Published online before print May 27, 2008, doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.746164
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(Circulation. 2008;117:2893-2901.)
© 2008 American Heart Association, Inc.
Heart Failure |
Mutations in Sarcomere Protein Genes in Left Ventricular Noncompaction
From the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (S.K., S.P., B.G., M. Gramlich, J.-D.D., A.H., L.T.), Berlin, Germany; Clinic of Pediatric Cardiology (S.K., G.K., F.B.) and Helios Clinic Berlin-Buch (L.T.), Charité, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Adult Congenital Cardiac Centre at Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (E.O.), University Health Network/Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Cardiovascular Center (P.S., M. Greutmann, D.H., R.J.), Division of Echocardiography, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Congenital Heart Defects/Pediatric Cardiology (M.Y., F.B.), German Heart Institute, Berlin, Germany; and Ospedale Regionale di Mendrisio Beata Vergine (L.P.), Mendrisio, Switzerland.
Correspondence to Sabine Klaassen, MD, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert Roessle Straße 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany. E-mail klaassen{at}mdc-berlin.de
Received October 14, 2007; accepted March 20, 2008.
 |
Abstract |
|---|
 Top Abstract IntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Background— Left ventricular noncompaction constitutes a primary cardiomyopathy characterized by a severely thickened, 2-layered myocardium, numerous prominent trabeculations, and deep intertrabecular recesses. The genetic basis of this cardiomyopathy is still largely unresolved. We speculated that mutations in sarcomere protein genes known to cause hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and dilated cardiomyopathy may be associated with left ventricular noncompaction.
Methods and Results— Mutational analysis in a cohort of 63 unrelated adult probands with left ventricular noncompaction and no other congenital heart anomalies was performed by denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography analysis and direct DNA sequencing of 6 genes encoding sarcomere proteins. Heterozygous mutations were identified in 11 of 63 samples in genes encoding β-myosin heavy chain (MYH7), 
-cardiac actin (ACTC), and cardiac troponin T (TNNT2). Nine distinct mutations, 7 of them in MYH7, 1 in ACTC, and 1 in TNNT2, were found. Clinical evaluations demonstrated familial disease in 6 of 11 probands with sarcomere gene mutations. MYH7 mutations segregated with the disease in 4 autosomal dominant LVNC kindreds. Six of the MYH7 mutations were novel, and 1 encodes a splice-site mutation, a relatively unique finding for MYH7 mutations. Modified residues in β-myosin heavy chain were located mainly within the ATP binding site.
Conclusions— We conclude that left ventricular noncompaction is within the diverse spectrum of cardiac morphologies triggered by sarcomere protein gene defects. Our findings support the hypothesis that there is a shared molecular etiology of different cardiomyopathic phenotypes.
Key Words: cardiomyopathy • genetics • heart failure • remodeling • myocardium
|
Introduction |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC) has recently been classified as a primary cardiomyopathy with a genetic origin.1 LVNC is morphologically characterized by a severely thickened, 2-layered myocardium, numerous prominent trabeculations, and deep intertrabecular recesses.2,3 LVNC may be an isolated finding in the absence of any coexisting cardiac anomaly or may be associated with other congenital heart anomalies.1 The heterogeneity of the clinical features includes both asymptomatic and symptomatic patients with progressive deterioration in cardiac function that results in congestive heart failure, arrhythmias, thromboembolic events, and sudden cardiac death.2
Editorial p 2847
Clinical Perspective p 2901
As in other heart muscle disorders, LVNC shows genetic heterogeneity. Mutations in genes encoding taffazin (G4.5), LIM domain binding protein 3/ZASP (LDB3), and -dystrobrevin have been reported4,5 but are infrequent causes of the disease.6–8 Therefore, the genetic basis of disease in a large proportion of patients with LVNC is still unresolved.
Molecular genetic studies have shown that dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and an apparently distinct clinical entity, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), are allelic diseases caused by mutations in the -cardiac actin gene (ACTC).9 Moreover, mutations in several sarcomeric protein genes, first identified in familial HCM, have been implicated in DCM.10 In patients with familial LVNC, relatives may have features consistent with DCM rather than LVNC.11 Biagini et al12 reported a series of LVNC patients in which patients fulfilled criteria for DCM, HCM, and restrictive cardiomyopathy. Mutations in 4 distinct sarcomere protein genes lead to a specific type of HCM, apical HCM.13 As in apical HCM, the predominant location of LVNC is the ventricular apex. Recently, the ACTC Glu101Lys mutation was shown to lead to a specific phenotype with the diagnosis of apical HCM and LVNC within the same kindred.14 Therefore, we hypothesized that mutations in sarcomere protein genes may be associated with LVNC. Mutational analysis in a large cohort of unrelated adult probands with LVNC and absence of other congenital heart anomalies was performed. Genes encoding 6 sarcomere proteins were studied. Mutations were found in 3 distinct genes: β-myosin heavy chain (MYH7), ACTC, and cardiac troponin T (TNNT2). These findings underscore the fact that mutations in sarcomere protein genes affect a diverse phenotypic spectrum of cardiomyopathies.
|
Methods |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Clinical Evaluation
Between April 1999 and April 2007, unrelated adult patients were recruited at 2 tertiary referral centers (University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland and the German Heart Institute Berlin, Germany). Informed consent was obtained from all participants according to institutional guidelines. Probands and available family members were evaluated by history taking, review of medical records, physical examination, 12-lead electrocardiography, 24-hour Holter monitoring, and transthoracic echocardiography. Neuromuscular abnormalities were excluded by physical examination. The diagnosis of LVNC was made by echocardiography on the basis of the presence of the following established criteria by Jenni et al15: a severely thickened, 2-layered ventricular myocardium with a noncompacted/compacted ratio of
2, prominent and excessive trabeculations, and deep intertrabecular recesses filled with blood from the ventricular cavity as visualized by color Doppler imaging. The diagnosis of LVNC was performed irrespective of the presence of heart failure or left ventricular systolic dysfunction.1 There are no diagnostic criteria for the diagnosis of noncompacted myocardium involving the right ventricle. The right ventricular myocardium often presents with prominent trabeculae, which makes it difficult to determine the difference between normal and pathological patterns.2 The diagnosis of noncompaction involving the right ventricle was made in the presence of markedly more prominent trabeculations than usually seen. All echocardiographic studies were performed and reviewed by 2 independent observers (RJ and EO). Only patients with LVNC without associated congenital heart anomalies were included.1
Mutation Screening
Mutation screening was performed with genomic DNA samples from 63 probands in 6 genes encoding sarcomere proteins MYH7, TNNT2, cardiac troponin I (TNNI3), ACTC, regulatory myosin light chain (MYL2), and essential myosin light chain (MYL3). Primers were designed and modified according to the CardioGenomics database (http://www.cardiogenomics.org). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) details are available on request. Denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography analysis was performed on the WAVE nucleic acid fragment analysis system (model 3500HT, Transgenomic, Glasgow, United Kingdom). When an abnormal peak was detected, the PCR product was sequenced as described previously.7 When a putative mutation was identified, at least 360 control chromosomes were screened for the absence of the sequence variation to recognize common polymorphisms, with the assumption of an allele frequency of the putative mutation of <0.003 in the control population. The microsatellite marker D14S990 was used to perform linkage analysis for MYH7.10 Calculations of 2-point logarithm of the odds (LOD) scores were performed with the assumptions of a disease penetrance of 0.95 and a phenocopy rate of 0.001. For reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR), RNA was isolated from peripheral lymphocytes with the QIA amp RNA blood mini kit (Qiagen GmbH, Hilden, Germany), reverse transcribed, amplified by nested PCR (protocol available on request), and sequenced.
Accession Numbers (GenBank/FASTA)
Accession numbers (from GenBank/FASTA) were as follows: Homo sapiens myosin, heavy polypeptide 7, cardiac muscle, beta (MYH7), NM_000257; Homo sapiens troponin T type 2 (cardiac; TNNT2), transcript variant 3, NM_001001431; human cardiac β-myosin heavy chain, NP_000248; rat cardiac -myosin heavy chain, NP058935; chicken fast skeletal myosin heavy chain, NP_001013414; Danio rerio ventricular myosin heavy chain, AAF00096; Drosophila melanogaster muscle myosin heavy chain NP_723999; Caenorhabditis elegans myosin heavy chain, NP_510092; human troponin T type 2, cardiac isoform 3, NP_001001431; rat cardiac troponin T2, NP_036808; mouse troponin T2, NP_035749; chicken cardiac troponin T type 2, NP_990780; Danio rerio cardiac troponin T2, NP_690853; Caenorhabditis elegans troponin T family member (tnt-2), NP_001024703.
The authors had full access to the data and take full responsibility for its integrity. All authors have read and agree to the manuscript as written.
|
Results |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
A cohort of 63 unrelated white individuals of western European descent (43 men and 20 women; mean age 40 years, range 15 to 70 years) were diagnosed with LVNC. Heterozygous mutations were identified in 11 probands in 3 sarcomeric protein genes: MYH7, ACTC, and TNNT2. No mutations were found in TNNI3, MYL2, and MYL3. Clinical phenotypes were assessed in all available family members of the 11 probands with mutations, and familial disease was found in 6 of them. Two families with autosomal dominant inheritance of the disease have previously been published as kindreds INVM-101 and INVM-107.7 Table 1 shows the mutations of probands. The clinical characteristics of all affected family members at initial diagnosis are presented in Table 2. LVNC was diagnosed at an age range from 2 to 70 years. Younger affected individuals were diagnosed because of family screening and were usually clinically asymptomatic. The age range at onset of symptoms in the 11 probands with mutations in the present study was 15 to 65 years.
|
|
Mutations in β-Myosin Heavy Chain
Eight mutations in MYH7 in 63 probands with LVNC were identified. Families LVNC-101 and LVNC-108 carry the same splice-site mutation (c.818+1G>A). The missense mutation of the proband of family LVNC-107 (Arg243His) has been reported in an individual with apical HCM.13 Therefore, 6 of the 8 detected mutations are novel MYH7 mutations.
The mutation of families LVNC-101 and LVNC-108 (c.818+1G>A) is the first MYH7 splice-site mutation in patients with cardiomyopathies or skeletal myopathies found to date (OMIM, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim and CardioGenomics home page, http://www.cardiogenomics. org). It is located at the splice donor site of intron 8 and arose independently, because haplotype analyses (data not shown) ruled out a founding mutation in both families. The G
A transition was present in all available affected family members and absent in family members with normal cardiac morphology and function. Linkage analysis in family LVNC-101 resulted in a maximal 2-point LOD score of 2.55 at D14S990 (
=0).
To determine whether or how mRNA for the mutant MYH7 gene allele is transcribed, RT-PCR was performed on mRNA from blood lymphocytes. Cardiac tissue was not available. Attempts to demonstrate transcription of the mutant allele with nested PCR consistently produced the normal allele and, in addition, inconsistently yielded several aberrant transcripts at very low levels (data not shown).
The clinical evaluation of members of families LVNC-101 and LVNC-108 was remarkable for the very pronounced morphology of LVNC. The proband of LVNC-101 (II-4) was diagnosed because of T-wave inversions and later had a stroke and systemic peripheral emboli. His brother (II-3) initially presented with decompensated heart failure and pulmonary emboli. Both patients remained clinically stable during a follow-up period of 8 years. Other affected family members (III-2, III-5, III-6, and III-9) of family LVNC-101 fulfilled morphological LVNC criteria but were clinically asymptomatic. The proband of family LVNC-108 (II-2; Figures 1A, 2A, and 2
B) was diagnosed because of atypical chest pain. He and his 8-year-old son (III-1; Figures 1A, 2C, and 2D) had no signs of heart failure.
|
|
In family LVNC-107, a missense mutation was identified at nucleotide 814 in exon 8, which replaces arginine with histidine at residue 243 (designated Arg243His), in the proband. He received a cardiac transplant at the age of 26 years after LVNC was first diagnosed when he was in cardiogenic shock and pulmonary and systemic peripheral emboli had occurred. The mutation was also present in his 32-year-old affected brother (II-5; Figure 1A). Their 65-year-old mother (I-2) with typical LVNC morphology remained clinically asymptomatic. Individual III-3 was suspected of having LVNC at birth, but diagnostic criteria were only fulfilled when he was 2 years old.
In family LVNC-109, a GC transition at the third nucleotide position of intron 8 was detected in the proband and his 14-year-old asymptomatic affected son (III-1; Figure 1A). This nucleotide change was absent in the unaffected daughter of the proband (III-2) and is located in a highly conserved intronic sequence known to be important for correct splicing of the transcript.16 Analogous to the c.818+1G>A mutation, attempts to obtain consistent RT-PCR products from the mutant allele were unsuccessful (data not shown).
There were 4 sporadic cases with MYH7 mutations, including 1 de novo mutation. In proband AJ, who presented with heart failure, a 3-basepair in-frame deletion was detected, which led to the deletion of an aspartic acid at residue 239 in exon 8 (Asp239del). In proband SD, a phenylalanine was substituted by a leucine at residue 252 in exon 9. This patient presented with heart failure and died of right ventricular endocarditis 10 years after initial presentation. Proband IP was diagnosed with decompensated heart failure and had a stroke during follow-up. In proband IP, a missense mutation (Arg1359Cys) was found in exon 30. Proband MT was diagnosed because of arrhythmias in a routine ECG, and left ventricular systolic function subsequently deteriorated over a period of 6 years. With regard to this patient, an Ala1766Thr substitution in exon 37 was not present in his unaffected parents and had occurred de novo.
Except for the missense mutations in exons 30 and 37, all mutations reside within the genomic sequence of exon 8 to exon 9 of MYH7, which appears to be a cluster for LVNC mutations (Figure 1C). All identified missense mutations affect amino acids with high degrees of conservation throughout evolution, which underscores the functional importance of these residues (Figure 1B). Moreover, the MYH7 mutations segregated with the disease in 4 LVNC kindreds that contain members who have both normal and affected phenotypes (Figure 1A). The Ala1766Thr substitution had occurred de novo. Together with the observation that none of the mutations were present in >360 chromosomes from a white control population, this strongly supports a disease-causing role for the mutations.
In probands with MYH7 mutations, the most frequent symptom at presentation was dyspnea followed by atypical chest pain and palpitations. LVNC was always present in the ventricular apex, and in all but 2 probands, the midventricular inferior and lateral wall was involved. The anterior and septal midventricular walls were affected in 5 of 8 and 3 of 8 probands, respectively. The basal left ventricular segments were spared. Five of 8 probands had biventricular involvement (Figure 2B). Left ventricular end-diastolic dimensions were enlarged and systolic function was impaired in 5 of 8 probands (Table 2). Heart failure was present at initial diagnosis or occurred during follow-up in all but 2 probands. Stroke or pulmonary or systemic peripheral thromboemboli occurred in 4 of 8 probands. Sustained ventricular tachycardias and sudden cardiac deaths were not observed during follow-up, and no life-threatening arrhythmias or sudden cardiac deaths were reported in the family history.
Mutations in -Cardiac Actin and Cardiac Troponin T
-Cardiac Actin
A Glu101Lys cardiac actin missense mutation was detected in the probands of LVNC-110 (LJ) and LVNC-111 (SA). Both probands inherited the Glu101Lys mutation from their affected fathers, LN and VK, respectively (Table 2). Haplotype analysis excluded a common ancestor in the 2 families (data not shown). This same mutation was described previously in patients with apical HCM.13,17 In a recent study by Monserrat et al,14 some family members of the families MH and MG originally described by Arad et al13 presented with LVNC rather than apical HCM. The probands in the present study clearly fulfilled standard criteria for LVNC (Figure 2E). Interestingly, the proband of LVNC-110 had initially been diagnosed with HCM (basal posterior left ventricular wall 16 mm, apical left ventricular wall 25 mm).
Cardiac Troponin T
A de novo Arg131Trp missense mutation in exon 10 of cardiac troponin T (TNNT2) was detected in proband CR, who experienced cardiogenic shock at initial diagnosis. She presented with mainly midlateral and midinferior LVNC (Figure 2F), left ventricular dilatation, and impaired left ventricular systolic function (Table 2). The Arg131Trp mutation affects an arginine with a high degree of conservation throughout evolution, which suggests its functional importance (Figure 1D). The mutation was not present in 360 control chromosomes and had occurred de novo, because it was not present in the unaffected parents of the proband.
Sequence Variation in the Regulatory Myosin Light Chain
A regulatory myosin light chain (MYL2) sequence variation Ala13Thr was identified in the proband of LVNC-102 (II-1) and his sister (II-4). His nephew (III-2) with typical LVNC did not show the sequence variation. The Ala13Thr variation was localized on the haplotype segregating with the disease for microsatellite marker D12S1645 for individuals II-1 and II-4 but not for individual III-2 (data not shown). This same sequence variation, which lacks high conservation throughout evolution, has been reported as a disease-causing mutation in a single individual with pronounced midcavity obstruction in a rare subtype of HCM.18 The Ala13Thr variation was not present in 720 control chromosomes based on data of the present study and the work by Poetter et al.18 However, because of the lack of cosegregation in individual III-2, the sequence variation cannot be considered as disease-associated with LVNC.
|
Discussion |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Comprehensive genetic analyses of 63 unrelated probands with LVNC identified 9 distinct disease-associated mutations in genes encoding β-myosin heavy chain,
-cardiac actin, and cardiac troponin T. The identification of mutations in 11 samples of 63 probands presenting with LVNC broadens the spectrum of cardiomyopathy syndromes associated with sarcomere gene defects. Mutations in MYH7 are among the most common gene defects that produce HCM19 and DCM,20 and MYH7 mutations were detected in the present cohort of patients with LVNC. The MYH7 Arg243His and ACTC Glu101Lys mutations associated with LVNC have been described previously in apical HCM.13 With the present study, a direct relationship between specific gene mutations and specific cardiomyopathic phenotypes was not established. Allelic mutations in sarcomere protein genes affect a diverse phenotypic spectrum of cardiomyopathies.
Structural Interpretation of the Mutations in LVNC
The subfragment-1 (S1) of β-cardiac myosin contains the ATPase site and an actin binding region. The MYH7 amino acid positions that are mutated in patients with LVNC are highly conserved in myosins throughout evolution (Figure 1B). Therefore, the 3D structure of the chicken skeletal myosin S1 fragment can be used to discuss the functional consequences of the amino acid changes.21
The Arg243His, Asp239del, and Phe252Leu amino acid changes in MYH7 are located in the head region that contains all the necessary elements to generate movement of actin relative to the myosin during ATP hydrolysis.21 These 3 modified residues are located directly in or at the outer surface of the nucleotide binding pocket and are important for proper ATP hydrolysis (Figure 3): At position Asp239, a salt bridge with Lys679 is formed that stabilizes the surface of the ATP binding site. Absence of Asp239 could change the steric structure of the binding site and interfere with ATP binding. The positively charged residue Arg243 is involved in phosphate binding,22 and ATP binding may be diminished if the residue is changed for a histidine. Phe252 is located in a loop that is part of a hydrophobic cluster at the outer surface of the ATP binding cleft. The leucine substitution could shift the loop and the adjacent -helix (residues Lys184-Ala201) and thereby interfere with ATP binding. We therefore propose that these MYH7 mutations are likely to diminish force generation of cardiac myocytes.
|
The functional consequences of the Arg1359Cys substitution in exon 30 of MYH7 and the Ala1766Thr substitution in exon 37 of MYH7, located in the rod domain of the β-myosin heavy chain molecule, are uncertain. The Glu101Lys substitution in -cardiac actin resides in a region of the actin filament in close apposition to the myosin head and forms a weak actomyosin binding site.17 In a cell-expression system, the primary defects of Glu101Lys actin were slower motility, reduced average force, and a weakened interaction with cardiac myosin in the presence of ATP. These deficits at the molecular level appear to be sufficient to trigger the disease phenotype.23 Troponin T transmits calcium signals that regulate actin-myosin interactions and ATPase activity. The Arg131Trp mutation is located in the tail domain (residues 112 to 136), which is responsible for critical interactions between tropomyosin and troponin T.24
LVNC Phenotype
Patients with the MYH7 mutations show an LVNC phenotype with variable adult onset of symptoms such as heart failure and systemic emboli. Life-threatening arrhythmias and sudden cardiac deaths were not reported. Autosomal dominant inheritance with complete penetrance is suggested for the manifestation of LVNC because there was no mutation carrier without the typical echocardiographic morphology of LVNC. We could not establish whether LVNC was already present at birth, but asymptomatic familial disease was observed in a subset of patients. Clinically asymptomatic LVNC may be present at an early age, as demonstrated by the diagnosis in a 2-year-old boy, individual LVNC-107, III-3, and an 8-year-old boy, LVNC-108, III-1 (Figure 2C and 2D). LVNC was also found in patients without functional impairment at older age (LVNC-107, I-2). Nevertheless, the proposed changes in myosin conformation may lead to functional myocardial impairment later in life in a certain proportion of patients, very much like the pathogenesis observed in most cases of HCM and DCM. The functional impairment results in a failing left ventricle that remodels and dilates, as shown in some of the patients (Table 2). The current definitions and classifications of cardiomyopathies acknowledge that impairment of systolic function, left ventricular dilatation, and heart failure are nonspecific, often late findings in many conditions, including LVNC.1,25 Nonavailability of family members limited the detailed interpretation of the expression of the phenotype. Also, because we were not able to explore all families in detail, we cannot rule out that some of our "sporadic" LVNC cases were familial cases. Comprehensive studies for the prognosis of mutations in distinct functional domains of MYH7 are missing. From our data, we are unable to predict whether the mutations in the nucleotide binding site of MYH7 are associated with a certain phenotype or prognosis in LVNC patients.
Myocardial Remodeling Triggered by Sarcomere Gene Mutations
More than 200 mutations have been described for MYH7; the majority of them cause HCM, and several lead to DCM (Figure 4). Mutations that cause HCM and DCM are distributed throughout the molecule but are clustered around specific locations in the myosin head, ie, the actin myosin interface, around the nucleotide binding site, and the ELC (essential light chain) and RLC (regulatory light chain) binding interface. The rod of the molecule appears to be the primary location for mutations responsible for a distal myopathy, but several mutations for HCM and DCM were also detected in the rod. Mutations in the myosin rod are not expected to directly affect motor function but rather myosin filament assembly or interaction with thick-filament binding proteins. Blair et al26 conclude that if the rod mutations initiate the disease by a different pathogenic mechanism, the phenotype of a distinct cardiomyopathy likely results from a final common pathway. Alternatively, the type of remodeling in HCM, DCM, or LVNC patients with specific sarcomere gene mutations could be due to the influence of modifying genes that affect cardiac remodeling. One example is the MYH7 Arg243His substitution reported in a proband with apical HCM13 and found in 1 of the families with LVNC in the present study (LVNC-107). As in this case, 1 sarcomere gene mutation may trigger different pathological patterns of remodeling of the myocardium. Indeed, this discordance between the etiology of the disease and the "clinical syndrome" is one of the main findings of the present study. It is increasingly realized that the current nomenclature fails to adequately describe the substantial overlap between the classic cardiomyopathy syndromes.1,11,12,25 The shared molecular etiology of different cardiomyopathic phenotypes most likely reflects the interactions of genetic etiology, background modifier genes, and hemodynamic factors for the development of the phenotype.13
|
Conclusions
We conclude that LVNC is within the diverse spectrum of cardiac morphologies triggered by sarcomere protein gene defects. Our findings support the hypothesis that there is a shared molecular etiology of different cardiomyopathic phenotypes. The role of sarcomere proteins in myocardial morphogenesis should be subject to further investigation.
|
Acknowledgments |
|---|
We thank Dr J.J. Müller for advice with protein models and Sigrid Milan for excellent technical expertise.
Sources of Funding
This work was supported by a grant from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SA 1389/1-1) to Dr Klaassen.
Disclosures
None.
|
References |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
1. Maron BJ, Towbin JA, Thiene G, Antzelevitch C, Corrado D, Arnett D, Moss AJ, Seidman CE, Young JB. Contemporary definitions and classification of the cardiomyopathies: an American Heart Association Scientific Statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee; Quality of Care and Outcomes Research and Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Interdisciplinary Working Groups; and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation. 2006; 113: 1807–1816.
2. Oechslin EN, Attenhofer Jost CH, Rojas JR, Kaufmann PA, Jenni R. Long-term follow-up of 34 adults with isolated left ventricular noncompaction: a distinct cardiomyopathy with poor prognosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000; 36: 493–500.
3. Jenni R, Rojas J, Oechslin E. Isolated noncompaction of the myocardium. N Engl J Med. 1999; 340: 966–967.
4. Vatta M, Mohapatra B, Jimenez S, Sanchez X, Faulkner G, Perles Z, Sinagra G, Lin JH, Vu TM, Zhou Q, Bowles KR, Di Lenarda A, Schimmenti L, Fox M, Chrisco MA, Murphy RT, McKenna W, Elliott P, Bowles NE, Chen J, Valle G, Towbin JA. Mutations in Cypher/ZASP in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and left ventricular non-compaction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003; 42: 2014–2027.
5. Ichida F, Tsubata S, Bowles KR, Haneda N, Uese K, Miyawaki T, Dreyer WJ, Messina J, Li H, Bowles NE, Towbin JA. Novel gene mutations in patients with left ventricular noncompaction or Barth syndrome. Circulation. 2001; 103: 1256–1263.
6. Chen R, Tsuji T, Ichida F, Bowles KR, Yu X, Watanabe S, Hirono K, Tsubata S, Hamamichi Y, Ohta J, Imai Y, Bowles NE, Miyawaki T, Towbin JA; Noncompaction Study Collaborators. Mutation analysis of the G4.5 gene in patients with isolated left ventricular noncompaction. Mol Genet Metab. 2002; 77: 319–325.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
7. Sasse-Klaassen S, Gerull B, Oechslin E, Jenni R, Thierfelder L. Isolated noncompaction of the left ventricular myocardium in the adult is an autosomal dominant disorder in the majority of patients. Am J Med Genet A. 2003; 119: 162–167.
8. Kenton AB, Sanchez X, Coveler KJ, Makar KA, Jimenez S, Ichida F, Murphy RT, Elliott PM, McKenna W, Bowles NE, Towbin JA, Bowles KR. Isolated left ventricular noncompaction is rarely caused by mutations in G4.5, alpha-dystrobrevin and FK binding protein-12. Mol Genet Metab. 2004; 82: 162–166.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
9. Mogensen J, Klausen IC, Pedersen AK, Egeblad H, Bross P, Kruse TA, Gregersen N, Hansen PS, Baandrup U, Borglum AD. Alpha-cardiac actin is a novel disease gene in familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Clin Invest. 1999; 103: R39–R43.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
10. Kamisago M, Sharma SD, DePalma SR, Solomon S, Sharma P, McDonough B, Smoot L, Mullen MP, Woolf PK, Wigle ED, Seidman JG, Seidman CE. Mutations in sarcomere protein genes as a cause of dilated cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2000; 343: 1688–1696.
11. Murphy RT, Thaman R, Blanes JG, Ward D, Sevdalis E, Papra E, Kiotsekolglou A, Tome MT, Pellerin D, McKenna WJ, Elliott PM. Natural history and familial characteristics of isolated left ventricular non-compaction. Eur Heart J. 2005; 26: 187–192.
12. Biagini E, Ragni L, Ferlito M, Pasquale F, Lofiego C, Leone O, Rocchi G, Perugini E, Zagnoni S, Branzi A, Picchio FM, Rapezzi C. Different types of cardiomyopathy associated with isolated ventricular noncompaction. Am J Cardiol. 2006; 98: 821–824.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
13. Arad M, Penas-Lado M, Monserrat L, Maron BJ, Sherrid M, Ho CY, Barr S, Karim A, Olson TM, Kamisago M, Seidman JG, Seidman CE. Gene mutations in apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2005; 112: 2805–2811.
14. Monserrat L, Hermida-Prieto M, Fernandez X, Rodriguez I, Dumont C, Cazn L, Cuesta MG, Gonzalez-Juanatey C, Jesús Peteiro J, Alvarez N, Penas-Lado M, Castro-Beiras A. Mutation in the alpha-cardiac actin gene associated with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, left ventricular non-compaction, and septal defects. Eur Heart J. 2007; 28: 1953–1961.
15. Jenni R, Oechslin E, Schneider J, Attenhofer Jost C, Kaufman PA. Echocardiographic and pathoanatomical characteristics of isolated left ventricular non-compaction: a step towards classification as a distinct cardiomyopathy. Heart. 2001; 86: 666–671.
16. Padgett RA, Grabowski PJ, Konarska MM, Seiler S, Sharp PA. Splicing of messenger RNA precursors. Annu Rev Biochem. 1986; 55: 1119–1150.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
17. Olson TM, Doan TP, Kishimoto NY, Whitby FG, Ackerman MJ, Fananapazir L. Inherited and de novo mutations in the cardiac actin gene cause hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2000; 32: 1687–1694.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
18. Poetter K, Jiang H, Hassanzadeh S, Master SR, Chang A, Dalakas MC, Rayment I, Sellers JR, Fananapazir L, Epstein ND. Mutations in either the essential or regulatory light chains of myosin are associated with a rare myopathy in human heart and skeletal muscle. Nat Genet. 1996; 13: 63–69.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
19. Richard P, Charron P, Carrier L, Ledeuil C, Cheav T, Pichereau C, Abdelaziz Benaiche A, Isnard R, Dubourg O, Burban M, Gueffet JP, Millaire A, Desnos M, Schwartz K, Hainque B, Komajda M; EUROGENE Heart Failure Project. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: distribution of disease genes, spectrum of mutations, and implications for a molecular diagnosis strategy. Circulation. 2003; 107: 2227–2232.
20. Villard E, Duboscq-Bidot L, Charron P, Benaiche A, Conraads V, Sylvius N, Komajda M. Mutation screening in dilated cardiomyopathy: prominent role of the beta myosin heavy chain gene. Eur Heart J. 2005; 26: 794–803.
21. Rayment I, Holden HM, Sellers JR, Fananapazir L, Epstein ND. Structural interpretation of the mutations in the beta-cardiac myosin that have been implicated in familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995; 92: 3864–3868.
22. Grigorenko BL, Rogov AV, Topol IA, Burt SK, Martinez HM, Nemukhin AV. Mechanism of the myosin catalyzed hydrolysis of ATP as rationalized by molecular modeling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007; 104: 7057–7061.
23. Bookwalter CS, Trybus KM. Functional consequences of a mutation in an expressed human alpha-cardiac actin at a site implicated in familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Biol Chem. 2006; 281: 16777–16784.
24. Hinkle A, Tobacman LS. Folding and function of the troponin tail domain. J Biol Chem. 2003; 278: 506–513.
25. Elliott P, Andersson B, Arbustini E, Bilinska Z, Cecchi F, Charron P, Duborg O, Kühl U, Maisch B, McKenna WJ, Monserrat L, Pankuweit S, Rapezzi C, Seferovic P, Tavazzi L, Keren A. Classification of the cardiomyopathies: a position statement from the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Eur Heart J. 2008; 29: 270–276.
26. Blair E, Redwood C, de Jesus Oliveira M, Moolman-Smook JC, Brink P, Corfield VA, Ostman-Smith I, Watkins H. Mutations of the light meromyosin domain of the beta-myosin heavy chain rod in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ Res. 2002; 90: 263–269.
|
Footnotes |
|---|
*The first 2 authors contributed equally to this work.
Related Article:
Circulation 2008 117: 2841-2843.
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  R. Lubrano, P. Versacci, G. Guido, E. Bellelli, G. Andreoli, and M. Elli Might there be an association between polycystic kidney desease and noncompaction of the ventricular myocardium? Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., December 1, 2009; 24(12): 3884 - 3886. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. M. Dellefave, P. Pytel, S. Mewborn, B. Mora, D. L. Guris, S. Fedson, D. Waggoner, I. Moskowitz, and E. M. McNally Sarcomere Mutations in Cardiomyopathy With Left Ventricular Hypertrabeculation Circ Cardiovasc Genet, October 1, 2009; 2(5): 442 - 449. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. M. Bos, J. A. Towbin, and M. J. Ackerman Diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications of genetic testing for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 14, 2009; 54(3): 201 - 211. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. B. Gelberg Purkinje Fiber Dysplasia (Histiocytoid Cardiomyopathy) with Ventricular Noncompaction in a Savannah Kitten Vet. Pathol., July 1, 2009; 46(4): 693 - 697. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Kelley-Hedgepeth, J. A. Towbin, and M. S. Maron Overlapping Phenotypes: Left Ventricular Noncompaction and Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Circulation, June 16, 2009; 119(23): e588 - e589. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Weitzel, F. Puskas, V. Callahan, and T. Seres A Case of Left Ventricular Noncompaction Anesth. Analg., April 1, 2009; 108(4): 1105 - 1106. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Dellefave and E. M. McNally Sarcomere Mutations in Cardiomyopathy, Noncompaction, and the Developing Heart Circulation, June 3, 2008; 117(22): 2847 - 2849. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||