5 7 The enhanced release of PMNs from the bone marrow after glucocorticoid administration has been demonstrated as an increased number of nonsegmented PMNs (band form) in the circulation5 8 9 and by the dilution of infused radiolabeled PMNs5 after glucocorticoids. This is supported by patients with aplastic marrow, who have a poor response to glucocorticoids, suggesting that the enhanced release of PMNs from the bone marrow is an important mechanism of the glucocorticoid-induced granulocytosis.10
An alternative mechanism for the granulocytosis induced by glucocorticoids is an influx of PMNs from the intravascular marginated PMN pools (MPPs),11 12 similar to the effect of epinephrine and/or exercise.11 Although we have not found any reports that directly address this hypothesis, Bishop and colleagues5 suggested that PMNs in the MPP were mobilized into the circulation after glucocorticoids.
The purpose of this study was to determine the contribution of bone marrow release and demargination of PMNs to the glucocorticoid-induced granulocytosis. We used the thymidine analogue 5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) to pulse-label the myeloid precursors in the bone marrow and measured their transit time through the mitotic and postmitotic pools of the bone marrow by following the appearance and disappearance of the labeled cells in the circulation.13 14 15 We have previously shown that this method can be used to measure the effect of an inflammatory stimulus such as pneumococcal pneumonia on the transit time of PMNs through the marrow pools.15 The chronic treatment of donor rabbits with BrdU also allowed BrdU-labeled PMNs (PMNBrdU) to be transferred to recipients and the measurements of the effect of dexamethasone on the MPP and their half-life (t1/2) in the circulation.14 In this way, we were able to determine the relative importance of marrow release and demargination in the glucocorticoid-induced granulocytosis.
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Methods |
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Animals
Female New Zealand White rabbits (n=27; weight, 2.3 to 3.2 kg) were used in this study. Rabbits were anesthetized by a subcutaneous injection of fentanyl (0.02 mg/kg) and droperidol (1.0 mg/kg) at each time point of blood collection. All these studies were approved by the Animal Experimentation Committee of the University of British Columbia.
Study Design
Effect of Dexamethasone on the Release of PMNs From the
Bone Marrow
BrdU (100 mg/kg IV; Sigma Chemical Co) dissolved with saline was
given to 13 rabbits. Twenty-four hours later, 2.0 mg/kg of
dexamethasone (Sabex, QC) in 3 mL of saline solution was
given intravenously to 7 rabbits and 3 mL of saline solution was given
intravenously to 6 additional rabbits that served as
controls. Blood samples were obtained from the central ear artery just
before the BrdU and dexamethasone or saline injection and
at 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, and 168 hours after
dexamethasone or saline injection. Blood (1 mL) was
collected in tubes containing EDTA for leukocyte counts, and an
additional 1 mL was collected in tubes containing acid-citrate dextrose
(ACD) for the detection of PMNBrdU.
Effect of Dexamethasone on the Release of PMNs From
the MPP
The PMNs of donor rabbits (n=5) were labeled with BrdU (25
mg · kg-1 ·
d-1 for 7 days), and the BrdU-labeled leukocytes
were transferred to recipient rabbits as 15 mL/kg of whole blood by a
method previously described in detail.14 The
recipients were given 2.0 mg/kg of dexamethasone in 3 mL of
saline solution (n=5) or 3 mL of saline (n=4) intravenously
1 hour after the blood transfusion. This time point was selected to
administer dexamethasone because previous studies from our
laboratory showed that labeled cells in recipients have reached a
steady state 1 hour after the blood
transfusion.14 Blood samples were obtained from
the central ear artery just before dexamethasone or saline
injection and at 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 hours after
dexamethasone or saline injection. Blood (1 mL) was
collected in tubes containing EDTA, and an additional 1 mL was
collected in tubes containing ACD for the detection of
PMNBrdU.
Leukocyte Counts
Total white blood cell (WBC) counts were determined on a model
SS80 Coulter Counter (Coulter Electronics). Differential counts were
obtained by counting 100 leukocytes in randomly selected fields of view
on Wright's stained blood smears. One hundred PMNs were evaluated in
randomly selected fields of view to determine the number of band
cells.
Immunocytochemical Staining of PMNBrdU
Erythrocytes in the blood sample were allowed to sediment for 25
to 30 minutes after the addition of an equal volume of 4% dextran
(average molecular weight, 162 000; Sigma). The resulting
leukocyte-rich plasma was cytospun onto
3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane–coated slides and stained for the
presence of nuclear BrdU by a modified alkaline
phosphatase/anti–alkaline phosphatase technique previously described
in detail.14 Briefly, the slides were digested at
37°C for 15 minutes in a 0.04% pepsin solution acidified to pH 2.5.
DNA in the samples was denatured by incubating slides in 2N HCl, which
was neutralized by 0.1 mol/L borate buffer, pH 8.5. Mouse monoclonal
antibody against BrdU (2 µg/mL; DAKO Laboratories) was applied for 60
minutes. Nonimmune mouse IgG (5 µg/mL) and omission of the primary
antibody were used as negative controls. A 1:20 dilution of rabbit
anti-mouse IgG (DAKO) was applied for 30 minutes, followed by the
anti-mouse IgG alkaline phosphatase–conjugated complex (DAKO) in a
1:50 dilution for 30 minutes. The alkaline phosphatase was developed
for 20 minutes, and endogenous alkaline phosphatase was
blocked by addition of levamisole (Sigma) to the color reaction. The
preparations were counterstained with Mayer's hematoxylin.
Evaluation of PMNBrdU Released From Bone
Marrow
PMNBrdU was evaluated as previously
described.15 Briefly,
PMNBrdU were divided into 3 groups according to
the intensity of nuclear staining: weakly positive (staining of <5%
of the nucleus, G1), moderately positive (staining of 5% to
80% of the nucleus, G2), and highly positive (staining of >80% of
the nucleus, G3). This grading system was designed to evaluate the
transit time of the myeloid cells that were in their last division in
the mitotic pool when exposed to BrdU (G3), those that were in middle
(G2), and those that were in their first division (G1). Fields were
selected in a systematically randomized fashion, and 100 cells were
evaluated per specimen. Intraobserver and interobserver reliabilities
of this grading system were estimated by 2 different observers'
grading of PMNBrdU on 10 randomly selected slides
and 1 observer's grading of the same 10 slides 3 weeks apart without
knowledge of the identity of slides.
Transit Time of PMNBrdU Through Bone Marrow
Transit time of PMNBrdU through the bone
marrow was calculated as previously described.15
Briefly, the number of PMNBrdU was corrected for
the disappearance (t1/2) of cells in the
circulation. In previous studies, we have reported that the
t1/2 of PMNBrdU in rabbits
was 4.5 hours.14 We applied this rate of
exponential loss of PMNBrdU from the circulation
to calculate the number of PMNBrdU released from
the bone marrow and the transit time through the different pools in the
bone marrow in the following manner:
 | (1) |
These calculations were made for each 6-hour interval, and a histogram was drawn showing the distribution of the PMNBrdU released from the bone marrow during each 6-hour interval. The mean transit times for all the PMNBrdU and the different populations of PMNBrdU (G1, G2, and G3 cells) were calculated individually in each rabbit.
Number of PMNBrdU in Circulation of Recipients
The number of PMNBrdU in the circulation
of each recipient was expressed as a fraction of the total number of
labeled PMNs originally infused and corrected for the calculated blood
volume16 of the recipient in the following
manner:
 | (2) |
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Calculation of t1/2 of PMNBrdU in
Circulation of Recipients
The number of PMNBrdU in the circulating
blood of recipients reached a steady state 1 hour after transfer of
labeled cells followed by a decay.14
Dexamethasone was given at this time point, which was
designated as 0 hours, from which the rate of decay of PMNs in the
circulation was calculated (t1/2) by the
following equation:
 | (3) |
Because the t1/2 can be estimated as the time at which Nt is N0/2, the rate-decay equation for t1/2 becomes t1/2=ln2/k. The constant k was calculated with the random-effects regression method.17 In dexamethasone-treated rabbits, time 12 hours was used as t.
Statistical Analysis
All values are expressed as mean±SEM except as otherwise
mentioned. Temporal changes in circulating PMN counts, percentage of
band cells, PMNBrdU counts, and
%PMNBrdUcirc were evaluated by ANOVA for
repeated measurements. Transit times of PMNBrdU
were compared by 2-sample t test, and Bonferroni corrections
were made for multiple comparisons. Statistical significance was
defined as a value of P<0.05. One-way random-effects ANOVA
was used for estimating the intraclass correlation coefficient of
reliability, R, within 1 observer's evaluations as well as
between those of 2 different observers.18
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Results |
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Effects of Dexamethasone on the Release of PMNs From the Bone Marrow
WBCs, PMNs, and Band Cells in the Circulation
Figures 1
and 2 show the effects of
dexamethasone on circulating WBCs, PMNs, and band cells.
Circulating WBC and PMN counts at baseline (0 hours) were similar in
the dexamethasone-treated rabbits and control rabbits.
Dexamethasone increased the WBC counts from
8.9±2.0x109/L to
13.4±1.1x109/L at 6 hours (P=0.028
at 4 to 6 hours), and counts returned to the baseline value by 48 hours
(Figure 1A). Dexamethasone increased the PMN counts from
4.6±0.8x109/L to
11.6±1.1x109/L at 6 hours (P=0.004
at 4 to 24 hours), and counts returned to the baseline value by 48
hours (Figure 1B). Dexamethasone increased the band cell
counts from 0.28±0.05x109/L to
1.28±0.25x109/L at 6 hours (P=0.016
at 4 to 12 hours), and counts returned to the baseline value by 48
hours (Figure 2A). The percentage of band cell counts increased from
6.1±1.0% to 11.0±1.6% at 6 hours and 11.0±1.4% at 12 hours
(P=0.044 at 2 to 12 hours), and values returned to the
baseline value by 48 hours (Figure 2B). Leukocyte counts in the control
rabbits did not change over the study period.
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(n=7) shows
dexamethasone-treated rabbits; 
(n=6), control rabbits.
BrdU (100 mg/kg IV) was given at -24 hours, and 2.0 mg/kg of
dexamethasone or saline IV was given at 0 hours.
*P<0.05 vs control.
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PMNBrdU in the Circulation
The first PMNBrdU appeared in the
circulation 24 hours after labeling of the bone marrow, rapidly rose,
and peaked at 48 (dexamethasone-treated rabbits) and 72
(control rabbits) hours (Figure 3A), and
then disappeared over the next 4 to 5 days. Figure 3B shows the transit
of highly stained PMNs (G3 cells), and Figure 3C shows weakly stained
PMNs (G1 cells) through the circulation. G3 cells appeared in the
circulation first and G1 cells appeared last in each group. We assume
that the G3 cells represent cells labeled during their last
myelocyte division and that the G1 cells represent cells
labeled in their first myeloblast or promyelocyte
division.15 The earlier peak time of
PMNBrdU in dexamethasone-treated
rabbits was mostly a result of the earlier release of G3 cells (Figure 3B). The estimated intraclass correlation coefficients for the
evaluation of PMNBrdU indicated very high
reliability within 1 observer (R=0.95) and between 2
observers (R=0.94).
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Transit Time of PMNBrdU Through the Bone
Marrow
The Table shows the calculated
transit time of all the PMNBrdU and the different
subpopulations of PMNBrdU (G3, G2, and G1 cells).
The transit time of all the PMNBrdU through the
bone marrow was shortened by dexamethasone
(P<0.01). This shortened transit time was due to a shorter
transit time through the postmitotic pool (G3 cells,
P<0.001). The transit time through the mitotic pool (G1 to
G3) was not changed by dexamethasone.
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Effects of Dexamethasone on the Mobilization of
PMNBrdU From the MPP
Circulating PMN Counts
PMN counts at baseline were similar in both
dexamethasone-treated rabbits and control rabbits (Figure 4A). Dexamethasone caused a
rapid increase in circulating PMN counts within 2 hours. Counts
remained high up to 6 hours (P=0.027 at 4 to 6 hours) and
then decreased to control values by 12 hours.
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Clearance of PMNBrdU From the
Circulation
After transfusion of the PMNBrdU, 1 hour was
allowed to achieve a steady state.14 The
fractions of the transfused PMNBrdU in the
circulating PMN pool (CPP) of recipients at 1 hour were similar in both
dexamethasone-treated rabbits (40±2.8%) and control
rabbits (38±9.1%, Figure 4B
). In control rabbits, the fraction of
PMNBrdU decreased throughout the 24-hour study
period, and the calculated t1/2 of
PMNBrdU from the circulation was 4.75 hours.
Dexamethasone treatment increased the fraction of
PMNBrdU present in peripheral
blood (P=0.016 at 2 to 6 hours), which increased the
t1/2 of PMNBrdU to 9.45
hours. Because the circulating PMN counts in the
dexamethasone-treated rabbits returned to control values
within 12 hours, the t1/2 in both groups were
calculated between steady state (1 hour after transfusion) and 12
hours.
Distribution of CPP and MPP
In the control rabbits, the calculated percentage of
PMNBrdU remaining in the circulation immediately
after the injection of PMNBrdU was 44% by use of
a t1/2 of 4.75 hours. This means that the total
blood PMN pool (TBPP) consists of 44% CPP and 56% MPP. We assume an
equilibration between the CPP and MPP similar to that in control
rabbits in the dexamethasone-treated rabbits at 12 hours,
because the circulating PMN counts in dexamethasone-treated
rabbits returned to control values within 12 hours (Figure 4A). On the
basis of these assumptions, the calculated percentage of
PMNBrdU in the TBPP of
dexamethasone-treated rabbits was 91% at 0 hours and 38%
at 12 hours (Figure 5). With these data,
the calculated t1/2 of
PMNBrdU in the TBPP of
dexamethasone-treated rabbits was 9.45 hours. It follows
that the calculated percentage of PMNBrdU in the
TBPP of dexamethasone-treated rabbits at 6 hours after
treatment should be 59%. The directly measured percentage of
PMNBrdU in the CPP of
dexamethasone-treated rabbits at 6 hours after treatment
was 46%. This means that the TBPP in dexamethasone-treated
rabbits at 6 hours after treatment consists of 78% CPP and 22% MPP.
The calculated distribution of CPP and MPP in the same way at 4 hours
after treatment was 70% and 30%, respectively. The effect of
dexamethasone on demargination was maximal at 6 hours after
treatment. From these results, the calculated contribution of bone
marrow release to the dexamethasone-induced
granulocytosis at 6 hours after treatment was 10%, demargination
was 61%, and other mechanisms that prolonged the
t1/2 of PMNs (delayed apoptosis, reduced
egress from blood) were responsible for the remaining 29% (Figure 6).
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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This study shows that glucocorticoid-induced granulocytosis results from multiple mechanisms; it enhances the mobilization of PMNs from the bone marrow, it shifts PMNs from the MPP into the CPP, and it causes prolongation of their intravascular half-life. Demargination of PMNs accounts for two thirds of the granulocytosis, with a minor contribution from bone marrow release of new PMNs (
10%). This
observation contrasts with previous reports in which the granulocytosis
induced by dexamethasone is attributed primarily to the
release of PMNs from the bone marrow.5
Several studies showed that glucocorticoids cause a granulocytosis by
enhancing the release of PMNs from the bone
marrow.3 5 8 9 10 Our data support this concept
and extend it by showing that the effect of dexamethasone
is to shorten the transit time of PMNs through the postmitotic pool of
the bone marrow. However, this shortening of the transit time of PMNs
is smaller (83% of control values) than the effect of an inflammatory
stimulus such as pneumococcal pneumonia (56% of control
values).15 Furthermore, there were no differences
in the release of PMNBrdU from bone marrow into
the circulation between the dexamethasone-treated and the
control rabbits at the peak of the
dexamethasone-induced granulocytosis (6 hours,
P=0.15). This suggests that dexamethasone
provides a weak stimulation for the bone marrow to release new PMNs
into the circulation. Only 10% of the total number of PMNs added to
the intravascular pool can be accounted for by bone marrow release.
This contrasts sharply with the release from the marrow induced by an
inflammatory stimulus such as pneumococcal pneumonia, in which transit
times through both the mitotic and postmitotic pools are shortened and
there is a much greater marrow release.
Mishler and Emerson12 suggested that a shift of PMNs from the MPP into the CPP could contribute to the granulocytosis induced by dexamethasone. Bishop and colleagues5 showed that glucocorticoids resulted in a somewhat greater increase in the size of the CPP than that of the MPP, suggesting that glucocorticoids mobilize PMNs from the MPP into the CPP. We tested this possibility directly by transferring PMNBrdU as whole blood from a donor to recipients and measured their disappearance after dexamethasone treatment. Our data showed that dexamethasone slowed the disappearance of PMNBrdU from the circulation and that the highest levels of PMNBrdU coincided with the maximal circulating PMN count observed after dexamethasone treatment. Our calculations show that at 6 hours, 78% of the TBPP was circulating PMNs in the dexamethasone-treated rabbit, in contrast to 44% at baseline. This supports the hypothesis that demargination of PMNs is an important mechanism of dexamethasone-induced granulocytosis.
Dexamethasone causes a delay in apoptosis of PMNs
and prolongs their survival in the
circulation.6 7 11 Our results support this
concept by showing that dexamethasone more than doubles the
half-life of PMNs in the circulation and that this prolongation
contributed 29% of the granulocytosis induced by glucocorticoids.
Dexamethasone has also been reported to decrease egress of
PMNs from the blood into an inflammatory site.5 7
Although our data provide no direct insight into this hypothesis,
previous studies from our laboratory established that only 1% to 2%
of cells delivered to an inflammatory site actually migrate into the
tissues.19 Therefore, we doubt that a slowing of
migration into inflamed sites contributes significantly to the
granulocytosis associated with glucocorticoids.
An increased band-cell count was observed in previous studies and used as evidence of bone marrow release of PMNs after dexamethasone.5 9 12 Our data showed that the percentage of circulating band cells increased from 6.1% to 11.0% 6 to 12 hours after dexamethasone treatment. However, because PMNBrdU did not increase to the same extent as the band cells, we postulate that the origin of some of the band cells may be in the MPP. We have previously shown that younger PMNs preferentially sequester in the lung microvessels,20 21 and we speculate that the mobilization of these younger PMNs from the MPP in the lung could contribute to the dexamethasone-induced increase in circulating band cell count.
The mechanism(s) for the dexamethasone-induced demargination of leukocytes is unclear. Several studies have shown that an increase in pulmonary blood flow rapidly shifted PMNs from the MPP in the lung to the CPP.11 22 Because a bolus injection of glucocorticoid has a small effect on the circulation and the hemodynamic state,23 the mechanism of demargination with glucocorticoid administration may be different. Because the expression of the adhesion molecules present on both PMNs and endothelium can be changed by glucocorticoids,4 8 24 we suspect that these events could decrease the adherence of PMNs to endothelium and contribute to demargination of PMNs.
In summary, the data reported here show that dexamethasone causes PMNs to enter the circulation from both the bone marrow and the MPP. However, the effect of dexamethasone on the bone marrow was minimal and confined to an effect on the transit time through the postmitotic pool. Dexamethasone also prolonged the survival of PMNs in the circulation, but its major effect was on the demargination of PMNs, which accounted for the bulk of the PMNs that entered the circulation after treatment.
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Acknowledgments |
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This work was supported by grant MRC 4219 from the Medical Research Council of Canada and by the St Paul's Hospital Foundation. We gratefully acknowledge Diane Minshall for help with the animal studies and Jennifer Hards for immunocytochemistry.
Received February 3, 1998; revision received June 9, 1998; accepted June 22, 1998.
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 L. Wehlin, J. Vedin, J. Vaage, and J. Lundahl Activation of complement and leukocyte receptors during on- and off pump coronary artery bypass surgery Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., January 1, 2004; 25(1): 35 - 42. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 Y. Goto, J. C. Hogg, T. Suwa, K. B. Quinlan, and S. F. van Eeden A novel method to quantify the turnover and release of monocytes from the bone marrow using the thymidine analog 5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, August 1, 2003; 285(2): C253 - C259. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M Shodell, K Shah, and F P Siegal Circulating human plasmacytoid dendritic cells are highly sensitive to corticosteroid administration Lupus, March 1, 2003; 12(3): 222 - 230. [Abstract] [PDF]
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 M. R. Bonsignore, G. Morici, A. Santoro, M. Pagano, L. Cascio, A. Bonanno, P. Abate, F. Mirabella, M. Profita, G. Insalaco, et al. Circulating hematopoietic progenitor cells in runners J Appl Physiol, November 1, 2002; 93(5): 1691 - 1697. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 T. Suwa, J. C. Hogg, K. B. Quinlan, and S. F. van Eeden The effect of interleukin-6 on L-selectin levels on polymorphonuclear leukocytes Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, September 1, 2002; 283(3): H879 - H884. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. E. Murray, H. R. Lallman, A. D. Heard, M. B. Rittenberg, and M. P. Stenzel-Poore A Genetic Model of Stress Displays Decreased Lymphocytes and Impaired Antibody Responses Without Altered Susceptibility to Streptococcus pneumoniae J. Immunol., July 15, 2001; 167(2): 691 - 698. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 T. Terashima, K. Amakawa, A. Matsumaru, S. van Eeden, J. C. Hogg, and K. Yamaguchi BAL Induces an Increase in Peripheral Blood Neutrophils and Cytokine Levels in Healthy Volunteers and Patients With Pneumonia Chest, June 1, 2001; 119(6): 1724 - 1729. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. P. Steensma, L. Letendre, A. Tefferi, B. D. Cheson, J. M. Bennett, and P. L. Greenberg Clarifications to the standard neutrophil response criteria for clinical trials in myelodysplastic syndromes are needed Blood, May 15, 2001; 97(10): 3321 - 3322. [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Suwa, J. C. Hogg, D. English, and S. F. Van Eeden Interleukin-6 induces demargination of intravascular neutrophils and shortens their transit in marrow Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2000; 279(6): H2954 - H2960. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Mukae, J. C. Hogg, D. English, R. Vincent, and S. F. van Eeden Phagocytosis of particulate air pollutants by human alveolar macrophages stimulates the bone marrow Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, November 1, 2000; 279(5): L924 - L931. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 B. WALZOG, P. WEINMANN, F. JEBLONSKI, K. SCHARFFETTER-KOCHANEK, K. BOMMERT, and P. GAEHTGENS A role for {beta}2 integrins (CD11/CD18) in the regulation of cytokine gene expression of polymorphonuclear neutrophils during the inflammatory response FASEB J, October 1, 1999; 13(13): 1855 - 1865. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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M. Nakagawa, G. P. Bondy, D. Waisman, D. Minshall, J. C. Hogg, and S. F. van Eeden The Effect of Glucocorticoids on the Expression of L-Selectin on Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Blood, April 15, 1999; 93(8): 2730 - 2737. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 E. Lutgens, M. Daemen, M. Kockx, P. Doevendans, M. Hofker, L. Havekes, H. Wellens, and E. D. de Muinck Atherosclerosis in APOE*3-Leiden Transgenic Mice : From Proliferative to Atheromatous Stage Circulation, January 19, 1999; 99(2): 276 - 283. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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