Published online before print October 3, 2005, doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.533471
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(Circulation. 2005;112:2318-2323.)
© 2005 American Heart Association, Inc.
Imaging |
High-Resolution Spiral Computed Tomography Coronary Angiography in Patients Referred for Diagnostic Conventional Coronary Angiography
From the Erasmus Medical Center, Departments of Cardiology (N.R.M., F.C., C.A.G.v.M., E.P.M., T.B., P.W.S., P.J.d.F.) and Radiology (N.R.M., F.C., C.A.G.v.M., G.R., T.B., G.P.K., P.J.d.F.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Correspondence to P.J. de Feyter, MD, PhD, Erasmus Medical Center, Thoraxcenter, Room Bd-410, Dr Molewaterplein 40, 3015GD Rotterdam, Netherlands. E-mail p.j.defeyter{at}erasmusmc.nl
Received January 4, 2005; revision received June 23, 2005; accepted June 24, 2005.
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Abstract |
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Background— The diagnostic performance of the latest 64-slice CT scanner, with increased temporal (165 ms) and spatial (0.4 mm3) resolution, to detect significant stenoses in the clinically relevant coronary tree is unknown.
Methods and Results— We studied 52 patients (34 men; mean age, 59.6±12.1 years) with atypical chest pain, stable or unstable angina pectoris, or non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction scheduled for diagnostic conventional coronary angiography. All patients had stable sinus rhythm. Patients with initial heart rates 
70 bpm received ß-blockers. Mean scan time was 13.3±0.9 seconds. The CT scans were analyzed by 2 observers unaware of the results of invasive coronary angiography, which was used as the standard of reference. All available coronary segments, regardless of size, were included in the evaluation. Lesions with 50 luminal narrowing were considered significant stenoses. Invasive coronary angiography demonstrated the absence of significant disease in 25% (13 of 52), single-vessel disease in 31% (16 of 52), and multivessel disease in 45% (23 of 52) of patients. One unsuccessful CT scan was classified as inconclusive. Ninety-four significant stenoses were present in the remaining 51 patients. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of CT for detecting significant stenoses on a segment-by-segment analysis were 99% (93 of 94; 95% CI, 94 to 99), 95% (601 of 631; 95% CI, 93 to 96), 76% (93 of 123; 95% CI, 67 to 89), and 99% (601 of 602; 95% CI, 99 to 100), respectively.
Conclusions— Noninvasive 64-slice CT coronary angiography accurately detects coronary stenoses in patients in sinus rhythm and presenting with atypical chest pain, stable or unstable angina, or non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.
Key Words: angina • angiography • coronary disease • imaging • tomography
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Introduction |
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Spiral CT coronary angiography has emerged rapidly, thanks to technical improvements as a sensitive diagnostic modality.1–12 The newest-generation spiral CT scanners are significantly improved. They feature 64 slices and thinner detectors, and the x-ray tube permits higher x-ray output and faster tube rotation. These improvements result in high-quality, nearly motion-free, isotropic image quality. Data are acquired during a single breathhold of
13 seconds. We report the diagnostic performance of 64-slice CT coronary angiography in 52 patients with atypical chest pain, stable or unstable angina, or non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction referred for diagnostic invasive coronary angiography to assess the extent and severity of coronary stenoses in the clinically relevant coronary tree.
Editorial p 2222
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Study Population
During a period of 6 weeks, we studied 70 consecutive patients scheduled for diagnostic conventional coronary angiography who fulfilled the following criteria: sinus heart rhythm, able to hold breath for 15 seconds, and no previous percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary bypass surgery. Eighteen patients were excluded because of the logistical inability to perform a CT scan before the conventional angiogram (n=9), presence of arrhythmia (n=4), impaired renal function (serum creatinine >120 mmol/L) (n=4), and known contrast allergy (n=1). Thus, the study population comprised 52 patients (34 men; mean age, 59.6±12.1 years). Our institutional review board approved the study protocol, and all patients gave informed consent.
Patient Preparation
Patients with heart rates >70 bpm received, unless they had known overt heart failure or ECG AV conduction abnormalities, a single oral dose of 100 mg metoprolol 45 minutes before the scan. Patients with heart rates >80 bpm received an additional single oral dose of 1 mg lorazepam.
Scan Protocol and Image Reconstruction
All patients were scanned with a 64-slice CT scanner (Sensation 64, Siemens) equipped with a new feature in multislice CT technology, so-called z-axis flying-focus technology.13 The central 32 detector rows acquire 0.6-mm slices, and the flying-focus spot switches back and forth between 2 z positions between each reading. Two slices per detector row are acquired, which results in a higher oversampling rate in the z axis, thereby reducing artifacts related to the spiral acquisition and improving spatial resolution down to 0.4 mm3.13 Angiographic scan parameters included the following: number of slices per rotation, 32x2; individual detector width, 0.6 mm; rotation time, 330 ms; table feed, 3.8 mm per rotation; tube voltage, 120 kV; tube current, 900 mA; and prospective x-ray tube modulation, none. Calcium scoring parameters (similar unless indicated) were a tube current of 150 mA and prospective x-ray tube modulation. The radiation exposure for CT coronary angiography with this scan protocol was calculated as 15.2 to 21.4 mSv (for men and women, respectively) using dedicated software (WinDose, Institute of Medical Physics). The radiation exposure of calcium scoring using a comparable scan protocol (including prospective x-ray tube modulation) on a 16-slice scanner was calculated as 1.3 to 1.7 mSv (for men and women, respectively).14
A bolus of 100 mL contrast material (iomeprol, Iomeron 400) was injected through an arm vein at a flow rate of 5 mL/s. A bolus-tracking technique was used to synchronize the arrival of contrast in the coronary arteries with the initiation of the scan. To monitor the arrival of contrast material, axial scans were obtained at the level of the ascending aorta with a delay of 10 seconds after the start of the contrast injection. The scan was automatically started when a threshold of 100 Hounsfield units was reached in a region of interest positioned in the ascending aorta.
Images were reconstructed with ECG gating to obtain optimal, motion-free image quality. Data sets were reconstructed immediately after the scan following a stepwise pattern. Initially, a single data set was reconstructed during the mid- to end-diastolic phase (350 ms before the next R wave). Image quality was assessed on a per-segment level. In case of insufficient image quality of 1 coronary segments, additional data sets were reconstructed (300, 400, and 450 ms before the next R wave). In case of persistent artifacts related to coronary motion, a second reconstruction approach was carried out, including reconstruction of data sets during both the mid- to end-diastolic phase (between 60% and 70% of the R-R interval) and the end-systolic phase (between 25% and 35% of the R-R interval). If necessary, multiple data sets of a single patient were used separately to obtain optimal image quality of all available coronary segments. The reconstruction algorithm uses data from a single heartbeat obtained during half–x-ray tube rotation, resulting in a temporal resolution of 165 ms.
Quantitative Coronary Angiography
All scans were performed within 2 weeks of the conventional diagnostic angiogram. A single observer unaware of the multislice CT results identified coronary segments using a 17-segment modified AHA classification15 (right coronary artery: 1, proximal; 2, mid; 3, distal; 4a, posterior descending; 4b, posterolateral; left main coronary artery: 5, left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD); 6, proximal; 7, mid; 8, distal; 9, first diagonal; 10, second diagonal; circumflex coronary artery: 11, proximal; 12, first marginal; 13, mid; 14, second marginal; 15, distal; and 16, intermediate branch). All segments, regardless of size, were included for comparison with CT coronary angiography. Segments were classified as normal (smooth parallel or tapering borders), as having nonsignificant disease (luminal irregularities or <50% stenosis), or as having significant stenoses. Stenoses were evaluated in 2 orthogonal views and classified as significant if the mean lumen diameter reduction was 50% using a validated quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) algorithm (CAAS, Pie Medical).
CT Image Evaluation
All scans were analyzed independently by a radiologist and a cardiologist who were unaware of the results of conventional coronary angiography and used an offline workstation (Leonardo, Siemens). Total calcium scores of all patients were calculated with dedicated software and expressed as Agatston scores. The Agatston score is a commonly used scoring method that calculates the total amount of calcium on the basis of the number, areas, and peak Hounsfield units of the detected calcified lesions.16
All available coronary segments were visually scored for the presence of significant stenosis. Maximum-intensity projections were used to identify coronary lesions and (curved) multiplanar reconstructions to classify lesions as significant or nonsignificant. Disagreement between observers was resolved by consensus.
Image quality was evaluated on a per-segment basis and classified as good (defined as the absence of any image-degrading artifacts related to motion, calcification, or noise), adequate (presence of image-degrading artifacts but evaluation possible with moderate confidence), or poor (presence of image-degrading artifacts and evaluation possible only with low confidence).
Statistical Analysis
The diagnostic performance of CT coronary angiography for the detection of significant lesions in coronary arteries with QCA as the standard of reference is presented as sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and positive and negative likelihood ratios with the corresponding exact 95% CIs. Comparison between CT coronary angiography and QCA was performed on 3 levels: segment by segment, vessel by vessel (no or any disease per vessel), and patient by patient (no or any disease per patient). We performed an additional sensitivity analysis after random selection of a single segment per patient to explore the effect of nesting; repeated assessments (segment by segment and vessel by vessel) within the same patient were made that were not independent observations. Intraobserver and interobserver variability for the detection of significant coronary stenosis was determined by 
statistics.
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Patient characteristics are shown in Table 1. Seventy-three percent of the patients (38 of 52) received a ß-blocker; 31% (16 of 52) also received lorazepam. The mean heart rate in these patients dropped within 45 minutes from 68.2±10.2 to 57.8±6.8 bpm. The mean scan time was 13.3±0.6 seconds. One unsuccessful CT scan was classified as inconclusive because the development of ventricular bigeminy during the angiography scan.
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A single data set for the assessment of significant stenoses was used in 69%, 2 data sets were used in 27%, and 3 data sets were used in 4% of patients to obtain optimal image quality of on a per-segment level. Data sets reconstructed during the end-systolic phase were used in 27% of patients (14/51). Image quality was classified as good in 90%, moderate in 7%, and poor in 3% of coronary segments. Reasons for poor image quality were motion artifacts (60%, 12 of 20), severe calcifications (20%, 4 of 20), or low contrast-to-noise ratio (20%, 4 of 20).
Diagnostic Performance of 64-Slice CT Coronary Angiography: Segment-by-Segment Analysis
A total, 725 segments were included for comparison with QCA. Potentially, 17 segments per patient can be present for analysis. However, 142 segments were not visualized on the conventional angiogram because of variations in coronary anatomy (absence of an intermediate branch or hypoplastic, nondominant coronary arteries in which not all segments could be identified; 102 segments) and the presence of a proximal occlusion and poorly filled distal segments by collaterals (40 segments).
Interobserver and intraobserver variability for detection of significant lesions had values of 0.73 and 0.79, respectively. The diagnostic performance of CT coronary angiography for detecting significant lesions on a segment-based analysis is detailed in Table 2. One significant stenosis (lumen diameter reduction, 52%) located at the mid part of the LAD was detected with CT, but the severity of the stenosis was underestimated and classified as nonsignificant. Thirty nonsignificant lesions were detected with CT, but the severity of these stenoses was overestimated, resulting in incorrect classification as significant stenoses on the CT scan. Conventional angiography revealed only wall irregularities in 8 and nonsignificant stenoses in the remaining 22 lesions (mean lumen reduction, 34.7±7.9%; range, 23% to 49%). The vast majority (83%, 25 of 30) of these segments were calcified. The presence of coronary calcium induced overestimation of the severity of these lesions on the CT scan (Table 3). Agreement between CT coronary angiography and QCA on a per-segment level was very good ( value, 0.83).
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After random selection of a single segment per patient, the sensitivity for detecting significantly diseased vessels was 100% (13 of 13; 95% CI, 75 to 100), specificity was 95% (36 of 38; 95% CI, 82 to 99), positive predictive value was 87% (13 of 15; 95% CI, 59 to 99), and negative predictive value was 100% (36 of 36; 95% CI, 90 to 100).
Diagnostic Performance of 64-Slice CT Coronary Angiography: Vessel-by-Vessel Analysis
The diagnostic performance of CT coronary angiography for detecting significant lesions on a vessel-based analysis is detailed in Table 2. One significantly diseased LAD was incorrectly classified as nonsignificantly diseased on the CT scan. Sensitivity for the detection of significantly diseased LADs was 96% and 100% in all other main coronary arteries. Agreement between CT coronary angiography and QCA on a per-vessel level was very good ( value, 0.85).
Diagnostic Performance of 64-Slice CT Coronary Angiography: Patient-by-Patient Analysis
The diagnostic performance of CT coronary angiography for detecting significant lesions on a patient-based analysis is detailed in Table 2. Twelve patients with either an angiographically normal coronary angiogram7 or nonsignificant disease5 were correctly identified with CT. However, 1 patient with only wall irregularities on the conventional angiogram was incorrectly classified as having single-vessel disease on the CT scan. All 38 patients with significant coronary artery disease on conventional angiography were correctly identified on the CT scan (Figures 1 and 2
). However, in 7 patients with single-vessel disease also, another lesion was detected and its severity was overestimated, which resulted in incorrect classification as multivessel disease on CT coronary angiography. Agreement between CT coronary angiography and QCA on a per-patient (no or any disease) level was very good ( value, 0.95); agreement between both techniques for classifying patients as having no, single-vessel, or multivessel disease was good ( value, 0.72).
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Discussion |
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Recent reports demonstrated that earlier-generation multislice CT scanners showed promise for noninvasive detection of coronary stenoses.1–12 The reported diagnostic values were high, but one should bear in mind that the calculated sensitivity and specificity were based on analyzable coronary segments rather than on all examined coronary segments. In fact, the most recent reports of 16-slice CT coronary angiography excluded 6% to 17% of the available coronary segments, and only a few included all available segments. In addition, only the larger parts of the coronary tree were examined; smaller parts with a diameter of <1.5 or 2 mm were excluded from analysis. Most recently, Leschka et al17 presented the first study exploring the diagnostic performance of 64-slice CT coronary angiography. They evaluated all available coronary segments
1.5 mm and reported a high sensitivity and specificity for detecting significant lesions using a 64-slice CT scanner with a rotation time of 375 ms. The newest 64-slice CT scanners have a shorter rotation time (330 ms) and offer not only a shorter scan time and a higher spatial resolution but also a higher temporal resolution compared with previous scanner generations. Multislice CT coronary angiography of the clinically relevant coronary segments, as designated by the AHA classification, is now possible. We found that significant coronary stenoses were detected with the latest 64-slice CT scanner with a sensitivity of 99% and a specificity of 95% compared with conventional invasive diagnostic coronary angiography. All but 1 patient with angiographically normal coronary angiograms were correctly identified, rendering the CT technique highly reliable for identifying patients with no significant coronary obstruction. Furthermore, all patients with significant coronary artery disease were correctly diagnosed, and only a single coronary lesion was missed on the CT scan. In addition, we found good agreement between CT coronary angiography and QCA in the classification of patients with no, single-vessel, or multivessel disease. Our results were obtained in patients with a wide spectrum of clinical settings, including atypical chest pain, stable or unstable angina, or non–ST-segment elevation, who had varying degrees of coronary artery disease, ranging from normal coronary angiograms to obstructive disease of 1, 2, or 3 vessels. We did not include patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; these patients should undergo immediate percutaneous intervention without delay, and the role of CT in these patients is highly questionable. In our study the specificity was somewhat lower because we tended to overestimate the severity of a lesion on the CT scan, resulting in a number of false-positive outcomes, rather than underestimating the lesion severity and thereby "missing" lesions, which may have serious consequences in a symptomatic patient population.
Study Limitations
The estimated radiation dose during CT coronary angiography (15.2 to 21.4 mSv for men and women, respectively) is a cause of concern and is higher than the radiation dose associated with conventional coronary angiography. The radiation exposure can be reduced by technical adjustments such as prospective x-ray tube current modulation. This technique reduces the radiation exposure by 50% in patients with low heart rates14 but is sensitive to arrhythmia and limits the possibility of reconstructing data sets during the end-systolic phase. This proved useful in 27% of our patients. Persistent irregular heart rhythm such as atrial fibrillation and frequent extrasystoles preclude multislice coronary angiography. Motion artifacts caused by mild arrhythmia (eg, a single ventricular extrasystole) can be diminished by manual repositioning the reconstruction windows. Severe coronary calcification obscures the coronary lumen and can lead to overestimation of lesion severity because of blooming artifacts, resulting in a lower specificity in patients with high calcium scores. The presence of coronary calcifications also severely limits the applicability of QCA algorithms. In fact, no software able to detect and quantify coronary stenoses has been adequately validated yet.
When evaluating the diagnostic performance of CT coronary angiography on 3 levels (segment by segment, vessel by vessel, and patient by patient), we made repeated assessments within the same patient. However, we performed a sensitivity analysis after random selection of a single segment per patient and found values that are in line with the values obtained after clustering all available segments. This finding suggests that the nesting of observations within a single patient did not have an important impact on the estimates of the diagnostic performance of CT for detecting significant stenoses in the present study.
Patients with initial heart rates >70 bpm received prescan medication, reducing the mean heart rate to 57 bpm. Future improvements in temporal resolution should diminish motion artifacts related to high heart rates, which could make the administration of prescan ß-blockers unnecessary.
Conclusions
Our results show that noninvasive 64-slice CT coronary angiography is a reliable technique to detect coronary stenoses in patients with sinus rhythm presenting with atypical chest pain, stable or unstable angina pectoris, or non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and suggest that this noninvasive technique can now be considered an alternative to invasive diagnostic coronary angiography in selected patients.
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