Published online before print December 15, 2008, doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.779223
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(Circulation. 2009;119:62-70.)
© 2009 American Heart Association, Inc.
Imaging |
Tissue Doppler Imaging in the Estimation of Intracardiac Filling Pressure in Decompensated Patients With Advanced Systolic Heart Failure
From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
Correspondence to W.H. Tang, MD, FAHA, Section of Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplantation Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Desk J3-4, Cleveland, OH 44195. E-mail tangw{at}ccf.org
Received March 12, 2008; accepted September 22, 2008.
 |
Abstract |
|---|
 Top Abstract IntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Background— The ratio of early transmitral velocity to tissue Doppler mitral annular early diastolic velocity (E/Ea) has been correlated with pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) in a wide variety of cardiac conditions. The objective of this study was to determine the reliability of mitral E/Ea for predicting PCWP in patients admitted for advanced decompensated heart failure.
Methods and Results— Prospective consecutive patients with advanced decompensated heart failure (ejection fraction 
30%, New York Heart Association class III to IV symptoms) underwent simultaneous echocardiographic and hemodynamic evaluation on admission and after 48 hours of intensive medical therapy. A total of 106 patients were included (mean age, 57±12 years; ejection fraction, 24±8%; PCWP, 21±7 mm Hg; mitral E/Ea ratio, 20±12). No correlation was found between mitral E/Ea ratio and PCWP, particularly in those with larger left ventricular volumes, more impaired cardiac indexes, and the presence of cardiac resynchronization therapy. Overall, the mitral E/Ea ratio was similar among patients with PCWP >18 and 18 mm Hg, and sensitivity and specificity for mitral E/Ea ratio >15 to identify a PCWP >18 mm Hg were 66% and 50%, respectively. Contrary to prior reports, we did not observe any direct association between changes in PCWP and changes in mitral E/Ea ratio.
Conclusion— In decompensated patients with advanced systolic heart failure, tissue Doppler–derived mitral E/Ea ratio may not be as reliable in predicting intracardiac filling pressures, particularly in those with larger LV volumes, more impaired cardiac indices, and the presence of cardiac resynchronization therapy.
Key Words: diastole • echocardiography • heart failure • hemodynamics • remodeling
|
Introduction |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Invasively measured pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) has been widely used as a surrogate for left ventricular (LV) filling pressure and is directly associated with functional capacity and prognosis in patients with heart failure.1–3 However, given the cost, potential complications, and lack of demonstrable benefits in routine use, hemodynamic assessment via pulmonary artery catheters has decreased substantially over the last decade.4–6
Editorial p 13
Clinical Perspective p 70
Conventional echocardiography plays a critical role in the management of heart failure in that it serves as a noninvasive bedside tool to determine abnormalities in cardiac structure and performance. Transmitral flow velocity curves and other Doppler variables have been used as noninvasive estimates of intracardiac filling pressures, albeit with limitations. In particular, the ratio of early transmitral velocity to tissue Doppler mitral annular early diastolic velocity (E/Ea) has been shown to correlate with PCWP in a wide range of cardiac patients.7–13 However, although some smaller studies have included patients with depressed LV systolic function, none has included patients admitted with advanced heart failure and extensive reverse remodeling.14–19 Therefore, the primary goal of our study was to examine the relationship between mitral E/Ea and hemodynamic measurements in patients with advanced decompensated heart failure (ADHF), a patient cohort in which hemodynamic assessment is often considered. We further aimed to explore the potential clinical utility of serial mitral E/Ea assessment in estimating changes in intracardiac filling pressures in response to intensive medical therapy in the ADHF setting.
|
Methods |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Study Population
We prospectively enrolled consecutive patients
18 years of age with symptomatic chronic (>6 months) heart failure who underwent a right heart catheterization because of concerns about hemodynamic derangements at the Cleveland Clinic heart failure intensive care unit between September 15, 2006, and October 15, 2007. Inclusion criteria included markedly impaired systolic LV function defined by LV ejection fraction 30% and New York Heart Association class III to IV symptoms. Patients on artificial ventilation, those who had undergone aortic and/or mitral valve repair or prosthesis, and cardiac transplantation patients were excluded. A previous cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator (CRT-D) implantation was not an exclusion criterion, and all data provided in the Results for patients previously implanted with a CRT-D device were collected with the device on. The Cleveland Clinic Institutional Review Board approved this research project, and informed consent was prospectively obtained in all subjects.
Hemodynamic Study Design
Hemodynamic and echocardiographic data were simultaneously collected at baseline (within 12 hours of admission) and at follow-up (after 48 hours of intensive medical therapy) if the pulmonary artery catheter was still in place. Hemodynamic data, including systemic blood pressure, central venous pressure, and PCWP (wedge position was verified by fluoroscopy and phasic changes in pressure waveforms), represent the average of 5 cycles with balanced transducers (0 level at the midaxillary line). Central venous pressure and PCWP were assessed at end expiration with a balloon-tipped catheter at steady state with the patient in a supine position by an investigator unaware of the echocardiographic measurements. Cardiac index was determined with the Fick equation through sampling of a mixed central venous blood gas taken in the pulmonary artery while assuming standard metabolic rates.
The hemodynamic goals and pharmacological approach to intravenous therapy in the specialized heart failure intensive care unit have been previously described.20 Briefly, optimal hemodynamic response was defined as a decrease in PCWP 18 mm Hg, a decrease in central venous pressure to 8 mm Hg, and an improvement in cardiac index to 2.2 L · –1min · m–2 while maintaining mean arterial pressure >65 mm Hg. To achieve the hemodynamic goals, most patients were treated with intravenous loop diuretics combined with vasodilators and/or inotropic agents while previous therapies were continued or intensified with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, antiadrenergic blockers, aldosterone receptor antagonists, and other vasodilators as indicated and as tolerated.
Transthoracic Echocardiography
A comprehensive 2-dimensional echocardiographic examination dedicated to research was performed with a commercially available system (Vingmed, System Seven, General Electric, Piscataway, NJ) by a single American Society of Echocardiography registered diagnostic cardiac sonographer (A.B.). Images were acquired in the left lateral decubitus position with a phased-array transducer in the standard parasternal and apical views. Standard 2-dimensional and Doppler data, triggered to the QRS complex, were digitally stored in a cine-loop format.
Echocardiographic Analysis
The analysis was performed offline by 2 independent investigators experienced in echocardiographic measurements who were blinded to hemodynamic data at the time of analysis. All reported echocardiographic measurements were averaged from 3 consecutive cycles. LV volumes, LV ejection fraction, mitral regurgitation, and left atrial maximum volume were assessed as recommended by the American Society of Echocardiography.21 Mitral inflow was analyzed for peak E (early diastolic) and peak A (late diastolic) velocities, E/A ratio, and deceleration time of E velocity. Ea septal and lateral mitral annulus velocities were measured, and the dimensionless mitral E/Ea ratio for the septal and lateral annulus was calculated.7,8,15 Interventricular mechanical dyssynchrony was assessed as the difference between the preejection intervals from the QRS onset to the beginning of ventricular ejection at the pulmonic and aortic valve levels using pulsed-wave Doppler and intraventricular mechanical dyssynchrony by the opposing wall time-to-peak myocardial velocity intervals in a 4-segment model with color tissue Doppler imaging.
To ensure optimal accuracy of the mitral E/Ea ratio in patients with advanced heart failure and possible regional wall motion abnormalities, all analyses provided are based on the mitral E/Ea ratio computed from the average of the septal and lateral Ea.16 Pulsed-wave, not color, tissue Doppler imaging was used because temporal resolution is higher with pulsed-wave tissue Doppler imaging. Second, low-gain and filter settings were applied so that the onset of mitral Ea could be reliably identified. Third, the scale was adjusted as needed to range from –15 to 20 to 15 to 20 cm/s, and the sweep speed was set at 100 mm/s to achieve the optimal spectral display of myocardial velocities. Finally, identical R-R intervals (<5 ms) were chosen to minimize potential differences in diastolic time intervals and subsequent differences in interpretation at slightly different R-R cycle lengths.
Statistical Analysis
All data are expressed as mean±SD for continuous data and as a ratio for categorical data. Univariate comparisons of these variables were performed between baseline and follow-up variables and between patients with and without previous CRT-D implantation. Paired and unpaired t tests for continuous data and Spearman correlation coefficients were used for appropriate comparisons. Receiver-operating characteristic curves were constructed to determine optimal sensitivity and specificity for predicting PCWP >18 mm Hg with mitral E/Ea ratio. A PCWP of 18 mm Hg was chosen as the cutoff value because this was the target according to treatment protocol. On the basis of previous studies, a cutoff value for PCWP of 15 mm Hg also was analyzed. Statistical significance was set at a 2-tailed level of P<0.05. All analyses were performed with SPSS for Windows, release 13.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Ill).
The authors had full access to and take full responsibility for the integrity of the data. All authors have read and agree to the manuscript as written.
|
Results |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Patient Characteristics
A total of 110 patients met eligibility criteria during the study period. Four patients refused to be enrolled. Baseline characteristics and treatment of the final 106 patients enrolled during admission are summarized in Table 1. All patients (93% of whom were in sinus rhythm at the time of examination, 7% were in atrial fibrillation, and an additional 14% had a history of atrial fibrillation) were classified as New York Heart Association class III to IV with a mean LV ejection fraction of 24±8%. The median length of intensive medical therapy in the heart failure intensive care unit was 3.5 days. Fifty-one patients (49%) had a CRT-D device at the time of inclusion in our study, with overall baseline characteristics (except QRS width) and treatment patterns comparable to those of patients without previous CRT-D implantation.
|
Hemodynamic and Echocardiographic Measurements
Adequate mitral inflow, tissue Doppler signals, and hemodynamic variables were obtained in all patients. Table 2 presents the hemodynamic and echocardiographic measurements at the time of the baseline assessment for all patients stratified according to the presence or absence of CRT-D implantation. Overall, both patient groups had similar baseline hemodynamic derangements except for a higher heart rate in patients without CRT-D. Compared with those without CRT-D, patients with previous CRT-D implant had larger LV end-diastolic volumes and longer mitral deceleration times. Mitral Ea and E/Ea ratios for different annular regions were similar between those with and those without CRT-D. In addition, septal and lateral Ea values for ischemic and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy patients were similar (5.1±3.2 versus 5.1±2.4 cm/s [P=0.9] and 7.5±5.7 versus 7.3±3.4 cm/s [P=0.8], respectively). Overall, 22% of patients had more than moderate mitral regurgitation at baseline. Compared with patients with mild or moderate mitral regurgitation, these patients had a nonsignificant trend toward higher PCWP and higher mitral E/Ea ratio. Finally, interventricular mechanical dyssynchrony and intraventricular mechanical dyssynchrony were only 19±26 and 36,38 ms, respectively.
|
The relationships between PCWP and different Doppler variables are shown in Table 3. A weak but statistically significant negative correlation was found between PCWP and mitral deceleration time, and a weak positive correlation was found between PCWP and mitral E velocity only in patients without previous CRT-D implantation. However, no correlation was observed between PCWP and mitral Ea in the septal annulus or lateral annulus or when averaged over both annular regions. Furthermore, the mitral E/Ea ratio (using all the definitions for Ea just mentioned) showed no significant correlation with PCWP. As illustrated in Figure 1, even an elevated mitral E/Ea ratio could be associated with a relatively low PCWP and vice versa. Interpretable pulmonary vein (PV) Doppler tracings were obtained in 66% of patients at baseline (systolic PV, 33±8 cm/s; diastolic PV, 56±19 cm/s; atrial PV, 27±9 cm/s). However, no significant correlation could be detected among PV Doppler tracings and PCWP (for systolic PV, r=–0.01; for diastolic PV, r=0.1; for systolic/diastolic PV, r=–0.04).
|
|
Only 53% of patients with a PCWP >18 mm Hg had a mitral E/Ea ratio >15. Figure 2 compares mean mitral E/Ea values in patients with PCWP >15 or 18 mm Hg and those with PCWP 15 or 18 mm Hg and stratified by the presence or absence of previous CRT-D implant. Overall, averaged mitral E/Ea ratio was similar among patients with normal versus elevated PCWP. Only patients without a previous CRT-D implant had a modestly (but significantly) higher mitral E/Ea ratio when PCWP >15 or 18 mm Hg.
|
Clinical Accuracy of Mitral E/Ea Ratio to Predict PCWP
As illustrated in Figure 3, sensitivity and specificity for mitral E/Ea ratio >15 to identify a PCWP >18 mm Hg were 66% and 50%. The predictive value was similar when patients with atrial fibrillation were excluded from the analysis. However, a mitral E/Ea ratio >15 provided better accuracy in predicting PCWP >18 mm Hg in patients without previous CRT-D implantation (sensitivity, 72%; specificity, 54%) than in patients with previous CRT-D implantation (sensitivity, 59%; specificity, 52%). Sensitivity and specificity of mitral E/Ea ratio >15 to predict a PCWP >15 mm Hg in patients without previous CRT-D implantation (sensitivity, 63%; specificity, 57%) and in patients with previous CRT-D implantation (sensitivity, 58%; specificity, 50%) were poorer.
|
To further analyze the potential importance of a cutoff value for mitral E/Ea ratio, patients were divided into 3 groups. In the patients with mitral E/Ea ratios <8, 8 to 15, and E/Ea >15, average PCWPs were similar (19±4, 19±7, and 20±6 mm Hg, respectively). We also tested a previously derived equation (PCWP=2+1.3 mitral E/Ea ratio) to predict measured PCWP in our study cohort, but no correlation was observed (r=0.03, P=NS).
Relation of Mitral E/Ea Ratio to Cardiac Structure and Performance
To better understand the lack of correlation between mitral E/Ea ratio and PCWP, echocardiographic and hemodynamic variables were compared between 2 groups according to the presence or absence of concordant mitral E/Ea ratio >15 and PCWP >18 mm Hg (Figure 4). Interestingly, the only variables that demonstrated statistically significant differences between concordant and discordant mitral E/Ea-PCWP measurements were LV end-diastolic volume and cardiac index. In particular, those with discordant mitral E/Ea-PCWP measurements had significantly larger LV volumes and lower cardiac indexes. Left atrial volume and severity of mitral regurgitation did not differ between groups.
|
Follow-Up Measures
Fifty-one patients (49%) underwent simultaneous Doppler and hemodynamic measurements at follow-up. The absolute change in mean PCWP levels ranged from –24 to 16 mm Hg. No correlation between absolute change in PCWP and change in mitral E/Ea ratio was observed (Figure 1).
|
Discussion |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
In the present study, we report for the first time the reliability of the mitral E/Ea ratio to estimate PCWP in a large, well-characterized "cold and wet" patient population admitted with decompensation from advanced systolic heart failure (LV ejection fraction
30%). Using simultaneously measured echocardiographic and invasive hemodynamic variables, we found the predictive value of baseline mitral E/Ea ratio in estimating PCWP in this population to be less robust than previously reported, especially in patients with CRT. Furthermore, we were unable to identify any reliable direct correlation between changes in mitral E/Ea ratio and PCWP. We further explored this complex relationship and observed the discordance of mitral E/Ea ratio and PCWP to be linked to larger LV dimensions, more impaired cardiac output, and the presence of CRT. With increasing acceptance of mitral E/Ea ratio as a surrogate measure of diastolic function and as a reliable estimate of intracardiac filling pressures, our observations provide an important refinement in the clinical interpretation of the mitral E/Ea ratio as it applies to patient populations in which confounders such as alterations in myocardial structure, severity of systolic dysfunction, or the presence of synchronized pacing may influence its predictive value. Our data also caution against the use of serial mitral E/Ea assessment for titration of diuretic therapy in such conditions. Conventional Doppler recording of mitral inflow velocities and PV velocities has been shown to be useful in estimating PCWP, although significant difficulties arise with alterations in loading conditions, mitral valve disease, aging, tachycardia, and atrial fibrillation.22–26 Although LV filling is initiated and enhanced by augmentable myocardial relaxation in healthy individuals, it is driven by a high filling pressure in patients with heart failure because myocardial relaxation is reduced.27 Our data corroborate these findings; we too found modest relations between PCWP and mitral inflow velocities and deceleration times in our study cohort. This relatively low correlation is an unexpected finding, probably attributable to the confounding effects of LV relaxation, LV stiffness, left atrial pressure, mitral valve function, and annular recoil in this advanced heart failure population, which affect mitral inflow velocities and deceleration times to a greater extent than in normal or less advanced heart failure patients. As a result, the mitral E and deceleration time, which are recorded in early diastole, are only very rough estimates of PCWP. To better account for relaxation, mitral annular velocity Ea has been shown to be less dependent on pressure gradients than blood flow.27–29 As a consequence, the mitral E/Ea ratio, which can be measured easily by standard equipment without extensive postprocessing, has been proposed as a surrogate for PCWP in patients with a variety of cardiac abnormalities, including diastolic heart failure, mitral valve disease, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, atrial fibrillation, and sinus tachycardia.7–13 The increasing acceptance is reflected by the endorsement of mitral E/Ea as a marker for LV filling pressure by a consensus statement from the European Society of Cardiology on the assessment of diastolic function.30
The sensitivity and specificity for the previously described cutoff value of mitral E/Ea >15 to detect elevated PCWP were far lower in our study population than described in prior studies, especially in those patients receiving CRT. However, it is important to emphasize that the profile of our patient population has important differences from those in several published reports that advocated mitral E/Ea ratio for the estimation of LV filling pressures in patients with depressed systolic function.14–19 Not only was our sample size much larger, but our patient population by design experienced worsening of their clinical status just before evaluation and had significantly more cardiac dysfunction and LV remodeling (mean LV ejection fraction, 24±7%; mean cardiac index, 2.1±0.7 L · min–1 · m–2; mean LV end-diastolic volume, 263±117 mL) than in prior studies. We also describe for the first time the impact of pacing on the accuracy of mitral E/Ea, as shown by the poorer correlation of this measure with PCWP in patients with biventricular pacing, although even without pacing we failed to find a robust relationship. To better illustrate the potential confounding aspects of this analysis, consider the 2 patients in Figure 5. The top tracing is for a patient with dilated cardiomyopathy presenting with low output in whom a high mitral E/Ea ratio (27.3 for septal Ea, 22.4 for lateral Ea, and 24.6 for the mean) is seen with a relatively low PCWP of 14 mm Hg. In contrast, the bottom tracing shows very elevated PCWP (23 mm Hg) in a patient with ischemic cardiomyopathy, CRT, low output, and relatively modest mitral E/Ea elevations (17.7 for septal Ea, 7.3 for lateral Ea, and 10.3 for the mean).
|
We did not confirm the previously reported finding that changes in the mitral E/Ea ratio track changes in PCWP in ADHF.14 Patients with a reduction in mitral E/Ea could still have significantly elevated PCWP and vice versa at follow-up. Therefore, a potential reduction in mitral E/Ea during serial echocardiographic assessment should not be considered a surrogate for a drop in PCWP in advanced heart failure patients. Importantly, from the findings of our study, mitral E/Ea ratio should not be used as the only initial or continuing assessment of LV filling pressure to titrate diuretic therapy in the setting of decompensation or advanced systolic heart failure. Figure 6 illustrates a patient with dilated cardiomyopathy treated with loop diuretics and vasodilators in whom a fall in PCWP and an increase in cardiac index elicited a contradictory increase in mitral E/Ea. One issue here is the patient’s tachycardia and low cardiac output, which cause a hyperdynamic state with increased movement and subsequent velocities of the lateral mitral annulus (high lateral E'). Furthermore, a patient’s treatment may vary significantly over time, particularly in relation to the use of inotropic medications, which may have independent effects on annular motion. Clearly, many confounders may influence the predictive value of mitral E/Ea ratio.
|
We further highlight the complex relationships between cardiac structure and performance in that we observed that the discordance of mitral E/Ea and PCWP was linked to larger LV dimensions and more impaired cardiac output in patients with ADHF. The presence of more severe LV remodeling seems to indicate the presence of a "disconnect" between LV diastolic function and actual LV filling pressure in patients with ADHF, which limits the clinical utility of mitral E/Ea ratio in estimating filling pressures in patients admitted with ADHF. Conversely, the lack of a significant correlation between mitral E/Ea and PCWP in patients with ADHF can also be explained by the presence of a more pronounced, irreversible diastolic and systolic dysfunction. Patients with advanced heart failure often have severe LV fibrosis and impaired cardiac output, which could restrict systolic and subsequent early diastolic mitral annular motion so that the relationship between left atrial driving pressure (E) and LV relaxation kinetics (Ea) within the LV could become defective, resulting in discordance between echocardiographically measured mitral E/Ea ratio and invasively measured PCWP. In addition, both mitral E and Ea occur in early diastole and reflect a host of factors relating to recoil, suction, intraventricular pressure gradients, and the previous systolic contraction, whereas PCWP is a mean value of diastolic pressure. Therefore, it is not surprising that mitral E/Ea ratio is only a very rough measure of LV end-diastolic pressure. In other words, mitral E/Ea ratio has lower accuracy in assessing PCWP, especially at the more severe end of the heart failure syndrome spectrum, because E and Ea are probably altered by volume shifts to a different degree than in cases with less severe heart disease.
Study Limitations
No direct hemodynamic measurements of LV end-diastolic or left atrial pressure were performed, although PCWP is accepted as a well-validated surrogate considering the clinical condition of the patients and the need for serial monitoring.1,31,32 Wedge position was verified by changes in pressure waveforms without fluoroscopic guidance or measured venous blood oxygen content with balloon inflation. To analyze cardiac output, a standard resting metabolic rate was assumed, but overall cardiac outputs assessed by the Fick equation were comparable to those assessed by the thermodilution technique. Regional wall motion abnormalities in severely dilated and/or ischemic ventricles might have altered Ea. However, instead of analyzing only the septal or lateral Ea, we also considered the average of both walls.16 The exact mechanism through which CRT-D influences mitral E and Ea is not known, but pacing the heart leads to altered interventricular and intraventricular activation sequences with subsequent alterations in wall segmental loading and contraction, which probably influences Doppler parameters. Finally, the main aim of the study was to evaluate mitral E/Ea as a surrogate for PCWP, and we did not evaluate the reliability of combinations of different Doppler variables (including PV signals) in estimating LV filling pressures. Our data do not imply in any way that Doppler evaluation is not useful in ADHF but merely support the notion of a stepwise approach incorporating all available echocardiographic data.11,16 We also did not evaluate the role of these measurements on the assessment of LV diastolic function of the failing myocardium. Although this is the largest reported cohort of patients with ADHF (especially with LV ejection fraction 30% and with serial measurements) and the sample size was substantially larger than in prior reports involving invasive hemodynamic validations, the sample size is still relatively small, notably for subgroup analyses.
Conclusions
In decompensated patients with advanced systolic heart failure, tissue Doppler–derived mitral E/Ea ratio alone may not be reliable in predicting intracardiac filling pressures, particularly in patients with larger LV volumes, more impaired cardiac indexes, and the presence of CRT. Our observations underscore a need for a refinement in the broad clinical use of the mitral E/Ea ratio to estimate filling pressures and caution against the direct inference of such relationships in patients in the decompensated state with significant LV systolic dysfunction, cardiac remodeling, or biventricular pacing.
|
Acknowledgments |
|---|
Sources of Funding
This research was supported in part by an American Society of Echocardiography Sonographers’ grant and the National Institutes of Health, National Center for Research Resources grant CTSA 1UL1RR024989, Cleveland, Ohio.
Disclosures
None.
|
References |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
1. Haskell RJ, French WI. Accuracy of left atrial and pulmonary artery wedge pressure in pure mitral regurgitation in predicting ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Am J Cardiol. 1988; 61: 136–141.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
2. Keogh AM, Baron DW, Hikie JB. Prognostic guides in patients with idiopathic or ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy for cardiac transplantation. Am J Cardiol. 1990; 65: 903–908.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
3. Stevenson WG, Stevenson LW, Middlekauff HR, Fonarow GC, Hamilton MA, Woo MA, Saxon LA, Natterson PD, Steimle A, Walden JA. Improving survival for patients with advanced heart failure: a study of 737 consecutive patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995; 26: 1417–1423.[Abstract]
4. Binanay C, Califf RM, Hasselblad V, O'Connor CM, Shah MR, Sopko G, Stevenson LW, Francis GS, Leier CV, Miller LW, for the ESCAPE Investigators and ESCAPE Study Coordinators. Evaluation study of congestive heart failure and pulmonary artery catheterization effectiveness: the ESCAPE trial. JAMA. 2005; 294: 1625–1633.
5. Sandham JD, Hull RD, Brant RF, Knox L, Pineo GF, Doig CJ, Laporta DP, Viner S, Passerini L, Devitt H, Kirby A, Jacka M, for the Canadian Critical Care Clinical Trials Group. A randomized controlled trial of the use of pulmonary-artery catheters in high-risk surgical patients. N Engl J Med. 2003; 348: 5–14.
6. Wiener RS, Welch HG. Trends in the use of the pulmonary artery catheter in the United States, 1993–2004. JAMA. 2007; 298: 423–429.
7. Nagueh SF, Middleton KJ, Kopelen HA, Zoghbi WA, Quinones MA. Doppler tissue imaging: a noninvasive technique for evaluation of left ventricular relaxation and estimation of filling pressures. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997; 30: 1527–1533.[Abstract]
8. Nagueh SF, Mikati I, Kopelen HA, Middleton KJ, Quinones MA, Zoghbi WA. Doppler estimation of left ventricular filling pressure in sinus tachycardia. Circulation. 1998; 98: 1644–1650.
9. Diwan A, McCulloch M, Lawrie GM, Reardon MJ, Nagueh SF. Doppler estimation of left ventricular filling pressures in patients with mitral valve disease. Circulation. 2005; 111: 3281–3289.
10. Nagueh SF, Lakkis NM, Middleton KJ, Spencer WH3rd, Zoghbi WA, Quiñones MA. Doppler estimation of left ventricular filling pressures in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 1999; 99: 254–261.
11. Oh JK. Echocardiography as a noninvasive Swan-Ganz catheter. Circulation. 2005; 111: 3192–3194.
12. Kasner M, Westermann D, Steendijk P, Gaub R, Wilkenshoff U, Weitmann K, Hoffmann W, Poller W, Schultheiss HP, Pauschinger M, Tschöpe C. Utility of Doppler echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging in the estimation of diastolic function in heart failure with normal ejection fraction: a comparative Doppler-conductance catheterization study. Circulation. 2007; 116: 637–647.
13. Sohn DW, Song JM, Zo JH, Chai IH, Kim HS, Chun HG, Kim HC. Mitral annulus velocity in the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function in atrial fibrillation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1999; 12: 927–931.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
14. Dokainish H, Zoghbi WA, Lakkis NM, Al-Bakshy F, Dhir M, Quinones MA, Nagueh SF. Optimal noninvasive assessment of left ventricular filling pressures: a comparison of tissue Doppler echocardiography and B-type natriuretic peptide in patients with pulmonary artery catheters. Circulation. 2004; 109: 2432–2439.
15. Ommen SR, Nishimura RA, Appleton CP, Miller FA, Oh JK, Redfield MM, Tajik AJ. Clinical utility of Doppler echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging in the estimation of left ventricular filling pressures: a comparative simultaneous Doppler-catheterization study. Circulation. 2000; 102: 1788–1794.
16. Rivas-Gotz C, Manolios M, Thohan V, Nagueh SF. Impact of left ventricular ejection fraction on estimation of left ventricular filling pressures using tissue Doppler and flow propagation velocity. Am J Cardiol. 2002; 91: 780–784.[CrossRef]
17. Kidawa M, Coignard L, Drobinski G, Krzeminska-Pakula M, Thomas D, Komajda M, Isnard R. Comparative value of tissue Doppler imaging and m-mode color Doppler mitral flow propagation velocity for the evaluation of left ventricular filling pressure. Chest. 2005; 128: 2544–2550.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
18. Bruch C, Stypmann J, Gradaus R, Breithardt G, Wichter T. Usefulness of tissue Doppler imaging for estimation of filling pressures in patients with primary or secondary pure mitral regurgitation. Am J Cardiol. 2004; 93: 324–328.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
19. Bruch C, Grude M, Müller J, Breithardt G, Wichter T. Usefulness of tissue Doppler imaging for estimation of left ventricular filling pressures in patients with systolic and diastolic heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 2005; 95: 892–895.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
20. Steimle AE, Stevenson LW, Chelimsky-Fallick C, Fonarow GC, Hamilton MA, Moriguchi JD, Kartashov A, Tillisch JH. Sustained hemodynamic efficacy of therapy tailored to reduce filling pressures in survivors with advanced heart failure. Circulation. 1997; 19: 1165–1172.
21. Schiller NB, Shah PM, Crawford M, DeMaria A, Devereux R, Feigenbaum H, Gutgesell H, Reichek N, Sahn D, Schnittger I. Recommendations for quantitation of the left ventricle by two-dimensional echocardiography: American Society of Echocardiography Committee on Standards, Subcommittee on Quantitation of Two-Dimensional Echocardiograms. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1989; 2: 358–367.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
22. Nishimura R, Tajik A. Evaluation of diastolic filling of left ventricle in health and disease: Doppler echocardiography is the clinician’s Rosetta Stone. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997; 30: 8–18.[Abstract]
23. Temporelli P, Giannuzzi P, Nicolosi G, Latini R, Franzosi M, Gentile F, Tavazzi L, Maggioni AP, for the GISSI-3 Echo Substudy Investigators. Doppler-derived mitral deceleration time as a strong prognostic marker of left ventricular remodeling and survival after acute myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-3 echo substudy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004; 43: 1646–1653.
24. Rossvoll O, Hatle L. Pulmonary venous flow velocities recorded by transthoracic Doppler ultrasound: relation to left ventricular diastolic pressures. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993; 21: 1687–1696.[Abstract]
25. Nishimura RA, Abel MD, Hatle LK, Tajik AJ. Relation of pulmonary vein to mitral flow velocities by transesophageal Doppler echocardiography: effect of different loading conditions. Circulation. 1990; 81: 1488–1497.
26. Hurrell DG, Nishimura RA, Ilstrup DM, Appleton CP. Utility of preload alteration in assessment of left ventricular filling pressure by Doppler echocardiography: a simultaneous catheterization and Doppler echocardiographic study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997; 30: 459–467.[Abstract]
27. Ha J, Lulic F, Bailey K, Pellikka P, Seward J, Tajik A, Oh J. Effects of treadmill exercise on mitral inflow and annular velocities in healthy adults. Am J Cardiol. 2003; 91: 114–115.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
28. Sohn DW, Chai IH, Lee DJ, Kim HC, Kim HS, Oh BH, Lee MM, Park YB, Choi YS, Seo JD, Lee YW. Assessment of mitral annulus velocity by Doppler tissue imaging in the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997; 30: 474–480.[Abstract]
29. Kim YJ, Sohn DW. Mitral annulus velocity in the estimation of left ventricular filling pressure: prospective study in 200 patients. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2000; 13: 980–985.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
30. Paulus WJ, Tschöpe C, Sanderson JE, Rusconi C, Flachskampf FA, Rademakers FE, Marino P, Smiseth OA, De Keulenaer G, Leite-Moreira AF, Borbély A, Edes I, Handoko ML, Heymans S, Pezzali N, Pieske B, Dickstein K, Fraser AG, Brutsaert DL. How to diagnose diastolic heart failure: a consensus statement on the diagnosis of heart failure with normal left ventricular ejection fraction by the Heart Failure and Echocardiography Associations of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2007; 28: 2539–2550.
31. Werko L, Varnauskas E, Elliasch H, Lagerlof H, Senning A, Thomasson B. Further evidence that the pulmonary capillary venous pressure pulse in man reflects cyclic pressure changes in the left atrium. Circ Res. 1953; 1: 337–339.
32. Rahimtoola SH, Loeb HS, Ehsani A, Sinno MZ, Chuquimia R, Lal R, Rosen KM, Gunnar RM. Relationship of pulmonary artery to left ventricular diastolic pressures in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1972; 46: 291–297.
|
Footnotes |
|---|
Continuing medical education (CME) credit is available for this article. Go to http://cme.ahajournals.org to take the quiz.
Related Article:
Circulation 2009 119: 1-4.
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  Z. B. Popovic and A. L. Klein Cracking the Mysteries of Diastolic Function in Atrial Fibrillation: New Technology for an Old Problem J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Img., October 1, 2009; 2(10): 1157 - 1158. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. W.-K. Yip, M. Frenneaux, and J. E Sanderson Heart failure with a normal ejection fraction: new developments Heart, October 1, 2009; 95(19): 1549 - 1552. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Damy, C. Viallet, O. Lairez, G. Deswarte, A. Paulino, P. Maison, E. Vermes, P. Gueret, S. Adnot, J.-L. Dubois-Rande, et al. Comparison of four right ventricular systolic echocardiographic parameters to predict adverse outcomes in chronic heart failure Eur J Heart Fail, September 1, 2009; 11(9): 818 - 824. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. C. Little and J. K. Oh Echocardiographic Evaluation of Diastolic Function Can Be Used to Guide Clinical Care Circulation, September 1, 2009; 120(9): 802 - 809. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Tschope and W. J. Paulus Doppler Echocardiography Yields Dubious Estimates of Left Ventricular Diastolic Pressures Circulation, September 1, 2009; 120(9): 810 - 820. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. F. Nagueh and on behalf of the ASE and EAE Diastology Writing Gr Letter by Nagueh et al Regarding Article, "Tissue Doppler Imaging in the Estimation of Intracardiac Filling Pressure in Decompensated Patients With Advanced Systolic Heart Failure" Circulation, August 18, 2009; 120(7): e44 - e44. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. O. Ogunyankin Letter by Ogunyankin Regarding Article, "Tissue Doppler Imaging in the Estimation of Intracardiac Filling Pressure in Decompensated Patients With Advanced Systolic Heart Failure" Circulation, August 18, 2009; 120(7): e45 - e45. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Galderisi and R. Esposito Letter by Galderisi and Esposito Regarding Article, "Tissue Doppler Imaging in the Estimation of Intracardiac Filling Pressure in Decompensated Patients With Advanced Systolic Heart Failure" Circulation, August 18, 2009; 120(7): e46 - e46. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Dokainish Letter by Dokainish Regarding Article, "Tissue Doppler Imaging in the Estimation of Intracardiac Filling Pressure in Decompensated Patients With Advanced Systolic Heart Failure" Circulation, August 18, 2009; 120(7): e47 - e47. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. I. Lancaster, J. Srinivasan, and H. Jain Letter by Lancaster et al Regarding Article, "Tissue Doppler Imaging in the Estimation of Intracardiac Filling Pressure in Decompensated Patients With Advanced Systolic Heart Failure" Circulation, August 18, 2009; 120(7): e48 - e48. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Mullens, A. G. Borowski, R. Curtin, J. D. Thomas, and W.H. W. Tang Response to Letters Regarding Article, "Tissue Doppler Imaging in the Estimation of Intracardiac Filling Pressure in Decompensated Patients With Advanced Systolic Heart Failure" Circulation, August 18, 2009; 120(7): e49 - e49. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Notomi and J. D. Thomas Presto Untwisting and Legato Filling J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Img., June 1, 2009; 2(6): 717 - 719. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. V. Raman Coronary Artery or Myocyte: Wherein Lies the Diagnosis? Circ Cardiovasc Imaging, May 1, 2009; 2(3): 166 - 168. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. E. Weyman The year in echocardiography. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 28, 2009; 53(17): 1558 - 1567. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. D. Solomon and L. W. Stevenson Recalibrating the Barometer: Is It Time to Take a Critical Look at Noninvasive Approaches to Measuring Filling Pressures? Circulation, January 6, 2009; 119(1): 13 - 15. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||