(Circulation. 1997;95:1119-1121.)
© 1997 American Heart Association, Inc.
Articles |
Hyperhomocyst(e)inemia Is Associated With Impaired Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilation in Humans
the Vascular Medicine and Atherosclerosis Unit (A.T., T.O., M.G., M.A.C.), Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass, and Associated Regional and University Pathologists, Inc Laboratories (J.T.W.), Salt Lake City, Utah.
Correspondence to Mark A. Creager, MD, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115.
 |
Abstract |
|---|
 Top Abstract IntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Background Hyperhomocyst(e)inemia is a risk factor for atherosclerosis and is prevalent in the elderly. The objective of this study was to determine whether hyperhomocyst(e)inemia is associated with impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in humans.
Methods and Results High-resolution vascular ultrasonography was used to study endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilation in a nonatherosclerotic peripheral conduit artery of 26 elderly hyperhomocyst(e)inemic subjects and 15 age- and sex-matched subjects with normal homocysteine levels. Flow-mediated, endothelium-dependent (nitric oxide–mediated) vasodilation was assessed by measuring the percent change in brachial artery diameter during reactive hyperemia. Endothelium-independent vasodilation was assessed after the administration of 0.4 mg sublingual nitroglycerin. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation was significantly impaired in the hyperhomocyst(e)inemic subjects compared with control subjects (3.7±0.6% versus 8.1±1.2%; P=.004), whereas endothelium-independent vasodilation was not different between the two groups (10.1±1.6% versus 9.3±1.5%; P=NS). In a linear regression analysis with serum homocysteine concentration, folic acid, age, sex, cholesterol (serum total, LDL, or HDL cholesterol), mean arterial blood pressure, use of antihypertensive medication, and baseline brachial artery diameter included as covariates, serum homocysteine concentration emerged as the only significant predictor of flow-mediated vasodilation.
Conclusions These data indicate that hyperhomocyst(e)inemia is associated with impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in humans and suggest that the bioavailability of nitric oxide is decreased in hyperhomocyst(e)inemic humans. (. 1997;95:1119-1121.)
Key Words: endothelium • endothelium-derived factors • homocysteine • vasodilation
|
Introduction |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Homocysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid that is formed during methionine metabolism. Serum homocysteine concentrations are frequently elevated in the elderly; in individuals deficient in folic acid, cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) or pyridoxal phosphate (vitamin B6); and in the presence of various enzyme abnormalities including deficiencies in cystathionine ß-synthase and thermolability of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase.1 2 3 It is now well established that mild to moderate elevations in serum homocysteine are associated with an increased incidence of vascular disease.4 5 6 Cellular and animal studies7 8 indicate that homocysteine reduces the bioavailability of endothelium-derived nitric oxide. We hypothesized that mild to moderate elevations in the serum homocysteine concentration are associated with decreased nitric oxide bioavailability in humans, manifested by impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Accordingly, we used high-resolution ultrasonography to measure endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasodilation in a nonatherosclerotic peripheral conduit artery, the brachial artery, of elderly subjects with and without hyperhomocyst(e)inemia.
|
Methods |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Patient Population and Homocysteine Measurements
One hundred sixty subjects, aged 60 to 80 years, were recruited through the Harvard Cooperative Program on Aging. Serum was obtained after an overnight fast; it was promptly spun, separated, and frozen and was then sent to the Associated Regional and University Pathologists, Inc (Salt Lake City, Utah) for measurement of free plus bound homocysteine by the use of previously described methods.9 Hyperhomocyst(e)inemia was prospectively defined as a fasting serum homocysteine concentration
16 µmol/L on the basis of a study4 of serum homocysteine concentrations and risk of myocardial infarction, which found that the relative risk of myocardial infarction was significantly increased in subjects with serum homocysteine concentrations >15.8 µmol/L. This serum homocysteine concentration corresponded to the upper quartile of fasting homocysteine concentrations in our population. Thus, subjects with homocysteine levels in the upper and lower quartiles (16 µmol/L and <11 µmol/L) were subsequently invited for further evaluation, which included a history and physical examination as well as measurement of serum fasting total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol and folic acid, cyanocobalamin, and pyridoxal phosphate concentrations. Exclusion criteria included the following: smoking; systolic blood pressure >160 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure >90 mm Hg despite treatment; serum cholesterol level above the 75th percentile for age and sex; history of vascular disease; diabetes; family history of premature coronary artery disease; or any clinical manifestation of atherosclerosis, such as coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, or carotid artery disease. Twenty-six hyperhomocyst(e)inemic individuals and 15 eligible age- and sex-matched individuals with serum homocysteine concentrations 
11 µmol/L were asked and agreed to participate in vascular function studies. The study protocol was approved by the Human Research Committee of the Brigham and Women's Hospital, and informed consent was obtained from each subject.
Vascular Measurements
Endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilation was assessed by high-resolution ultrasonography, a technique that has been described previously and validated.10 11 Longitudinal images of the brachial artery were obtained 10 to 80 mm proximal to the antecubital fossa by use of a Toshiba model SSA-140A scanner (Tochigi-ken) equipped with a 7.5-MHz high-resolution linear-array transducer. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation was assessed by measuring the percent change from baseline of brachial artery diameter during reactive hyperemia. To create this stimulus, a pneumatic cuff was placed on the upper arm and inflated to suprasystolic pressures for 5 minutes. The brachial artery was then imaged for 2 minutes after cuff deflation, during reactive hyperemia. Peak brachial artery blood flow velocity was measured by use of Doppler ultrasonography to assess the blood flow stimulus during reactive hyperemia. After 7 minutes were allowed to pass, a repeat baseline scan of the brachial artery was obtained. Thereafter, 0.4 mg sublingual nitroglycerin was administered to 10 hyperhomocyst(e)inemic and 11 control subjects to assess endothelium-independent vasodilation. The artery was scanned for an additional 4 minutes. Blood pressure and heart rate were monitored during this procedure.
All images were recorded on super VHS videotape for subsequent analysis. Images corresponding to the resting state, 60 seconds after cuff deflation, and 3 minutes after nitroglycerin administration were selected and digitized. Two investigators blinded to the subjects' homocysteine concentrations subsequently analyzed the images.
Statistical Analysis
Continuous data are expressed as mean±SE. Student's t tests and 
2 tests with Yates' correction were used to compare differences between groups for continuous and categorical data, respectively. Univariate and multivariate linear regression analysis was used to assess the association between potential predictor variables and the change in brachial artery diameter after reactive hyperemia. A value of P<.05 was considered significant.
|
Results |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Baseline Characteristics
The clinical characteristics of the study population are provided in the Table
. The mean fasting serum homocysteine concentrations were 19.2±0.8 µmol/L in the hyperhomocyst(e)inemic group and 8.2±0.4 µmol/L in the control group (P<.001).There were no significant between-group differences for age, sex, cholesterol (serum total, LDL, or HDL cholesterol), blood pressure, use of antihypertensive medication, or baseline brachial artery diameter. Serum folic acid concentration was lower in the hyperhomocyst(e)inemic subjects than in the control subjects. There were no significant differences between hyperhomocyst(e)inemic and control subjects for concentrations of pyridoxal phosphate or cyanocobalamin.
|
Vascular Function
The time-averaged flow velocity during peak reactive hyperemia, a measure of the stimulus for flow-mediated vasodilation, was the same for both groups (110±10 versus 100±10 cm/s; P=NS). Flow-mediated, endothelium-dependent vasodilation was significantly decreased in the hyperhomocyst(e)inemic subjects compared with control subjects (3.7±0.6% versus 8.1±1.2%; P=.004), whereas endothelium-independent vasodilation to sublingual nitroglycerin was not different between the two groups (10.1±1.6% versus 9.3±1.5%; P=NS) (Figure). By univariate analysis, homocysteine concentration correlated inversely with flow-mediated vasodilation (r=.44, P=.004). Furthermore, in a linear regression analysis, with serum homocysteine concentration, folic acid, age, sex, cholesterol (serum total, LDL, or HDL cholesterol), mean arterial blood pressure, use of antihypertensive medication, and baseline brachial artery diameter included as covariates, serum homocysteine concentration emerged as the only significant predictor of flow-mediated vasodilation (P=.008).
|
|
Discussion |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
The important new finding in this study is that mild to moderate elevation in serum homocysteine concentrations in elderly humans is associated with impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Because impaired endothelial function is believed to be an early step in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of atherosclerosis, this observation illuminates a potentially important mechanism by which homocysteine may predispose a person to vascular diseases.
Our findings extend those made recently in monkeys with diet-induced moderate hyperhomocyst(e)inemia by Lentz et al,8 who reported that endothelium-dependent vasodilation is impaired in carotid artery rings in vitro and hindlimb resistance vessels in vivo. Celermajer et al,12 using a technique similar to the one used in the present study, detected abnormal endothelium-dependent vasodilation in children with severe elevations in serum homocysteine concentrations due to homozygous homocystinuria, a rare genetic disease. In that study, however, their parents, obligate heterozygotes for cystathionine ß-synthase deficiency, had neither abnormal endothelial function nor elevations in their homocysteine levels.
Although the precise mechanisms are not known, homocysteine may decrease the bioavailability of nitric oxide by reducing its synthesis or by increasing its degradation via the generation of oxygen-derived free radicals such as superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide.13 14 15 In addition, homocysteine increases lipid peroxidation, which then may impair expression of nitric oxide synthase and directly degrade nitric oxide.16 17 18
Therapeutic measures to lower homocysteine levels are inexpensive, safe, and effective. Therapy with folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 can reduce homocysteine levels in most cases within 3 months.19 20 It follows, then, that studies should be undertaken to determine whether lowering homocysteine concentrations with B-vitamin therapy can improve endothelium-dependent vasodilation and ultimately reduce the incidence of vascular events.
|
Acknowledgments |
|---|
This research was supported by a National Institutes of Health program project grant in vascular biology and medicine (HL-48743). Dr Creager is a recipient of a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute academic award in systemic and pulmonary vascular medicine (HL-02663). Dr Gerhard is a recipient of a Harvard/MIT Health Sciences and Technology–Beth Israel fellowship. Dr Omland is a recipient of a J. William Fulbright award. We gratefully acknowledge the Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center (AG08812) for its assistance in recruiting participants for this study and Dr Joseph Polak for developing the software used in the image analysis.
Received August 2, 1996; revision received January 6, 1997; accepted January 7, 1997.
|
References |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
1. Selhub J, Jacques PF, Wilson PW, Rush D, Rosenberg IH. Vitamin status and intake as primary determinants of homocysteinemia in an elderly population. JAMA. 1993;270:2693-2698.
2.
Ubbink JB, Vermaac WJH, van der Merwe A, Becker PJ. Vitamin B12, vitamin B6, and folate nutritional status in men with hyperhomocysteinemia. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992;55:1154-1160.
3.
Kang S-S, Passen EL, Ruggie N, Wong PWK, Sora H. Thermolabile defect of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase in coronary artery disease. Circulation. 1993;88:1463-1469.
4.
Stampfer MJ, Malinow MR, Willett WC, Newcomer LM, Upson B, Ullman D, Tishler PV, Hennekens CH. A prospective study of plasma homocysteine and risk of myocardial infarction in US physicians. JAMA. 1992;268:877-881.
5.
Malinow MR. Hyperhomocysteinemia: a common and easily reversible risk factor for occlusive atherosclerosis. Circulation. 1990;81:2004-2006.
6.
Selhub J, Jacques PF, Boston AG, D'Agostino RB, Wilson PWF, Belanger AJ, O'Leary DH, Wolf PA, Schaefer EJ, Rosenberg IH. Association between plasma homocysteine concentrations and extracranial carotid-artery stenosis. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:286-291.
7. Stamler JS, Osborn JA, Jaraji O, Rabbani LE, Mullins M, Singel D, Loscalzo J. Adverse effects of homocysteine are modulated by endothelium-derived relaxing factor and related oxides of nitrogen. J Clin Invest. 1993;91:308-318.
8. Lentz SR, Sobey CG, Piegors DJ, Bhopatkar MY, Faraci FM, Malinow MR, Heistad DD. Vascular dysfunction in monkeys with diet-induced hyperhomocysteinemia. J Clin Invest. 1996;98:24-29.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
9.
Wu LL, Wu J, Hunt SC, James BC, Vincent GM, Williams RR, Hopkins PN. Plasma homocyst(e)ine as a risk factor for early familial coronary artery disease. Clin Chem. 1994;40:552-561.
10.
Sorenson KE, Celermajer DS, Spiegelhalter DJ, Georgakopoulos D, Robinson J, Thomas O, Deanfield JE. Noninvasive measurement of endothelium-dependent arterial responses in man: accuracy and reproducibility. Br Heart J. 1995;74:247-253.
11. Lieberman EH, Gerhard MD, Uehata A, Selwyn AP, Ganz P, Yeung AC, Creager MA. Flow-induced vasodilation of the human brachial artery is impaired in patients <40 years of age with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 1996;78:1210-1214.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
12. Celermajer DS, Sorenson KE, Ryalls M, Robinson J, Thomas O, Leonard JV, Deanfield JE. Impaired endothelial function occurs in the systemic arteries of children with homozygous homocysteinuria but not in their heterozygous parents. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993;22:854-858.[Abstract]
13. Upchurch GR, Welch GN, Randev N, Fabian A, Keaney J Jr, Loscalzo J. The effect of homocysteine on endothelial nitric oxide production. FASEB J. 1995;9:A876. Abstract.
14. Loscalzo J. The oxidant stress of hyperhomocyst(e)inemia. J Clin Invest. 1996;98:5-7.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
15. Starkebaum G, Harlan JM. Endothelial cell injury due to copper-catalyzed hydrogen peroxide generation from homocysteine. J Clin Invest. 1986;77:1370-1376.
16. Blom HJ. Lipid peroxidation and susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein to in vitro oxidation in hyperhomocysteinemia. Eur J Clin Invest. 1995;25:149-154.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
17.
Liao JK, Shin WS, Lee WY, Clark SL. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein decreases the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. J Biol Chem. 1995;270:319-324.
18. Chin JH, Azhar S, Hoffman BB. Inactivation of endothelium-derived relaxing factor by oxidized lipoproteins. J Clin Invest. 1992;89:10-18.
19.
Franken DG, Boers GH, Blom HJ, Trijbels FJ, Kloppenborg PW. Treatment of mild hyperhomocysteinemia in vascular disease patients. Arterioscler Thromb. 1994;14:465-470.
20. Naurath HJ, Joosten E, Rizler R, Stabler SP, Lindenbaum J. Effects of vitamin B12, folate, and vitamin B6 supplementation in elderly people with normal serum vitamin concentrations. Lancet. 1995;346:85-89.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  J. P. Forman, H. Choi, and G. C. Curhan Uric Acid and Insulin Sensitivity and Risk of Incident Hypertension Arch Intern Med, January 26, 2009; 169(2): 155 - 162. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. S. McCully Chemical Pathology of Homocysteine. IV. Excitotoxicity, Oxidative Stress, Endothelial Dysfunction, and Inflammation Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci., January 1, 2009; 39(3): 219 - 232. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P Borrione, M Rizzo, A Spaccamiglio, R A Salvo, A Dovio, A Termine, A Parisi, F Fagnani, A Angeli, and F Pigozzi Sport-related hyperhomocysteinaemia: a putative marker of muscular demand to be noted for cardiovascular risk Br. J. Sports Med., November 1, 2008; 42(11): 894 - 900. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. M. Schwartzfarb and P. Romanelli Hyperhomocysteinemia and Lower Extremity Wounds International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds, September 1, 2008; 7(3): 126 - 136. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Potter, G. J. Hankey, D. J. Green, J. W. Eikelboom, and L. F. Arnolda Homocysteine or Renal Impairment: Which Is the Real Cardiovascular Risk Factor? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, June 1, 2008; 28(6): 1158 - 1164. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. Palm, M. L. Onozato, Z. Luo, and C. S. Wilcox Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH): expression, regulation, and function in the cardiovascular and renal systems Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2007; 293(6): H3227 - H3245. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L.-K. Yang, K.-C. Wong, M.-Y. Wu, S.-L. Liao, C.-S. Kuo, and R.-F. S. Huang Correlations Between Folate, B12, Homocysteine Levels, and Radiological Markers of Neuropathology in Elderly Post-Stroke Patients J. Am. Coll. Nutr., June 1, 2007; 26(3): 272 - 278. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. A. McMahon, C. M. Skeaff, S. M. Williams, and T. J. Green Lowering Homocysteine with B Vitamins Has No Effect on Blood Pressure in Older Adults J. Nutr., May 1, 2007; 137(5): 1183 - 1187. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Shirodaria, C. Antoniades, J. Lee, C. E. Jackson, M. D. Robson, J. M. Francis, S. J. Moat, C. Ratnatunga, R. Pillai, H. Refsum, et al. Global Improvement of Vascular Function and Redox State With Low-Dose Folic Acid: Implications for Folate Therapy in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease Circulation, May 1, 2007; 115(17): 2262 - 2270. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Nasir, M. Tsai, B. D. Rosen, V. Fernandes, D. A. Bluemke, A. R. Folsom, and J. A.C. Lima Elevated Homocysteine Is Associated With Reduced Regional Left Ventricular Function: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis Circulation, January 16, 2007; 115(2): 180 - 187. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. J Roman, T. Z Naqvi, J. M Gardin, M. Gerhard-Herman, M. Jaff, and E. Mohler American Society of Echocardiography Report: Clinical application of noninvasive vascular ultrasound in cardiovascular risk stratification: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography and the Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology Vascular Medicine, August 1, 2006; 11(3): 201 - 211. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S R Hart, A A Mangoni, C G Swift, and S H D Jackson Effect of methionine loading on pulse wave analysis in elderly volunteers. Postgrad. Med. J., August 1, 2006; 82(970): 524 - 527. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. Postea, F. Krotz, A. Henger, C. Keller, and N. Weiss Stereospecific and Redox-Sensitive Increase in Monocyte Adhesion to Endothelial Cells by Homocysteine Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, March 1, 2006; 26(3): 508 - 513. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Weiss, N. Ide, T. Abahji, L. Nill, C. Keller, and U. Hoffmann Aged Garlic Extract Improves Homocysteine-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction in Macro- and Microcirculation J. Nutr., March 1, 2006; 136(3): 750S - 754S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X. Jiang, F. Yang, H. Tan, D. Liao, R. M. Bryan Jr, J. K. Randhawa, R. E. Rumbaut, W. Durante, A. I. Schafer, X. Yang, et al. Hyperhomocystinemia Impairs Endothelial Function and eNOS Activity via PKC Activation Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, December 1, 2005; 25(12): 2515 - 2521. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Tyagi, K. C. Sedoris, M. Steed, A. V. Ovechkin, K. S. Moshal, and S. C. Tyagi Mechanisms of homocysteine-induced oxidative stress Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2005; 289(6): H2649 - H2656. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. L. Jacobs, L. M. Stead, C. Devlin, I. Tabas, M. E. Brosnan, J. T. Brosnan, and D. E. Vance Physiological Regulation of Phospholipid Methylation Alters Plasma Homocysteine in Mice J. Biol. Chem., August 5, 2005; 280(31): 28299 - 28305. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Li, L. Pickell, Y. Liu, Q. Wu, J. S Cohn, and R. Rozen Maternal methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency and low dietary folate lead to adverse reproductive outcomes and congenital heart defects in mice Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 2005; 82(1): 188 - 195. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. H Boger Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and cardiovascular disease: insights from prospective clinical trials Vascular Medicine, July 1, 2005; 10(1_suppl): S19 - S25. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Cronin, K. L. Furie, and P. J. Kelly Dose-Related Association of MTHFR 677T Allele With Risk of Ischemic Stroke: Evidence From a Cumulative Meta-Analysis Stroke, July 1, 2005; 36(7): 1581 - 1587. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. H Boger Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and cardiovascular disease: insights from prospective clinical trials Vascular Medicine, May 1, 2005; 10(2_suppl): S19 - S25. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A.M.W. Spijkerman, Y.M. Smulders, P.J. Kostense, R.M.A. Henry, A. Becker, T. Teerlink, C. Jakobs, J.M. Dekker, G. Nijpels, R.J. Heine, et al. S-Adenosylmethionine and 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate Are Associated With Endothelial Function After Controlling for Confounding by Homocysteine: The Hoorn Study Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 2005; 25(4): 778 - 784. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S.-J. Lee, K.-M. Kim, S. Namkoong, C.-K. Kim, Y.-C. Kang, H. Lee, K.-S. Ha, J.-A Han, H.-T. Chung, Y.-G. Kwon, et al. Nitric Oxide Inhibition of Homocysteine-induced Human Endothelial Cell Apoptosis by Down-regulation of p53-dependent Noxa Expression through the Formation of S-Nitrosohomocysteine J. Biol. Chem., February 18, 2005; 280(7): 5781 - 5788. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. L. Bots, J. Westerink, T. J. Rabelink, and E. J.P. de Koning Assessment of flow-mediated vasodilatation (FMD) of the brachial artery: effects of technical aspects of the FMD measurement on the FMD response Eur. Heart J., February 2, 2005; 26(4): 363 - 368. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. T. Wu and L. L. Wu Association of Soluble Markers with Various Stages and Major Events of Atherosclerosis Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci., January 1, 2005; 35(3): 240 - 250. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Cesari, M. Zanchetta, A. Burlina, L. Pedon, G. Maiolino, D. Sticchi, A. C. Pessina, and G. P. Rossi Hyperhomocysteinemia Is Inversely Related With Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction and Predicts Cardiovascular Mortality in High-Risk Coronary Artery Disease Hypertensives Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, January 1, 2005; 25(1): 115 - 121. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. Smolkova, M. Dusinska, K. Raslova, M. Barancokova, A. Kazimirova, A. Horska, V. Spustova, and A. Collins Folate levels determine effect of antioxidant supplementation on micronuclei in subjects with cardiovascular risk Mutagenesis, November 1, 2004; 19(6): 469 - 476. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. H. Boger Asymmetric Dimethylarginine, an Endogenous Inhibitor of Nitric Oxide Synthase, Explains the "L-Arginine Paradox" and Acts as a Novel Cardiovascular Risk Factor J. Nutr., October 1, 2004; 134(10): 2842S - 2847S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Sachdev, R. Parslow, C. Salonikas, O. Lux, W. Wen, R. Kumar, D. Naidoo, H. Christensen, and A. Jorm Homocysteine and the Brain in Midadult Life: Evidence for an Increased Risk of Leukoaraiosis in Men Arch Neurol, September 1, 2004; 61(9): 1369 - 1376. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Hucks, R. C. Thuraisingham, M. J. Raftery, and M. M. Yaqoob Homocysteine induced impairment of nitric oxide-dependent vasorelaxation is reversible by the superoxide dismutase mimetic TEMPOL Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., August 1, 2004; 19(8): 1999 - 2005. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. H. Samson, Z. Yungst, and D. P. Showalter Homocysteine, a Risk Factor for Carotid Atherosclerosis, Is Not a Risk Factor for Early Recurrent Carotid Stenosis Following Carotid Endarterectomy Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, July 1, 2004; 38(4): 345 - 348. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Suhara, K. Fukuo, O. Yasuda, M. Tsubakimoto, Y. Takemura, H. Kawamoto, T. Yokoi, M. Mogi, T. Kaimoto, and T. Ogihara Homocysteine Enhances Endothelial Apoptosis via Upregulation of Fas-Mediated Pathways Hypertension, June 1, 2004; 43(6): 1208 - 1213. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. S. De Vriese, H. J. Blom, S. G. Heil, S. Mortier, L. A.J. Kluijtmans, J. Van de Voorde, and N. H. Lameire Endothelium-Derived Hyperpolarizing Factor-Mediated Renal Vasodilatory Response Is Impaired During Acute and Chronic Hyperhomocysteinemia Circulation, May 18, 2004; 109(19): 2331 - 2336. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Sydow, B. Hornig, N. Arakawa, S. M Bode-Boger, D. Tsikas, T. Munuzel, and R. H Boger Endothelial dysfunction in patients with peripheral arterial disease and chronic hyperhomocysteinemia: potential role of ADMA Vascular Medicine, May 1, 2004; 9(2): 93 - 101. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Fathi, B. Haluska, N. Isbel, L. Short, and T. H. Marwick The relative importance of vascular structure and function in predicting cardiovascular events J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 18, 2004; 43(4): 616 - 623. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Soinio, J. Marniemi, M. Laakso, S. Lehto, and T. Ronnemaa Elevated Plasma Homocysteine Level Is an Independent Predictor of Coronary Heart Disease Events in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Ann Intern Med, January 20, 2004; 140(2): 94 - 100. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Hassan, B. J. Hunt, M. O'Sullivan, R. Bell, R. D'Souza, S. Jeffery, J. M. Bamford, and H. S. Markus Homocysteine is a risk factor for cerebral small vessel disease, acting via endothelial dysfunction Brain, January 1, 2004; 127(1): 212 - 219. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. Bagi, C. Cseko, E. Toth, and A. Koller Oxidative stress-induced dysregulation of arteriolar wall shear stress and blood pressure in hyperhomocysteinemia is prevented by chronic vitamin C treatment Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2003; 285(6): H2277 - H2283. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. C. Stuhlinger, R. K. Oka, E. E. Graf, I. Schmolzer, B. M. Upson, O. Kapoor, A. Szuba, M. R. Malinow, T. C. Wascher, O. Pachinger, et al. Endothelial Dysfunction Induced by Hyperhomocyst(e)inemia: Role of Asymmetric Dimethylarginine Circulation, August 26, 2003; 108(8): 933 - 938. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Robert, J.-F. Chasse, D. Santiard-Baron, C. Vayssettes, A. Chabli, J. Aupetit, N. Maeda, P. Kamoun, J. London, and N. Janel Altered Gene Expression in Liver from a Murine Model of Hyperhomocysteinemia J. Biol. Chem., August 22, 2003; 278(34): 31504 - 31511. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Virdis, M. Iglarz, M. F. Neves, F. Amiri, R. M. Touyz, R. Rozen, and E. L. Schiffrin Effect of Hyperhomocystinemia and Hypertension on Endothelial Function in Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase-Deficient Mice Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, August 1, 2003; 23(8): 1352 - 1357. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. D. Plotnick, M. C. Corretti, R. A. Vogel, R. Hesslink Jr, and J. A. Wise Effect of supplemental phytonutrients on impairment of the flow-mediated brachialartery vasoactivity after a single high-fat meal J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 21, 2003; 41(10): 1744 - 1749. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. A. Noga, L. M. Stead, Y. Zhao, M. E. Brosnan, J. T. Brosnan, and D. E. Vance Plasma Homocysteine Is Regulated by Phospholipid Methylation J. Biol. Chem., February 14, 2003; 278(8): 5952 - 5955. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Sydow, E. Schwedhelm, N. Arakawa, S. M. Bode-Boger, D. Tsikas, B. Hornig, J. C. Frolich, and R. H. Boger ADMA and oxidative stress are responsible for endothelial dysfunction in hyperhomocyst(e)inemia: effects of L-arginine and B vitamins Cardiovasc Res, January 1, 2003; 57(1): 244 - 252. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 U. Lim and P. A. Cassano Homocysteine and Blood Pressure in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994 Am. J. Epidemiol., December 15, 2002; 156(12): 1105 - 1113. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. De Bree, W. M. M. Verschuren, D. Kromhout, L. A. J. Kluijtmans, and H. J. Blom Homocysteine Determinants and the Evidence to What Extent Homocysteine Determines the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Pharmacol. Rev., December 1, 2002; 54(4): 599 - 618. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Schnyder, Y. Flammer, M. Roffi, R. Pin, and O. M. Hess Plasma homocysteine levels and late outcome after coronary angioplasty J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 20, 2002; 40(10): 1769 - 1776. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
U. Schwab, A. Torronen, L. Toppinen, G. Alfthan, M. Saarinen, A. Aro, and M. Uusitupa Betaine supplementation decreases plasma homocysteine concentrations but does not affect body weight, body composition, or resting energy expenditure in human subjects Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 2002; 76(5): 961 - 967. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 O. Stanger, H.-J. Semmelrock, W. Wonisch, U. Bos, E. Pabst, and T. C. Wascher Effects of Folate Treatment and Homocysteine Lowering on Resistance Vessel Reactivity in Atherosclerotic Subjects J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., October 1, 2002; 303(1): 158 - 162. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Tawakol, M. A. Forgione, M. Stuehlinger, N. M. Alpert, J. P. Cooke, J. Loscalzo, A. J. Fischman, M. A. Creager, and H. Gewirtz Homocysteine impairs coronary microvascular dilator function in humans J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 18, 2002; 40(6): 1051 - 1058. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Schnyder, M. Roffi, Y. Flammer, R. Pin, and O. M. Hess Effect of Homocysteine-Lowering Therapy With Folic Acid, Vitamin B12, and Vitamin B6 on Clinical Outcome After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: The Swiss Heart Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial JAMA, August 28, 2002; 288(8): 973 - 979. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. J. Kelly, J. Rosand, J. P. Kistler, V. E. Shih, S. Silveira, A. Plomaritoglou, and K. L. Furie Homocysteine, MTHFR 677C->T polymorphism, and risk of ischemic stroke: Results of a meta-analysis Neurology, August 27, 2002; 59(4): 529 - 536. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. F. Willems, W. R. M. Aengevaeren, G. H. J. Boers, H. J. Blom, and F. W. A. Verheugt Coronary endothelial function in hyperhomocysteinemia: improvement after treatment with folic acid and cobalamin in patients with coronary artery disease J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 21, 2002; 40(4): 766 - 772. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Weiss, C. Keller, U. Hoffmann, and J. Loscalzo Endothelial dysfunction and atherothrombosis in mild hyperhomocysteinemia Vascular Medicine, August 1, 2002; 7(3): 227 - 239. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Muntwyler, C. H. Hennekens, J. E. Manson, J. E. Buring, and J. M. Gaziano Vitamin Supplement Use in a Low-Risk Population of US Male Physicians and Subsequent Cardiovascular Mortality Arch Intern Med, July 8, 2002; 162(13): 1472 - 1476. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Z. Ungvari, A. Csiszar, Z. Bagi, and A. Koller Impaired Nitric Oxide-Mediated Flow-Induced Coronary Dilation in Hyperhomocysteinemia : Morphological and Functional Evidence for Increased Peroxynitrite Formation Am. J. Pathol., July 1, 2002; 161(1): 145 - 153. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Zheng, C. Dimayuga, A. Hudaihed, and S. D. Katz Effect of Dexrazoxane on Homocysteine-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction in Normal Subjects Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, July 1, 2002; 22(7): e15 - 18. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Schnyder, M. Roffi, Y. Flammer, R. Pin, and O.M. Hess Association of plasma homocysteine with restenosis after percutaneous coronary angioplasty Eur. Heart J., May 1, 2002; 23(9): 726 - 733. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Wang, X. Jiang, F. Yang, G. B. Chapman, W. Durante, N. E. S. Sibinga, and A. I. Schafer Cyclin A transcriptional suppression is the major mechanism mediating homocysteine-induced endothelial cell growth inhibition Blood, February 1, 2002; 99(3): 939 - 945. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. Bagi, Z. Ungvari, and A. Koller Xanthine Oxidase-Derived Reactive Oxygen Species Convert Flow-Induced Arteriolar Dilation to Constriction in Hyperhomocysteinemia: Possible Role of Peroxynitrite Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, January 1, 2002; 22(1): 28 - 33. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Weiss, S. Heydrick, Y.-Y. Zhang, C. Bierl, A. Cap, and J. Loscalzo Cellular Redox State and Endothelial Dysfunction in Mildly Hyperhomocysteinemic Cystathionine {beta}-Synthase-Deficient Mice Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, January 1, 2002; 22(1): 34 - 41. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. H. Pullin, P. A. L. Ashfield-Watt, M. L. Burr, Z. E. Clark, M. J. Lewis, S. J. Moat, R. G. Newcombe, H. J. Powers, J. M. Whiting, and I. F. W. McDowell Optimization of dietary folate or low-dose folic acid supplements lower homocysteine but do not enhance endothelial function in healthy adults, irrespective of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (C677T) genotype J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., December 1, 2001; 38(7): 1799 - 1805. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Z. van Asselt, J. W. Pasman, H. J. van Lier, D. M. Vingerhoets, P. J. Poels, Y. Kuin, H. J. Blom, and W. H. Hoefnagels Cobalamin Supplementation Improves Cognitive and Cerebral Function in Older, Cobalamin-Deficient Persons J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., December 1, 2001; 56(12): M775 - 779. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Schnyder, M. Roffi, R. Pin, Y. Flammer, H. Lange, F. R. Eberli, B. Meier, Z. G. Turi, and O. M. Hess Decreased Rate of Coronary Restenosis after Lowering of Plasma Homocysteine Levels N. Engl. J. Med., November 29, 2001; 345(22): 1593 - 1600. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. C. Stuhlinger, P. S. Tsao, J.-H. Her, M. Kimoto, R. F. Balint, and J. P. Cooke Homocysteine Impairs the Nitric Oxide Synthase Pathway: Role of Asymmetric Dimethylarginine Circulation, November 20, 2001; 104(21): 2569 - 2575. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Weiss, Y.-Y. Zhang, S. Heydrick, C. Bierl, and J. Loscalzo Overexpression of cellular glutathione peroxidase rescues homocyst(e)ine-induced endothelial dysfunction PNAS, October 12, 2001; (2001) 231428998. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Virdis, L. Ghiadoni, H. Cardinal, S. Favilla, P. Duranti, R. Birindelli, A. Magagna, G. Bernini, G. Salvetti, S. Taddei, et al. Mechanisms responsible for endothelial dysfunction induced by fasting hyperhomocystinemia in normotensive subjects and patients with essential hypertension J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 1, 2001; 38(4): 1106 - 1115. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Lavie, A. Perelman, and P. Lavie Plasma Homocysteine Levels in Obstructive Sleep Apnea : Association With Cardiovascular Morbidity Chest, September 1, 2001; 120(3): 900 - 908. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. M. de Roos, M. L. Bots, and M. B. Katan Replacement of Dietary Saturated Fatty Acids by Trans Fatty Acids Lowers Serum HDL Cholesterol and Impairs Endothelial Function in Healthy Men and Women Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, July 1, 2001; 21(7): 1233 - 1237. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Weger, O. Stanger, H. Deutschmann, M. Simon, W. Renner, O. Schmut, J. Semmelrock, and A. Haas Hyperhomocyst(e)inaemia, but not MTHFR C677T mutation, as a risk factor for non-arteritic ischaemic optic neuropathy Br J Ophthalmol, July 1, 2001; 85(7): 803 - 806. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. lannuzzi, G. Jannuzzo, C. Sapio, P. Pauciullo, D. Jorio, N. Spampinato, M. Mancini, and P. Rubba L-Arginine Improves Post-Ischemic Vasodilation in Coronary Heart Disease Patients Taking Vasodilating Drugs Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, June 1, 2001; 6(2): 121 - 127. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. Cavalca, G. Cighetti, F. Bamonti, A. Loaldi, L. Bortone, C. Novembrino, M. De Franceschi, R. Belardinelli, and M. D. Guazzi Oxidative Stress and Homocysteine in Coronary Artery Disease Clin. Chem., May 1, 2001; 47(5): 887 - 892. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. A Brown and F. B Hu Dietary modulation of endothelial function: implications for cardiovascular disease Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, April 1, 2001; 73(4): 673 - 686. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C G Hanratty, L T McGrath, D F McAuley, I S Young, and G D Johnston The effects of oral methionine and homocysteine on endothelial function Heart, March 1, 2001; 85(3): 326 - 330. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Gallai, V. Caso, M. Paciaroni, G. Cardaioli, E. Arning, T. Bottiglieri, and L. Parnetti Mild Hyperhomocyst(e)inemia : A Possible Risk Factor for Cervical Artery Dissection Stroke, March 1, 2001; 32(3): 714 - 718. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. Bagi, Z. Ungvari, L. Szollar, and A. Koller Flow-Induced Constriction in Arterioles of Hyperhomocysteinemic Rats Is Due to Impaired Nitric Oxide and Enhanced Thromboxane A2 Mediation Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, February 1, 2001; 21(2): 233 - 237. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. W. Compher, B. P. Kinosian, N. Evans-Stoner, J. Huzinec, and G. P. Buzby Hyperhomocysteinemia Is Associated with Venous Thrombosis in Patients with Short Bowel Syndrome JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, January 1, 2001; 25(1): 1 - 8. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Rubenfire, S. Rajagopalan, and L. Mosca Carotid artery vasoreactivity in response to sympathetic stress correlates with coronary disease risk and is independent of wall thickness J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., December 1, 2000; 36(7): 2192 - 2197. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Duan, T. Murohara, H. Ikeda, K.-i. Sasaki, S. Shintani, T. Akita, T. Shimada, and T. Imaizumi Hyperhomocysteinemia Impairs Angiogenesis in Response to Hindlimb Ischemia Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, December 1, 2000; 20(12): 2579 - 2585. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. C. Chambers, P. M. Ueland, O. A. Obeid, J. Wrigley, H. Refsum, and J. S. Kooner Improved Vascular Endothelial Function After Oral B Vitamins : An Effect Mediated Through Reduced Concentrations of Free Plasma Homocysteine Circulation, November 14, 2000; 102(20): 2479 - 2483. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. M. Title, P. M. Cummings, K. Giddens, J. J. Genest Jr, and B. A. Nassar Effect of folic acid and antioxidant vitamins on endothelial dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 1, 2000; 36(3): 758 - 765. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. M Ueland, H. Refsum, S. A. Beresford, and S. E. Vollset The controversy over homocysteine and cardiovascular risk Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 2000; 72(2): 324 - 332. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. T. W. Morris, J. J. V. McMurray, R. S. C. Rodger, and A. G. Jardine Impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in uraemia Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., August 1, 2000; 15(8): 1194 - 1200. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Omland, A. Samuelsson, M. Hartford, J. Herlitz, T. Karlsson, B. Christensen, and K. Caidahl Serum Homocysteine Concentration as an Indicator of Survival in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes Arch Intern Med, June 26, 2000; 160(12): 1834 - 1840. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J Thambyrajah and J.N Townend Homocysteine and atherothrombosis--mechanisms for injury Eur. Heart J., June 2, 2000; 21(12): 967 - 974. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. H. Boger, S. M. Bode-Boger, K. Sydow, D. D. Heistad, and S. R. Lentz Plasma Concentration of Asymmetric Dimethylarginine, an Endogenous Inhibitor of Nitric Oxide Synthase, Is Elevated in Monkeys With Hyperhomocyst(e)inemia or Hypercholesterolemia Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, June 1, 2000; 20(6): 1557 - 1564. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. W. Jacobsen Hyperhomocysteinemia and Oxidative Stress : Time for a Reality Check? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, May 1, 2000; 20(5): 1182 - 1184. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. E. L. Wilcken, X. L. Wang, T. Adachi, H. Hara, N. Duarte, K. Green, and B. Wilcken Relationship Between Homocysteine and Superoxide Dismutase in Homocystinuria : Possible Relevance to Cardiovascular Risk Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, May 1, 2000; 20(5): 1199 - 1202. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. Ungvari, E. Sarkadi-Nagy, Z. Bagi, L. Szollar, and A. Koller Simultaneously Increased TxA2 Activity in Isolated Arterioles and Platelets of Rats With Hyperhomocysteinemia Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, May 1, 2000; 20(5): 1203 - 1208. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. S. Woo, J. E. Sanderson, Y. Y. Sun, P. Chook, A. S. P. Cheung, L. T. Chan, C. Metreweli, Y. I. Lolin, and D. S. Celermajer Hyperhomocyst(e)inemia Is a Risk Factor for Arterial Endothelial Dysfunction in Humans Circulation, March 28, 2000; 101 (12): e116 - e116. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. E. Brett, J. M. Ritter, and P. J. Chowienczyk Diastolic Blood Pressure Changes During Exercise Positively Correlate With Serum Cholesterol and Insulin Resistance Circulation, February 15, 2000; 101(6): 611 - 615. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C.-L. Chao, T.-L. Kuo, and Y.-T. Lee Effects of Methionine-Induced Hyperhomocysteinemia on Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilation and Oxidative Status in Healthy Adults Circulation, February 8, 2000; 101(5): 485 - 490. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. R. Rinder, R. J. Spina, and A. A. Ehsani Enhanced endothelium-dependent vasodilation in older endurance-trained men J Appl Physiol, February 1, 2000; 88(2): 761 - 766. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. ROBINSON Homocysteine, B vitamins, and risk of cardiovascular disease Heart, February 1, 2000; 83(2): 127 - 130. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. S. Woo, P. Chook, Y. I. Lolin, J. E. Sanderson, C. Metreweli, and D. S. Celermajer Folic acid improves arterial endothelial function in adults with hyperhomocystinemia J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., December 1, 1999; 34(7): 2002 - 2006. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. C. Chambers, O. A. Obeid, and J. S. Kooner Physiological Increments in Plasma Homocysteine Induce Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction in Normal Human Subjects Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, December 1, 1999; 19(12): 2922 - 2927. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Schachinger, M. B. Britten, M. Elsner, D. H. Walter, I. Scharrer, and A. M. Zeiher A Positive Family History of Premature Coronary Artery Disease Is Associated With Impaired Endothelium-Dependent Coronary Blood Flow Regulation Circulation, October 5, 1999; 100(14): 1502 - 1508. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. Fonseca, S. C. Guba, and L. M. Fink Hyperhomocysteinemia and the Endocrine System: Implications for Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis Endocr. Rev., October 1, 1999; 20(5): 738 - 759. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Lupattelli, S. Rufini, E. H. Locati, R. Lombardini, G. Ciuffetti, D. Siepi, E. Mannarino, and G. Lupattelli Hyperhomocyst(e)inemia Is Associated with Carotid Atherosclerosis Angiology, October 1, 1999; 50(10): 823 - 830. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||