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(Circulation. 1997;96:2455-2461.)
© 1997 American Heart Association, Inc.
Articles |
Incidence of and Risk Factors for Atrial Fibrillation in Older Adults
From the Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Services (B.M.P.) and Department of Biostatistics (R.A.K.), University of Washington, Seattle; Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md (T.A.M.); Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh (Pa) (L.H.K.); Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington (M.C.); Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md (L.P.F.); Department of Medicine, University of California at Davis (R.W.); and Department of Public Health Sciences, Bowman Gray School of Medicine (C.D.F., P.M.R.), Winston-Salem, NC.
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Abstract |
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Background This study aimed to describe the incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF) among older adults during 3 years of follow-up.
Methods and Results In this cohort study, 5201 adults 
65
years old were examined annually on four occasions between June 1989
and May 1993. At baseline, participants answered questionnaires and
underwent a detailed examination that included carotid ultrasound,
pulmonary function tests, ECG, and
echocardiography. Subjects with a pacemaker or AF
at baseline (n=357) were excluded. New cases of AF were identified from
three sources: (1) annual self-reports, (2) annual ECGs, and (3)
hospital discharge diagnoses. Cox proportional-hazards models were used
to assess baseline risk factors as predictors of incident AF. Among
4844 participants, 304 developed a first episode of AF during an
average follow-up of 3.28 years, for an incidence of 19.2 per 1000
person-years. The onset was strongly associated with age, male sex, and
the presence of clinical cardiovascular disease. For
men 65 to 74 and 75 to 84 years old, the incidences were 17.6 and 42.7,
respectively, and for women, 10.1 and 21.6 events per 1000
person-years. In stepwise models, the use of diuretics, a
history of valvular heart disease, coronary disease,
advancing age, higher levels of systolic blood pressure,
height, glucose, and left atrial size were all associated with an
increased risk of AF. The use of ß-blockers and high levels of
alcohol use, cholesterol, and forced expiratory volume in 1
second were associated with a reduced risk of AF.
Conclusions The incidence of AF in older adults may be higher than estimated by previous population studies. Left atrial size appears to be an important risk factor, and the control of blood pressure and glucose may be important in preventing the development of AF.
Key Words: fibrillation • atrial flutter • epidemiology • follow-up studies • risk factors
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Introduction |
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Feinberg and colleagues1 estimate that there are about 2.2 million people in the United States with atrial fibrillation (AF), which is a major risk factor for cardiovascular events such as stroke,2 3 4 5 mortality,6 and coronary disease.7 A number of secondary prevention clinical trials have proved the safety and efficacy of anticoagulant therapy,8 9 10 11 which clearly reduces the incidence of stroke in patients with AF.12 Although effective therapies are available, the use of warfarin is expensive, and it is associated with an increased risk of bleeding, especially in older adults.13
Preventing the onset of AF rather than its complications is important from the point of view of public health. Yet neither its incidence nor its risk factors are well characterized in population-based studies.6 14 15 16 Several studies report on risk factors for chronic AF,6 16 but only the Framingham study has also included transitory AF as an outcome of interest.7 In a recent report reflecting 38 years of follow-up,17 the risk factors for transitory or chronic AF were male sex, age, diabetes, hypertension, congestive heart failure, valvular heart disease, and a history of myocardial infarction. Identifying other risk factors might enhance efforts directed at the primary prevention of AF.
We recently reported the prevalence of AF in the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS).18 In the present report, we describe the 3-year incidence of AF and risk factors for the development of AF in older adults. The candidate risk factors included not only traditional cardiovascular conditions and diseases but also measures of subclinical disease available in the CHS.
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Methods |
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Study Population
The CHS is a prospective cohort study of risk factors for coronary heart disease and stroke in men and women
65 years
old. In June 1990, four field centers completed recruitment of 5201
participants. Each community sample was obtained from random samples of
the Medicare eligibility lists for the defined geographic areas, and
those eligible to participate included all persons who were living in
the household of each individual sampled from the Health Care Financing
Administration lists and who (1) were 65 years old; (2) were not
institutionalized; (3) expected to remain in the area for 3 years; and
(4) gave informed consent and did not require a proxy respondent. Among
those contacted and eligible, 57.3% were enrolled. The CHS design and
recruitment experience are described in detail
elsewhere.19 20
Baseline Examination
At baseline, CHS participants answered standard questionnaires
assessing a variety of risk factors, including smoking, alcohol intake,
diabetes, self-assessed health status, and various forms of prior
cardiovascular disease.21 The examination
components included height, weight, medication use,22
seated blood pressure measured with a random-zero sphygmomanometer,
12-lead resting ECGs,23 24 25 24-hour ambulatory ECGs on a
one-third sample of participants, carotid ultrasound to assess
intimal-medial thickness of the common and internal carotid
arteries,26 echocardiograms to assess left atrial size and
aortic root dimension as well as qualitative readings of left
ventricular systolic wall motion and ejection
fraction,27 and spirometric measures of pulmonary
function. Blood tests included fasting glucose,
cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and serum
creatinine.28
Follow-up in CHS
All participants were contacted every 6 months, and the contacts
alternated between a telephone interview and an in-clinic examination.
The annual examinations included ECGs and questions about the
development of new conditions such as AF. At each 6-monthly contact,
participants were asked about all hospitalizations, discharge summaries
and diagnoses were obtained for all hospitalizations, and all discharge
diagnoses were entered into a computerized database. Additional
information was abstracted for potential incident
cardiovascular events.29
Identification of New Cases of AF
During follow-up through May 1993, we identified AF from three
sources: (1) ECGs done at each annual examination, (2) participant
responses to questions about AF at each annual examination (eg, "Has
your doctor told you that you had AF since we saw you last year?"),
and (3) hospital discharge diagnoses. The annual CHS ECGs were read and
verified for AF or flutter by the CHS
Electrocardiography Reading
Center.23 Because the patterns of medication use among
subjects who had reported a history of AF at baseline suggested that
self-reports of AF were likely to be reliable,18 we used
"unconfirmed" self-reports as one method of case
identification.
During follow-up, hospital discharge diagnoses identified 209 participants with a new onset of AF or flutter, and the discharge summaries of all their hospitalizations were reviewed. The purpose was to confirm the discharge diagnosis of AF, to characterize the type of AF, and to identify the date of onset as well as any coexisting medical conditions also present at its onset. Confirmation required description of AF in the discharge summary or an ECG showing AF.
Although the primary interest in this study was the first occurrence of AF, we used information from the medical records to distinguish among types of AF. Transitory AF, sometimes called "paroxysmal" AF in the literature,30 was defined as a single occurrence that resolved by the time of discharge from the hospital. For some participants, the first occurrence of AF did not resolve during the hospitalization, and their AF was classified as "persistent." In all instances, the date of the first onset of any AF was noted.
Among participants whose AF was identified only by self-report or by
ECG, a 10% sample of their available hospital discharge summaries was
reviewed, and no mention of AF was found in any of these records.
We also estimated the sensitivity of hospital discharge diagnoses as a
method of ascertaining AF. During the course of the review of potential
cerebrovascular events (n=76) in September 1992 and the review of
potential cardiovascular events (n=238) in April 1996,
one of us (B.M.P.) reviewed all ECGs included for review with the
events data (an average of 
1.4 per subject). Among the 314 subjects,
41 (13.1%) had one or more ECGs with AF or flutter, and hospital
discharge diagnoses (ICD9 codes of 427.3, 427.31, or 427.32) correctly
identified 29 (70.7%) of the 41 participants with AF.
Definition of Variables and Statistical Analysis
Clinical cardiovascular disease at baseline was
defined by any of the following: a history of myocardial infarction,
angina, congestive heart failure, stroke, transient ischemic
attack, coronary artery bypass surgery, angioplasty of the
coronary arteries, carotid endarterectomy,
or the use of nitroglycerin. ECG variables are
defined in Reference 2525 . We used SPSS-PC for Windows for data
analysis.31 Techniques included cross-tabulations
and Cox proportional-hazards models.32 In this
hypothesis-generating analysis, we used forward stepwise
selection, and candidate variables included one or more potential
risk factors from each of the major CHS examination components. In
addition, analyses were stratified on the presence or absence
of clinical cardiovascular disease, and separate models
were run for cases identified only by self-report and for cases
identified by hospital discharges or annual ECGs. All probability
values represent two-sided tests. These analyses were
based on the updated CHS data, which incorporate minor corrections
through November 6, 1996.
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Results |
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Excluded from this analysis were (1) 287 subjects with AF at baseline (n=141 by ECG, n=136 by self-report, n=10 by Holter), (2) 58 subjects with a pacemaker at baseline, and (3) an additional 12 participants because review of their medical records indicated that the first occurrence of their AF had predated their entry into CHS. Of 5201 participants, the 4844 who were at risk for new onset of AF were included in this analysis.
Among subjects identified by hospital discharge diagnoses, the review of the medical record confirmed the diagnosis of AF in 209 of 212 subjects. Three subjects did not have AF. Among these 209 subjects, 195 (93.3%) presented with AF that resolved by discharge and another 14 (6.7%) presented with AF that did not resolve by discharge.
For AF identified by hospital discharge diagnoses, the primary comorbid medical conditions also present during the same hospitalization that served to identify the new onset of AF were myocardial infarction (11.0%), coronary bypass surgery (11.5%), congestive heart failure (19.6%), valvular heart disease (4.3%), other cardiovascular diseases including stroke (14.8%), pulmonary embolus (1.4%), other pulmonary disease (7.7%), thyroid disease (2.4%), and other or unknown (27.3%). Of these 209 subjects with AF, the date of onset was well defined for all but 8 (3.8%). These 8 subjects were included in the estimates of incidence but not in the analysis of time to onset.
Table 1
summarizes selected baseline characteristics of
the population according to the presence or absence of clinical
cardiovascular disease at entry into the study. At
baseline, participants with cardiovascular disease
differed from those free of cardiovascular disease on a
large number of risk factors.
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The use of all three sources—ECG, self-report, and hospital discharge
diagnoses—identified a total of 304 incident cases of AF during an
average follow-up of 3.28 years. Many cases were identified by more
than one source, and the sources were similar among those with and
without clinical cardiovascular disease at baseline
(Table 2). Table 3 classifies each of the
304 incident cases according to the source that first identified the
onset of AF in men and women. The incidence increased with age, was
higher in men than women, and was higher in subjects with clinical
cardiovascular disease at baseline (Table 4). The incidence was slightly lower in blacks than in
other participants (12.0 versus 19.5 per 1000 person-years,
respectively, P>.10).
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Table 5 summarizes the results of stepwise Cox models in
all subjects and stratified by the presence or absence of clinical
cardiovascular disease at baseline. The candidate
variables are listed in Table 5 and its footnotes. Among all
subjects, the use of ß-blockers and high levels of alcohol use,
cholesterol, forced expiratory volume in 1 second, and
black race were associated with a reduced risk of AF. The use of
diuretics, a history of valvular heart disease or
coronary disease, advancing age, higher levels of
systolic blood pressure, height, fasting glucose, ECG cardiac
injury score, and left atrial size were all associated with an
increased risk of AF. When we forced the entry of these 14 predictors
into separate models for subjects with and without clinical
cardiovascular disease at baseline, the relative risks
were generally similar in magnitude between the two groups (Table 5).
In separate stepwise models restricted to subjects with or without
clinical cardiovascular disease, the predictors were
generally similar to the risk factors identified in the full stepwise
model (footnotes to Table 5). In all models, left atrial size was a
strong independent predictor (Figure).
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In separate analyses, the exclusion of cases first identified
by self-report had little effect on the predictors that entered the
stepwise model. Among the cases first identified by self-report (n=69),
the major predictors were a history of valvular heart disease,
left atrial size, and alcohol use. In parallel models, which use forced
entry for the 14 predictors from Table 5
, the relative risks for these
predictors were similar in the cases first identified only by
self-report and in the cases first identified by hospital diagnoses or
ECGs (Table 6). In separate models,
echocardiographic left ventricular mass and
diastolic dimension, for which data were missing on about
one third of subjects, did not enter the models (data not shown). The
exclusion of cases of AF that occurred during the same hospitalization
as an acute myocardial infarction or coronary bypass surgery
had little effect on the predictors or their estimated relative
risks.
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Discussion |
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During an average follow-up of 3.28 years, the incidence of AF was 19.2 per 1000 person-years among adults
65 years old. The incidence
was strongly associated with age, sex, and the presence of clinical
cardiovascular disease at baseline. Traditional
cardiovascular risk factors, such as blood pressure and
glucose, were also risk factors for new onset of AF. In this
population, in which the levels of alcohol use were low (Table 1) and
in which binge drinking was uncommon, the use of alcohol was inversely
associated with incidence. ECG cardiac injury score and forced
expiratory volume in 1 second but not ankle-arm index or carotid
intimal-medial wall thickness were associated with the incidence of AF.
Among the strongest predictors were a history of valvular heart
disease and increased left atrial size as assessed by
echocardiography at baseline (Figure). This study examined the association between AF and predictors measured at baseline. During follow-up, a number of participants experienced intervening cardiovascular events that may have precipitated the onset of AF. For some subjects, it was clear that coronary bypass surgery, for instance, preceded the onset of AF. For participants who presented with AF and stroke or congestive heart failure, it was usually not possible to determine which event came first. In a population-based study such as CHS, moreover, it was not possible to collect information about all the potential activities—not only cardiovascular events but also exercise, binge drinking, and so forth—that participants might have been doing at the moment when the AF began. Because of uncertainty about these potential acute precipitants and about the sequence of events, we chose not to attempt to model them in a time-dependent fashion. In sensitivity analyses, excluding subjects whose AF occurred during the same hospitalization as an acute myocardial infarction or coronary bypass surgery had little effect on the predictors.
All three sources—hospital records, annual ECGs, and annual
self-reports—were important for identifying incident episodes of AF.
In general, the presence of a hospital discharge diagnosis of AF was
accurate (209 confirmed of 212). In a sample of participants reviewed
for cardiovascular events, however, discharge diagnoses
identified only 29 (70.7%) of the 41 participants who had AF on ECG.
The use of hospital discharge diagnoses to identify patients clearly
resulted in an underascertainment of first episodes of AF. This
underascertainment by hospital discharge diagnoses may account in part
for the fact that 69 (22.7%) of the 304 incident cases were first
identified by self-report. Although the validity of cases identified by
self-report remains unknown, their associations with risk factors were
in fact similar to those of cases identified by hospital discharge
diagnosis and annual ECGs (Table 6).
Estimates of the average annual incidence from CHS were much higher
than those reported from the Framingham Study, which used biennial
ECGs, hospitalizations, and physician-recorded ECGs to identify
AF.17 For men 65 to 74 and 75 to 84 years old, the
incidences in CHS were 1.8 and 4.3 per 100 person-years, respectively,
compared with the annual incidences of 0.9% and 1.8% in
Framingham. For women 65 to 74 and 75 to 84 years old, the average
annual incidences in CHS were 1.0 and 2.2 per 100 person-years,
respectively, compared with the annual incidence of 0.5% and 1.5%
in Framingham.
There are several potential reasons for these differences in the estimates of incidence. First, we included self-reported episodes of AF. Because only 55 (18.1%) of the 304 incident episodes were identified only by self-report, this difference in methods cannot account entirely for the disparity between the findings of CHS and those of Framingham. Second, the routine clinical ECG examinations were conducted yearly in CHS but only every other year in Framingham; as a result, CHS has a greater opportunity to detect transitory events such as AF. Third, the Framingham Study covered an earlier period of time. With the higher prevalence of clinical cardiovascular disease among older adults and the recent appreciation of the importance of anticoagulation therapy in preventing stroke, both the incidence and the recognition of AF are likely to be increasing over time.
Stepwise Cox proportional-hazards analysis identified a number
of predictors of AF, and these need to be confirmed in other studies.
In this study, as in Framingham,17 predictors such as age,
sex, and coronary and valvular disease were important
risk factors. In this study, levels of blood pressure and glucose were
more important predictors than the diagnoses of high blood pressure and
diabetes. The binge drinking that precipitates the "holiday"
heart is uncommon among older adults, and in this study, the use of
alcohol, which was infrequent (Table 1), was actually associated with a
lower incidence of AF. Lake and colleagues6 reported a
similar association in men but not women. The inverse relationship of
AF with cholesterol was unexpected and remains
unexplained.
Although Aboaf and Wolf30 have characterized the
relationship of AF with left atrial size as "controversial," most
of these studies simply compare prevalent cases of paroxysmal AF either
with prevalent cases of chronic AF or with a small sample of control
subjects.6 30 In CHS, the left atrial size was assessed
prospectively at baseline, and it was strongly and independently
associated with the incidence of AF during 3 years of follow-up
(Figure). These data suggest that enlarged left atrial size is likely
to be a cause rather than consequence of AF.
Of the 182 cases first identified during a hospitalization, 173
(95.1%) were transitory episodes of AF. AF after coronary
bypass surgery is common.33 In population-based studies,
the clinical course of transitory or paroxysmal AF is not well
characterized.30 In the report by Suttorp and
colleagues,34 approximately one half of the subjects with
paroxysmal AF had recurrent episodes within 1 year. In another
study,35 paroxysmal AF became permanent in 25% of the
patients followed for at least 1 year.
The CHS results for ß-blockers, which were associated with a 39%
reduction in risk, are consistent with the findings of the
meta-analysis by Kowey and colleagues.36 In seven
randomized trials of patients undergoing coronary bypass
surgery, the prophylactic use of ß-blockers reduced the
occurrence of supraventricular arrhythmias by
50% (9.8% of treated patients versus 20.2% of
controls36 ). The findings for the use of ß-blockers in
this observational study should be interpreted in light of the fact
that asymptomatic episodes of AF are 12 times more
common than symptomatic episodes.37 The use of
ß-blockers may be associated either with a decreased incidence or
with decreased symptoms and, thus, a lower likelihood of the
recognition of transitory episodes of AF. Systolic blood
pressure was an important predictor, and an analysis of AF as
an outcome in the hypertension treatment trials would be
interesting.
In this study, we identified a number of risk factors for AF, and these findings need to be confirmed in other studies. Nonetheless, these data suggest, for instance, that ß-blockers and interventions that maintain left atrial size may be important in the prevention of AF in older adults. The control of blood pressure and glucose is likely to be important as well.
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Appendix 1 |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionAppendix 1References |
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Participating Institutions and Principal Staff
Forsyth County, NC, Bowman Gray School of Medicine of Wake Forest University: Gregory L. Burke, Alan Elster, Walter H. Ettinger, Curt D. Furberg, Edward Haponik, Gerardo Heiss, Dalane Kitzman, H. Sidney Klopfenstein, Margie Lamb, David S. Lefkowitz, Mary F. Lyles, Cathy Nunn, Ward Riley, Maurice Mittelmark, Grethe S. Tell, James F. Toole, Beverly Tucker; Bowman Gray School of Medicine ECG Reading Center: Farida Rautaharju, Pentti Rautaharju. Sacramento County, Calif, University of California, Davis: William Bommer, Charles Bernick, Andrew Duxbury, Mary Haan, Calvin Hirsch, Paul Kellerman, Lawrence Laslett, Marshall Lee, Virginia Poirier, John Robbins, Marc Schenker, Nemat Borhani. Washington County, Md, The Johns Hopkins University: M. Jan Busby-Whitehead, Joyce Chabot, George W. Comstock, Linda P. Fried, Joel G. Hill, Steven J. Kittner, Shiriki Kumanyika, David Levine, João A. Lima, Neil R. Powe, Thomas R. Price, Jeff Williamson, Moyses Szklo, Melvyn Tockman. MRI Reading Center, Washington County, Md, The Johns Hopkins University: R. Nick Bryan, Carolyn C. Meltzer, Douglas Fellows, Melanie Hawkins, Patrice Holtz, Michael Kraut, Grace Lee, Larry Schertz, Earl P. Steinberg, Scott Wells, Linda Wilkins, Nancy C. Yue. Allegheny County, Pa, University of Pittsburgh: Diane G. Ives, Charles A. Jungreis, Laurie Knepper, Lewis H. Kuller, Elaine Meilahn, Peg Meyer, Roberta Moyer, Anne Newman, Richard Schulz, Vivienne E. Smith, Sidney K. Wolfson. Echocardiography Reading Center (Baseline), University of California, Irvine: Hoda Anton-Culver, Julius M. Gardin, Margaret Knoll, Tom Kurosaki, Nathan Wong. Echocardiography Reading Center (Follow-Up), Georgetown Medical Center: John Gottdiener, Eva Hausner, Stephen Kraus, Judy Gay, Sue Livengood, Mary Ann Yohe, Retha Webb. Ultrasound Reading Center, Tufts/New England Medical Center, Boston, Mass: Daniel H. O'Leary, Joseph F. Polak, Laurie Funk. Central Blood Analysis Laboratory, University of Vermont, Colchester: Edwin Bovill, Elaine Cornell, Mary Cushman, Russell P. Tracy. Respiratory Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson: Paul Enright. Coordinating Center, University of Washington, Seattle: Alice Arnold, Annette L. Fitzpatrick, Bonnie K. Lind, Richard A. Kronmal, Bruce M. Psaty, David S. Siscovick, Lynn Shemanski, Lloyd Fisher, Will Longstreth, Patricia W. Wahl, David Yanez, Paula Diehr, Maryann McBurnie. NHLBI Project Office, Bethesda, Md: Diane E. Bild, Teri A. Manolio, Peter J. Savage, Patricia Smith, Rachel Solomon.
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Acknowledgments |
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The research reported in this article was supported by contracts N01-HC-85079, N01-HC-85080, N01-HC-85081, N01-HC-85082, N01-HC-85083, N01-HC-85084, N01-HC-85085, and N01-HC-85086 from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Dr Psaty is a Merck/SER Clinical Epidemiology Fellow (sponsored by the Merck Co Foundation, Rahway, NJ, and the Society for Epidemiologic Research, Baltimore, Md). We appreciate the comments, criticisms, and suggestions that Dr Robert Hart provided on earlier drafts of this manuscript.
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Footnotes |
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Reprint requests to Dr Richard A. Kronmal, Cardiovascular Health Study Coordinating Center, Century Square, Suite 2105, 1501 Fourth Ave, Seattle, WA 98101.
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References |
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I. R. Hanna, B. Heeke, H. Bush, L. Brosius, D. King-Hageman, J. F. Beshai, and J. J. Langberg The Relationship Between Stature and the Prevalence of Atrial Fibrillation in Patients With Left Ventricular Dysfunction J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 18, 2006; 47(8): 1683 - 1688. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Heeringa, D. A.M. van der Kuip, A. Hofman, J. A. Kors, G. van Herpen, B. H.Ch. Stricker, T. Stijnen, G. Y.H. Lip, and J. C.M. Witteman Prevalence, incidence and lifetime risk of atrial fibrillation: the Rotterdam study Eur. Heart J., April 2, 2006; 27(8): 949 - 953. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. R. Cappola, L. P. Fried, A. M. Arnold, M. D. Danese, L. H. Kuller, G. L. Burke, R. P. Tracy, and P. W. Ladenson Thyroid Status, Cardiovascular Risk, and Mortality in Older Adults JAMA, March 1, 2006; 295(9): 1033 - 1041. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H.-R. Neuberger, U. Schotten, Y. Blaauw, D. Vollmann, S. Eijsbouts, A. van Hunnik, and M. Allessie Chronic Atrial Dilation, Electrical Remodeling, and Atrial Fibrillation in the Goat J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 7, 2006; 47(3): 644 - 653. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. J. Mukamal, J. S. Tolstrup, J. Friberg, G. Jensen, and M. Gronbaek Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Atrial Fibrillation in Men and Women: The Copenhagen City Heart Study Circulation, September 20, 2005; 112(12): 1736 - 1742. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Olshansky, E. N. Heller, L. B. Mitchell, M. Chandler, W. Slater, M. Green, M. Brodsky, P. Barrell, H. L. Greene, and and the AFFIRM Investigators Are Transthoracic Echocardiographic Parameters Associated With Atrial Fibrillation Recurrence or Stroke?: Results From the Atrial Fibrillation Follow-Up Investigation of Rhythm Management (AFFIRM) Study J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 21, 2005; 45(12): 2026 - 2033. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. P. Anyukhovsky, E. A. Sosunov, P. Chandra, T. S. Rosen, P. A. Boyden, P. Danilo Jr., and M. R. Rosen Age-associated changes in electrophysiologic remodeling: a potential contributor to initiation of atrial fibrillation Cardiovasc Res, May 1, 2005; 66(2): 353 - 363. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Lehto, S. Snapinn, K. Dickstein, K. Swedberg, M. S. Nieminen, and on behalf of the OPTIMAAL investigators Prognostic risk of atrial fibrillation in acute myocardial infarction complicated by left ventricular dysfunction: the OPTIMAAL experience Eur. Heart J., February 2, 2005; 26(4): 350 - 356. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H.-R. Neuberger, U. Schotten, S. Verheule, S. Eijsbouts, Y. Blaauw, A. van Hunnik, and M. Allessie Development of a Substrate of Atrial Fibrillation During Chronic Atrioventricular Block in the Goat Circulation, January 4, 2005; 111(1): 30 - 37. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Frost and P. Vestergaard Alcohol and Risk of Atrial Fibrillation or Flutter: A Cohort Study Arch Intern Med, October 11, 2004; 164(18): 1993 - 1998. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. M. Leung, W. H. Bellows, and N. B. Schiller Impairment of left atrial function predicts post-operative atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass graft surgery Eur. Heart J., October 2, 2004; 25(20): 1836 - 1844. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Abidov, R. Hachamovitch, A. Rozanski, S. W. Hayes, M. M. Santos, M. G. Sciammarella, I. Cohen, J. Gerlach, J. D. Friedman, G. Germano, et al. Prognostic implications of atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 1, 2004; 44(5): 1062 - 1070. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. M. Lloyd-Jones, T. J. Wang, E. P. Leip, M. G. Larson, D. Levy, R. S. Vasan, R. B. D'Agostino, J. M. Massaro, A. Beiser, P. A. Wolf, et al. Lifetime Risk for Development of Atrial Fibrillation: The Framingham Heart Study Circulation, August 31, 2004; 110(9): 1042 - 1046. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Mozaffarian, B. M. Psaty, E. B. Rimm, R. N. Lemaitre, G. L. Burke, M. F. Lyles, D. Lefkowitz, and D. S. Siscovick Fish Intake and Risk of Incident Atrial Fibrillation Circulation, July 27, 2004; 110(4): 368 - 373. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. L. L'Allier, A. Ducharme, P.-F. Keller, H. Yu, M.-C. Guertin, and J.-C. Tardif Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in hypertensive patients is associated with a reduction in the occurrence of atrial fibrillation J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 7, 2004; 44(1): 159 - 164. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. S. Fox, H. Parise, R. B. D'Agostino Sr, D. M. Lloyd-Jones, R. S. Vasan, T. J. Wang, D. Levy, P. A. Wolf, and E. J. Benjamin Parental Atrial Fibrillation as a Risk Factor for Atrial Fibrillation in Offspring JAMA, June 16, 2004; 291(23): 2851 - 2855. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. W. Israel, G. Gronefeld, J. R. Ehrlich, Y.-G. Li, and S. H. Hohnloser Long-term risk of recurrent atrial fibrillation as documented by an implantable monitoring device: Implications for optimal patient care J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 7, 2004; 43(1): 47 - 52. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. L. McNamara, L. J. Tamariz, J. B. Segal, and E. B. Bass Management of Atrial Fibrillation: Review of the Evidence for the Role of Pharmacologic Therapy, Electrical Cardioversion, and Echocardiography Ann Intern Med, December 16, 2003; 139(12): 1018 - 1033. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. J. Aviles, D. O. Martin, C. Apperson-Hansen, P. L. Houghtaling, P. Rautaharju, R. A. Kronmal, R. P. Tracy, D. R. Van Wagoner, B. M. Psaty, M. S. Lauer, et al. Inflammation as a Risk Factor for Atrial Fibrillation Circulation, December 16, 2003; 108(24): 3006 - 3010. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. J. Damiano Jr, S. L. Gaynor, M. Bailey, S. Prasad, J. L. Cox, J. P. Boineau, and R. P. Schuessler The long-term outcome of patients with coronary disease and atrial fibrillation undergoing the cox maze procedure J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., December 1, 2003; 126(6): 2016 - 2021. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Acebo, J. F. Val-Bernal, J. J. Gomez-Roman, and J. M. Revuelta Clinicopathologic Study and DNA Analysis of 37 Cardiac Myxomas: A 28-Year Experience Chest, May 1, 2003; 123(5): 1379 - 1385. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Sinno, K. Derakhchan, D. Libersan, Y. Merhi, T. K. Leung, and S. Nattel Atrial Ischemia Promotes Atrial Fibrillation in Dogs Circulation, April 15, 2003; 107(14): 1930 - 1936. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. L. Page, T. W. Tilsch, S. J. Connolly, D. J. Schnell, S. R. Marcello, W. E. Wilkinson, E. L.C. Pritchett, and for the Azimilide Supraventricular Arrhythmia Prog Asymptomatic or "Silent" Atrial Fibrillation: Frequency in Untreated Patients and Patients Receiving Azimilide Circulation, March 4, 2003; 107(8): 1141 - 1145. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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