(Circulation. 1998;98:1853-1859.)
© 1998 American Heart Association, Inc.
Clinical Investigation and Reports |
Value of Serial Troponin T Measures for Early and Late Risk Stratification in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes
From the Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (L.K.N., E.M.O., T.D.T., K.L.L., C.C., C.B.G., R.M.C.); University of Maryland Medical System, Baltimore (R.H.C.); University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (P.W.A.); University Hospital of Hamburg, Germany (C.W.H.); University of Heidelberg, Germany (H.A.K.); and the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (E.J.T.).
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Abstract |
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Background—The baseline cardiac troponin T (cTnT) level strongly predicts short-term mortality in acute coronary syndromes, but the added value of later measures to predict short- and long-term outcome and in the context of baseline clinical characteristics is unclear.
Methods and Results—Relations between baseline, peak, and 8- and
16-hour (late) cTnT results and outcomes were assessed in 734 patients
in a GUSTO-IIa substudy. Proportional-hazards models assessed the
prognostic information gained from late cTnT when added to a mortality
model containing the baseline cTnT result and clinical factors. At
baseline, 260 patients were cTnT-positive (>0.1 ng/mL), 323 became
positive later, and 151 remained negative (
0.1 ng/mL). Mortality at
30 days was 10% in the baseline-positive group, 5% in late-positive
patients, and 0% in negative patients. After adjustment for baseline
characteristics, any positive cTnT result predicted 30-day mortality
(baseline, 
2=8.96, P=0.0113; 8-hour,
2=6.51, P=0.0107; 16-hour,
2=8.40, P=0.0038). Both the 8- and the
16-hour results added to the strength of the baseline result
(baseline+8-hour, 2=12.04, P=0.0072;
baseline+16-hour, 2=13.52, P=0.0036).
Only age and ST-segment elevation were stronger predictors of 30-day
mortality than baseline cTnT; results were similar for prediction of
1-year mortality. Most of the mortality difference between
cTnT-positive and -negative patients occurred within the first 30
days.
Conclusions—The cTnT level is a strong, independent predictor of short-term outcome in acute coronary syndromes. The addition of later samples to a baseline level is useful to evaluate the risk of serious cardiac events.
Key Words: risk factors • mortality • prognosis • ischemia
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Introduction |
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The acute coronary syndromes represent a gradation of severity of coronary artery disease, from unstable angina through acute myocardial infarction. All share an underlying pathophysiology of acute plaque rupture, with various degrees of platelet and thrombotic vessel occlusion. Although they share this pathophysiology, outcomes and effective management strategies differ by the patient's place on the continuum, and diagnosis and risk stratification of this diverse group are often difficult. As new treatments and management guidelines emerge for care of patients with acute coronary syndromes, accurate diagnosis and risk stratification will become increasingly important to optimize their treatment while maintaining reasonable costs.
We have reported the strength of the baseline cardiac troponin T (cTnT) result for short-term risk stratification in the Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Arteries in Acute Coronary Syndromes (GUSTO-IIa) troponin T substudy.1 In this study, baseline cTnT was the most important prognostic indicator, independent of presenting ECG changes and serum creatine kinase-MB results. However, in the GUSTO-IIa troponin T substudy, 512 patients (64%) initially had a negative cTnT result. Although lower than in baseline-positive patients, 30-day mortality in this group was 3.9%.1 The ability of serial cTnT measures to refine short-term prognosis in patients with initially negative results or to add to prognostic ability beyond 30 days is unknown. Likewise, the relative contribution of cTnT measures after baseline clinical characteristics are considered is unclear. Thus, we evaluated the utility of baseline and serial cTnT samples for short- and long-term risk stratification in 734 patients enrolled in this substudy.
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Methods |
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Study Population
Our study population included 734 patients who were part of the troponin T substudy of the GUSTO-IIa trial. The methods of GUSTO-IIa have been described.2 In brief, 2564 patients with suspected acute coronary syndromes were randomized to either intravenous heparin or desirudin if they presented within 12 hours of symptom onset, met baseline ECG criteria (transient or persistent ST-segment elevation or depression >0.5 mm or persistent, definite T-wave inversion >1 mm), and had no protocol-specified contraindications to enrollment.
The troponin T substudy of GUSTO-IIa enrolled 855 patients and was designed to evaluate cTnT measures for risk stratification of this population.1 Serum samples for cTnT were collected at baseline (as close to randomization as possible), at 8 hours, and at 16 hours. Of these, 50 patients lacked a baseline sample, and another 71 lacked an 8- or 16-hour sample, only 7 because they had died within 8 hours. The remaining 734 patients, the cohort analyzed, had serial samples drawn as follows: 39 patients had samples drawn only at baseline and 8 hours, 20 had samples drawn only at baseline and 16 hours, and 675 had samples at all 3 points. The median times of sampling were 8.4 (25th, 75th percentiles, 7.7, 9.0) hours for the 8-hour samples and 16.5 (15.8, 17.1) hours for the 16-hour samples.
Analytical Methods
The methods of sample collection, storage, and analysis
for this substudy have been described.1 In brief,
cTnT samples were collected, prepared, and stored for later
analysis by individuals blinded to treatment assignment,
patient characteristics, and outcomes. cTnT was measured with the ES
300 automated analyzer (Boehringer Mannheim). The lower
detection limit was 0.04 ng/mL and the reference range 0 to 0.1 ng/mL.
Patients were classified as cTnT-positive if the cTnT value was >0.1
ng/mL. They were further classified as "baseline-positive" if the
first sample was >0.1 ng/mL, "late-positive" if the samples were
first positive at 8 or 16 hours, and "negative" if all values were
0.1 ng/mL.
Statistical Methods
We assessed the relations of baseline, serial, and peak cTnT
measures with death, (re)infarction, congestive heart failure, shock,
performance of angioplasty or bypass surgery, and a composite
of death, (re)infarction, angioplasty, or bypass surgery. Continuous
baseline characteristics and outcomes were described as medians with
25th and 75th percentiles; discrete variables were summarized as
percentages. Kaplan-Meier estimates were used for overall 1-year
mortality and that in 30-day survivors. Differences between groups were
tested with the likelihood-ratio 2 test for
30-day mortality and the log-rank test for 1-year mortality.
Cox proportional-hazards modeling was used to identify baseline predictors of time to death during the first 30 days and during the first year (among 30-day survivors). The relation between each continuous variable and time to death was tested for linearity by restricted cubic-spline functions. After graphical assessment, appropriate transformations were applied for continuous variables that had a nonlinear relation with either outcome. A backward-elimination function was used to determine significant predictors (elimination criterion P>0.05). The predictive ability of each model was internally validated with bootstrapping techniques (100 bootstrap samples).
In these models, the predictive ability of the baseline, 8-hour, 16-hour, and peak cTnT measures was determined after adjustment for significant baseline predictors. Some baseline predictors were no longer significant after the various troponin levels were included. Because of the small number of events, these were dropped from the adjusted models. Baseline variables included in the 30-day mortality model were age, ECG stratum, and previous angina. Age, ECG stratum, chronic renal insufficiency, previous bypass surgery, and severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were included in the adjusted 1-year mortality modeling.
Time-dependent Cox models were created to determine the significance of
each troponin level after adjustment for angioplasty and bypass
surgery. Because of the small number of events, baseline predictors
were not included in these models. Candidate predictors were tested by
the likelihood-ratio 2 test.
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Results |
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Of 734 patients studied, 260 (35.4%) had a positive cTnT result at baseline, 323 (44%) became positive by 8 or 16 hours, and 151 (20.6%) remained negative. Of the 675 patients who had results for all 3 intervals, only 8 first became positive at the 16-hour sample; 7 of the 20 patients with only baseline and 16-hour samples became positive at 16 hours. The baseline characteristics of the 734 patients analyzed did not differ from those of the 855 patients in the overall substudy. Baseline characteristics of patients within each cTnT group (baseline, 8-hour, or 16-hour positive or persistently negative) and of the 734-patient analysis population are shown in Table 1
. Table 2 displays the relationships between
baseline ECG characteristics and troponin T status at the different
sampling times.
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For patients with baseline-positive cTnT, the 30-day mortality rate was
10%, versus 5% for late-positive and 0% for cTnT-negative patients
(Table 3). Shock and congestive heart
failure also occurred more often in baseline-positive patients than in
late-positive or negative patients.
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The median time to death in the 805 patients who had at least a
baseline sample was 3.1 (0.8, 8.8) days (Figure 1). Of the 734 patients in the
serial-sample cohort, 4 died within 24 hours. Mortality did not differ
significantly from 31 to 365 days by cTnT status when the result of any
sample was considered (Table 4). There
was, however, a significant relation between the baseline result and
mortality between 31 and 365 days. Kaplan-Meier survival
analysis showed that most of the mortality difference between
baseline cTnT-positive and -negative patients occurred early (Figures 2 and 3).
The relation of cTnT level with both 30-day and 1-year mortality
remained highly significant after adjustment for surgical or
percutaneous intervention.
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In an unadjusted model including only the 675 patients who had cTnT
results at all 3 intervals, the baseline cTnT result provided strong
individual ability to predict 30-day mortality
(2=15.04; P=0.0005), as did results
at 8 (2=15.27, P=0.0001) or 16
(2=23.73, P<0.0001) hours. The
addition of either later result to the baseline result contributed
significantly to risk stratification (baseline+8-hour samples,
2=28.83, P<0.0001;
baseline+16-hour samples, 2=36.41,
P<0.0001). Little additional information was provided by
including both late samples. The predictive value of the peak cTnT
sample was intermediate to that of the 8- and 16-hour results but, like
both, added significantly to the baseline value in the mortality model.
These results were similar in the prediction of 1-year mortality. After
adjustment for baseline characteristics, cTnT measures at any point
remained significant prognostic indicators (Table 5). For both 30-day and 1-year mortality,
the addition of a sample at 8 or 16 hours (but not both) added to the
predictive ability of the models.
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Tables 6 and 7 show the relative importance of cTnT
results and clinical predictors of risk. At both 30 days and 1 year,
age and ST-segment elevation were the strongest independent predictors
of mortality. The baseline cTnT result added significantly in both
models (hazard ratios, 1.51 and 1.44 for 30-day and 1-year mortality,
respectively).
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Discussion |
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This analysis of serial measures of cTnT in patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes suggests that the best strategy for both short- and long-term risk stratification is to obtain 2 samples within 24 hours after presentation. In addition, cardiac morbidity, like mortality, appears to be rare among patients who remain negative on serial testing. Thus, a strategy of cTnT sampling at baseline and at 8 hours may provide a powerful tool for early identification of patients at risk for short-term complications, who might benefit from early intervention. Conversely, the group with persistently negative results appears to be at very low risk, which might allow targeting of less intensive, cost-saving management.
Importance of Serial cTnT Testing
An initial serum marker measure may be negative in a patient with
ultimately higher risk because of complex interactions between the
timing of the sample relative to symptom onset, the sensitivity of the
assay, and the release and clearance kinetics of the marker. Therefore,
a marker result may be negative initially in an otherwise high-risk
patient. Of the 474 patients (65%) who were cTnT-negative at baseline,
68% later had a positive result, with the attendant increased risks of
death and nonfatal complications relative to patients who remained
negative.
Pattern of Sampling
The peak cTnT level within 24 hours of presentation
can predict adverse events.3 4 5 6 Furthermore, the
FRagmin In unStable Coronary Artery Disease (FRISC)
investigators showed how the peak cTnT level within 24 hours might be
used to identify subgroups that could benefit from specific therapeutic
interventions.7 However, multiple sampling to
determine the peak cTnT may be impractical. We showed that the cTnT
value at presentation with symptoms of acute
coronary ischemia is a strong, independent predictor of
short-term mortality and serious cardiac events.1
In the present study, even after adjustment for baseline
characteristics, a positive cTnT result within the first 24 hours
strongly predicted mortality.
The baseline cTnT result is critical for early risk stratification and decision-making. The fact that later samples are also powerful predictors of the risk for serious cardiac complications suggests that should a baseline sample be missed, a single later measure would be useful. When added to a model that already contained the baseline result, the 8- and 16-hour results each added similarly to the prognostic ability of the model, but more than 1 "late" sample provided no additional prognostic information. Because in-hospital morbidity drives hospital length of stay and costs and because morbidity correlates with mortality in its relation with cTnT status, it would be most useful to know the cTnT status of a patient as early as possible. Our results suggest that a strategy of baseline sampling followed by 8-hour sampling would provide the greatest opportunity for early intervention in high-risk, positive patients; would enhance decision-making in persistently negative patients; and would miss relatively few patients.
These findings support a recent report that the combined baseline and 4-hour results of troponin I or troponin T testing at the bedside improved the sensitivity and negative predictive value of troponin testing in patients with acute chest pain.8 Furthermore, the result for either marker after 2 tests in 4 hours was a strong, independent predictor of 30-day death or infarction.8
cTnT-Negative Patients
Remaining negative on serial cTnT testing also appears to be
important; short-term mortality was 0% and nonfatal events were rare
in the group that remained negative. Patients with T-wave inversion or
normal baseline ECGs made up the largest proportion of the persistently
negative group, but 26% of these patients had ST-segment elevation,
and 25% were in the highest-risk ECG categories (confounding ECG
factors or ST-segment depression). Thus, across all ECG groups, serial
cTnT sampling provides early identification of patients at increased
risk and those at ultimately lower risk, regardless of other
presenting features.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics have been described that predict short- and long-term mortality for patients with acute coronary syndromes.6 9 10 11 Baseline characteristics also might be used to guide initial triage decisions and in-hospital resource use.12 13 Furthermore, we have described a group of patients without clinical complications 4 days after thrombolysis, who had very low risk for 30-day mortality or in-hospital complications.14 Early discharge of these patients could confer reductions in length of stay of 4 days and in hospital costs of more than $6000.15
In the cTnT-negative group in the present study, the median hospital stay was 5 (4, 9) days, 2 days in the critical care unit. Because serial cTnT status within 24 hours is a strong predictor of later in-hospital events and short-term mortality, it may be advantageous to incorporate it with clinical risk stratification to improve early management and resource use and to facilitate early discharge decisions across all acute coronary syndromes.
In a predictive model that included significant baseline clinical characteristics, only age and the baseline ECG stratum were stronger predictors of 30-day mortality than the baseline cTnT level. Furthermore, the degree of elevation of the baseline cTnT was important in predicting risk (increased hazard ratio of 1.51 for each 0.1-ng/mL increase), which suggests that quantitative assessment of cTnT may be ideal for risk stratification.
Thus, in combination with clinical indicators of risk, cTnT may have utility in delineating low-risk patients, who may be candidates for more conservative management (including early discharge), from high-risk patients, who would be candidates for more intensive therapy and longer in-hospital observation. Further prospective study will be needed to confirm this potential.
Long-Term Risk Stratification in Acute Coronary Syndromes
The FRISC study group showed a significant relation between
long-term (150-day) outcomes and the peak cTnT within 24 hours of
presentation.6 Stubbs and
colleagues16 17 noted a significant relation
between cTnT status within 6 hours of presentation and
outcomes at a median of 3 years in patients presenting with
ST-segment-elevation infarction or unstable angina. Similarly, we found
a significant relation between long-term mortality and cTnT measures at
baseline or serially within 24 hours. Even after adjustment for
baseline clinical predictors, cTnT remained a strong predictor of
long-term mortality. Only increasing age, ECG stratum, and previous
bypass surgery were stronger predictors of 1-year mortality.
None of the previous studies addressed early versus late risk
stratification, however. When we assessed the contribution of early
(within 30 days) versus late (between 31 and 365 days) mortality to
1-year mortality by troponin T status, we found that most of the risk
stratification by cTnT measures was for events within 30 days (Figure 3
). Although most of the mortality difference between baseline-positive
and -negative patients occurred within 30 days, the baseline cTnT
result also identified a group of patients with an increased risk of
late mortality (4.1% for cTnT-positive patients versus 1.3% for
cTnT-negative patients, P=0.0230).
Thus, the greatest potential of cTnT for risk stratification may be to link the baseline and serial cTnT results to early interventions, which could reduce short-term morbidity and mortality and, in the process, affect long-term outcome. The fact that there is a correlation between late mortality and the baseline cTnT result suggests that efforts directed at chronic treatment guided by troponin result also may be useful.
Limitations
The GUSTO-IIa patients used for this analysis were a
relatively high-risk group with a high prevalence of coronary
artery disease. Whether the results apply to the evaluation, diagnosis,
and triage of patients with lower-risk clinical
presentations is unclear. However, when we evaluated
patients with normal ECGs or nonspecific ECG changes, the value of the
baseline cTnT result was undiminished.1 We would
not expect this to differ for serial sampling, and Hamm's report on
serial bedside troponin testing lends support for such a practice in a
broad range of chest-pain patients.9
Conclusions
The utility of the baseline cTnT level for risk stratification of
patients with acute coronary syndromes seems clear and has
important implications for their initial level of care and strategies
for management and treatment. On the basis of serial cTnT measures,
patients with acute coronary ischemia can be
categorized into those who never become positive (who have a very low
risk of later serious cardiac events) and those who do become positive
(who incur increased risk). The use of baseline and 8-hour cTnT
sampling in combination with key clinical characteristics could provide
the information needed for early risk stratification and management,
which could improve outcome and reduce costs of care in this diverse
group of patients.
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Acknowledgments |
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This study was funded by Boehringer-Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; CIBA-Geigy Corp, Summit, NJ; and Advanced Cardiovascular Systems, Mountain View, Calif. We thank Pat Williams for editorial assistance in the preparation of this manuscript.
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Footnotes |
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Reprint requests to L. Kristin Newby, MD, Duke Clinical Research Institute, P.O. Box 17969, Durham, NC 27715.
Received February 26, 1998; revision received July 15, 1998; accepted July 15, 1998.
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References |
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1. Ohman EM, Armstrong PW, Christenson RH, Granger CB, Katus HA, Hamm CW, O'Hanesian MA, Wagner GS, Kleiman NS, Harrell FE Jr, Califf RM, Topol EJ, for the GUSTO IIA Investigators. Cardiac troponin T levels for risk stratification in acute myocardial ischemia. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1333–1341.
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and 8- and 16-hour (late) cardiac troponin T (cTnT) results to predict
30-day mortality in 734 patients in a GUSTO-IIa substudy. Mortality at
30 days was 10% in the baseline-positive group, 5% in the
late-positive group, and 0% in the persistently negative group. Any
positive cTnT result strongly predicted mortality after adjustment for
baseline characteristics. The 8-hour and 16-hour results added to the
strength of the baseline result (baseline+8-hour result,
2=12.04, P=0.0072; baseline+16-hour
result, 2=13.52, P=0.0036). The cTnT
level strongly predicts short-term risk in patients with acute
coronary syndromes.
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