Circulation. 2007;115:2373-2375
doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.697045
(Circulation. 2007;115:2373-2375.)
© 2007 American Heart Association, Inc.
Prognostic Significance of Brachial Flow-Mediated Vasodilation
Todd J. Anderson, MD
From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Correspondence to T.J. Anderson, MD, 1403 29th Street NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 2T9. E-mail todd.anderson{at}calgaryhealthregion.ca
Key Words: Editorials atherosclerosis endothelium risk factors
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Introduction
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There is currently much research devoted to the study of vascular
biology in intact humans. These efforts aim to translate findings
from the basic science arena to a better understanding of the
pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and its complications. Markers
of vascular risk have been used as surrogate end points in treatment
studies. More recently, long-term studies have emerged that
speak to the prognostic significance of these novel markers
with a goal of refining risk stratification approaches. C-reactive
protein is an excellent example of such a marker, with many
others being evaluated.
1
Article p 2390
The vascular endothelium is in a unique position to serve as a metric of atherosclerotic risk. The healthy endothelium is antiatherogenic through favorable paracrine effects on vasodilation, inhibition of leukocyte adhesion, platelet aggregation and coagulation, and promotion of healing via progenitor cells.2 However, because of its position in the vascular wall, it is also the target of hemodynamic and biochemical perturbations. This leads to endothelial dysfunction early in the course of the disease, a property that could be exploited for risk evaluation.
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Endothelial Function
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Endothelium-dependent vasodilation is a nitric oxidedependent
process that has been well studied in humans. There are many
methods of assessing conduit and resistance vessel function.
Conduit vessel responses can be evaluated by measuring the change
in vessel diameter in response to physiological (shear stress)
or pharmacological (acetylcholine) stimuli. Ludmer and colleagues
3 were among the first to describe the differences in coronary
responses to acetylcholine between healthy subjects and those
with vascular dysfunction. Although the study of the coronary
circulation is probably still considered the gold standard,
it is not ideally suited to large population studies because
of its invasive nature and expense. Celermajer et al
4 advanced
the concept that the dilation of the brachial artery that occurred
in response to a hyperemic shear stress stimuli after temporary
flow occlusion would be a good measure of vascular health.
Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) has emerged as the most common assessment tool of endothelial function. This response is (1) nitric oxide dependent, (2) abnormal early in the course of the disease process, (3) dysfunctional in response to various cardiovascular risk factors, (4) correlated with abnormalities of coronary endotheliumdependent vasodilation, (5) improved with interventions known to improve cardiovascular outcomes such as statin therapy, (6) relatively inexpensive, (7) noninvasive, and (8) reproducible. Although FMD is not as reproducible as biochemical markers such as cholesterol, the coefficient of variation for repeated measures is acceptable at
20%.
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Prognostic Studies of Endothelial Function
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Numerous studies have recently begun to address the prognostic
significance of endothelial dysfunction. In subjects with mild
coronary disease and endothelial dysfunction, several groups
have demonstrated an association between attenuation of acetylcholine-mediated
endothelium-dependent vasodilation or coronary blood flow and
cardiovascular events.
5,6 Impairment of microvascular endothelial
function in the forearm also is associated with vascular risk.
Heitzer et al
7 followed up a group of subjects with mild coronary
disease who had a plethysmographic assessment of forearm blood
flow. Subjects with responses below the median to both acetylcholine
and sodium nitroprusside were more likely to have cardiovascular
events during medium-term follow-up.
The prognostic value of abrogated brachial flowmediated vasodilation also has been evaluated. Brachial endothelial dysfunction has been shown to predict restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention8 and complications after vascular surgery.9 In addition, attenuated brachial flowmediated dilation is an independent predictor of events in the long term in subjects with established atherosclerosis.10,11 In subjects without established vascular disease, the results have been mixed to date.12,13 In the Northern Manhattan Study, 842 subjects (mean age, 67 years) without established vascular disease were followed up for 36 months. Lower FMD predicted events (n=30), but the effect was no longer present in a multivariable model.13 This evidence, although tantalizing, is far from conclusive. Many of the above-mentioned studies have suffered from retrospective designs, variable follow-up, incomplete data, and small numbers of events.
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Current Study
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The article by Yeboah and colleagues
14 in this issue of
Circulation is the first of the ongoing large prospective studies of brachial
endothelial function to report prognostic data. The present
data provide compelling information to support the notion that
peripheral artery endothelial dysfunction is associated with
adverse cardiovascular events. The study consisted of 2792 individuals
between 72 and 98 years of age. This brachial ultrasound substudy
was undertaken at the 10th annual evaluation of the Cardiovascular
Health Study. Some subjects (n=666) had preexisting vascular
disease; the remainder were free of incident atherosclerotic
disease. The cohort was healthier than the general population
but did have risk factors associated with aging. A minority
only were on medications that might affect vascular function.
Prospective 5-year follow-up data were available for the following
composite end point: cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction,
stroke, congestive heart failure, claudication, angioplasty,
or cardiac bypass graft surgery. A total of 674 events were
recorded, given the advanced age of the cohort. Previous trials
assessing the prognostic value of endothelial function had <100
events.
Event-free survival rates for cardiovascular events were significantly higher in subjects with FMD higher than compared with subjects with FMD less than or equal to the sex-specific medians (78.3% versus 73.6%; P<0.01). After correction for risk factors known to be associated with outcome, FMD remained an independent and significant predictor, with a hazard ratio of 0.91 (95% CI, 0.83 to 0.99) for each unit standard deviation change in FMD. The strongest predictors of an adverse outcome were increasing age, blood pressure, baseline vascular status, and male gender. Similar predictive value was present for the subgroups with and without incident cardiovascular disease at baseline. When FMD was added to the best Cox hazard model, the change in the C statistic was 0.01, suggesting that FMD added only
1% to the prognostic model. Recently, the value of this type of analysis has been questioned because it may underestimate the importance of a new biomarker.
A very interesting finding of the study by Yeboah and colleagues was that subjects with baseline brachial diameter above the gender-specific median values had an increase in event rates. In fact, the predictive value was of the same magnitude as FMD. There was a trend for a similar finding in the recently reported study by Shimbo et al.13 The interpretation of this observation is not clear. It is well known that the strongest predictor of FMD is baseline brachial diameter as a result in part of the mathematics of its calculation but probably also the physiology of shear stress generation in different-sized vessels. This raises the question as to whether the predictive value of FMD in the present study simply reflected baseline diameter differences. Positive remodeling of arteries in response to atherosclerotic risk has been described in the peripheral circulation and may account for this observation.
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Strengths and Unanswered Questions
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The study by Yeboah et al adds greatly to the literature in
this field. The major strengths include the very large number
of end points and the carefully performed prospective nature
of the investigation. The group is to be congratulated for the
results. Conclusions can be applied to subjects without incident
vascular disease, an area in which there has not been as much
study to date. Elderly subjects with minimal risk except age
with endothelial dysfunction are at increased risk of the development
of atherosclerotic complications.
Like all good studies, the work of Yeboah and colleagues raises several important questions. First, are the results applicable to younger subjects, in whom one might argue there is greater need to identify novel methods of risk stratification? Several ongoing studies, including 1 from our group, will address this issue in younger populations.13,1517 Second, what is the best measure of vascular health? Is it in fact FMD, or as suggested by Yeboah et al, is FMD simply a measure of baseline diameter? Others have suggested that it may be a measure of microvascular function such as hyperemic velocity or shear stress.18 Modalities other than ultrasound such as pulse arterial tonometry that assess microvascular responses in the extremities are being evaluated. Third, how does a measure of endothelium-dependent vasodilation integrate with other biomarkers or tests of structural atherosclerosis such as carotid intima-media thickness or parameters derived from computed tomography? The present study was unable to address this issue because these measures were not concurrently available. The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis is evaluating multiple markers and should shed further light on this question.19 And finally, will interventions aimed at improving endothelial dysfunction result in improved outcomes, as has been suggested in 1 small study?20
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Clinical Implications
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The Yeboah et al study strongly supported the premise that endothelial
dysfunction is an integral component of atherosclerotic vascular
disease and that its presence is a risk factor for the development
of clinical events. The study provides one of the strongest
pieces of evidence to date to support this claim. However, it
is unlikely that this observation will spawn the widespread
implementation of brachial ultrasound testing for risk assessment.
The technique of FMD acquisition is highly operator dependent,
requires expensive equipment and offline analysis, is without
established normal values, and may not even be the best metric.
In addition, the incremental value above traditional Framingham
risk factors is small at best. The sensitivity, specificity,
and predictive values of various FMD cut points are unlikely
to be acceptable.
However, even if tests of endothelial function are not readily incorporated into diagnostic algorithms, the results remain pivotal to clinical medicine. The study by Yeboah and colleagues will solidify measures of endothelium-dependent vasomotion as surrogate markers of disease. As such, these measures can be used to understand the potential importance of novel biochemical or emerging genetic risk factors. The dynamic nature of the measure also allows the study of interventions over a period of months, not years, allowing more rapid evaluation of the novel therapies. This study further justifies the value of the end point.
The study by Yeboah et al contributes significant evidence to the field of vascular biology. Measures of vascular health will further our understanding of the pathophysiology, investigation, and treatment of atherosclerotic vascular disease.
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Acknowledgments
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Source of Funding
Dr Anderson is supported by the Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research (Edmonton, Alberta, Canada).
Disclosures
None.
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Footnotes
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The opinions expressed in this article are not necessarily those
of the editors or of the American Heart Association.
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