Published online before print June 14, 2004, doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000133276.45198.A5
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(Circulation. 2004;110:66-73.)
© 2004 American Heart Association, Inc.
Original Articles |
Tissue Doppler Imaging Is Superior to Strain Rate Imaging and Postsystolic Shortening on the Prediction of Reverse Remodeling in Both Ischemic and Nonischemic Heart Failure After Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy
From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (C.-M.Y., J.W.-H.F., Q.Z., Y.-S.C., H.L., L.C.C.K., S.-L.K., Y.Z., J.E.S.), and the Department of Medicine, Alice Ho Miu Ling Nethersole Hospital (C.-K.C.), Hong Kong.
Correspondence to Professor Cheuk-Man Yu, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong. E-mail cmyu{at}cuhk.edu.hk
Received June 17, 2003; de novo received September 13, 2003; revision received March 10, 2004; accepted March 17, 2004.
 |
Abstract |
|---|
 Top Abstract IntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Background— A number of noninvasive techniques have been used to predict the effectiveness of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in heart failure patients, in particular left ventricular (LV) reverse remodeling. This study compared the relative predictive values of tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) and strain-rate imaging (SRI) parameters for LV reverse remodeling in patients who received CRT and examined for potential differences in ischemic (n=22) and nonischemic (n=32) heart failure.
Methods and Results— TDI and SRI were performed at baseline and 3-month follow-up. Eighteen parameters of intraventricular and interventricular asynchrony based on the time to peak myocardial contraction (Ts) and time to peak strain rate (Tsr) were compared, along with postsystolic shortening (PSS). Reverse remodeling with reduction of LV end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes and gain in ejection fraction (all P<0.001) was observed in the whole study population. The standard deviation of Ts of 12 LV segments (Ts-SD) is the most powerful predictor of reverse remodeling in both the ischemic (r=–0.65, P<0.001) and nonischemic (r=–0.79, P<0.001) groups. The PSS of 12 LV segments was a good predictor only for the nonischemic (r=–0.64, P<0.001) but not the ischemic (r=0.32, P=NS) group. However, parameters of SRI and interventricular asynchrony failed to predict reverse remodeling. By multiple regression analysis, independent parameters included Ts-SD in both groups (P<0.005) and PSS of 12 LV segments in the nonischemic group (P=0.03). The area of the receiver operating characteristic curve was largest for Ts-SD (0.94; CI=0.88 to 1.00).
Conclusions— Ts-SD is the most powerful predictor of LV reverse remodeling and was consistently useful for ischemic and nonischemic heart failure. However, PSS is useful only for nonischemic pathogenesis, whereas the role of SRI parameters was not supported by the present study.
Key Words: heart failure • remodeling • pacing • echocardiography
|
Introduction |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) has been recommended for patients with advanced chronic heart failure with prolonged QRS complexes. Clinical data have suggested the beneficial role of CRT on symptoms, functional capacity, and left ventricular (LV) reverse remodeling.1–4 In fact, LV reverse remodeling is an objective end point that is thought to contribute to the symptomatic benefits of CRT5 and may herald improved long-term survival.6–8 However, approximately one third of patients do not respond to the therapy clinically or lack reverse remodeling.2,5,9 This might be explained by the fact that direct assessment of systolic asynchrony rather than QRS duration is the key for selecting appropriate patients for CRT and predicting a favorable response.5,10 Echocardiography has been the cornerstone for serial assessment of systolic asynchrony, among which tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) has been most widely used.5,10–13 The main quantitative parameters derived from TDI measured the difference or variation in time to peak regional contraction between 2 or more LV segments,4,5,12,13 the presence of postsystolic shortening (PSS),10 and possibly strain-rate imaging (SRI). Some of these parameters have been suggested to be useful to predict reverse remodeling.5,9,10 In addition, the pattern of systolic asynchrony may be different between ischemic and nonischemic causes of heart failure.10 This may affect the predictive value of the echocardiographic tool chosen. Therefore, the aims of the study were to compare the relative predictive values of TDI-, PSS-, and SRI-derived parameters on the prediction of LV reverse remodeling and to explore whether there is any difference in such predictive value between ischemic and nonischemic heart failure after CRT.
|
Methods |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Patients
Fifty-four heart failure patients (mean age, 65±11 years; 36 male) who received CRT and were followed up for at least 3 months were analyzed. Inclusion criteria included severe symptomatic heart failure despite optimal pharmacological therapy. Patients were in New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III (n=42) or IV (n=12) heart failure and had evidence of LV systolic dysfunction with an ejection fraction <40% and a QRS duration >120 ms in the form of bundle-branch block or intraventricular conduction delay. The causes of heart failure were ischemic in 22 patients (41%) and nonischemic in 32 (59%). Medications included diuretics in all patients, ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers in 97%, ß-blockers in 76%, spironolactone in 37%, and digoxin in 20%. Serial echocardiography with TDI and SRI was performed before and 3 months after CRT. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee, and written informed consents were obtained from all the patients.
Biventricular Device Implantation
Biventricular devices were implanted as previously described.1,5 The LV pacing lead was inserted into either the lateral or posterolateral cardiac vein. Thirty-nine patients received an Attain system (model 2187, model 4189, model 4191 [side-wire lead], or model 4193 [over-the-wire]) (Medtronic Inc), and 15 received the Easytrak over-the-wire lead (model 4512, Guidant Inc). Apart from 4 patients who received biventricular cardiac defibrillators (InSync ICD or Contak CD), all the others received biventricular pacemakers (InSync, InSync III, or Contak TR). The atrioventricular interval was optimized by Ritter’s method with a mean value of 99.5±24.8 ms.
Echocardiography
Standard echocardiography, including Doppler studies, was performed (System 5 or Vivid 5, Vingmed-General Electric). The LV volumes and ejection fraction were assessed by biplane Simpson’s equation using the apical 4-chamber and 2-chamber views. The intraobserver and interobserver variability for volumetric assessment was 4% and 5%, respectively. Cardiac output, rate of pressure rise in systole (dP/dt), and midsystolic mitral regurgitation were measured as previously described.4
TDI was performed using apical views for the long-axis motion of the ventricles as previously described.4,14,15 Two-dimensional echocardiography with TDI color imaging views (apical 4-chamber, 2-chamber, and long-axis views) were optimized for pulse repetition frequency, color saturation, sector size, and depth and were allowed the highest possible frame rate. At least 3 consecutive beats were stored, and the images were analyzed offline with the aid of a customized software package (EchoPac 6.3.6, Vingmed-General Electric). Myocardial velocity curves were reconstituted offline using the 6-basal and 6-midsegmental model in the LV as previously described.4,5 The peak myocardial velocity during the ejection phase (Sm) and the time to peak Sm (Ts) were measured with reference to QRS complex.4,5,16
The SRI data were processed from the TDI data.17 During data acquisition, to ensure the best-quality data, the narrowest image sector angle possible was used, with the lowest possible depth, to maintain the highest possible frame rate, typically >140 frames/s. The angle between the Doppler beam and the wall was keep at <30°. The strain rate can be estimated by calculating the velocity gradient between the 2 points17,18 with the equation: strain rate=(v[r]–v[r+
r])/r. An offset of r=10 mm was used in all studies. Validation of TDI19 and SRI18 had been performed previously. In our laboratory, the intraobserver and interobserver variability for TDI was 3% and 5%, and SRI was 16% and 19%, respectively, after a serial measurement in 120 segments.
Parameters of systolic asynchrony based on TDI or SRI were correlated to the change in LV end-systolic volume.
Parameters for intraventricular asynchrony assessed by TDI include the following.
Standard deviation of Ts of the 12 LV segments (Ts-SD).
Maximal difference in Ts between any 2 of 12 LV segments (Ts-12).
Maximal difference in Ts between any 2 of 6 basal LV segments (Ts-6-basal).
Absolute difference in Ts between any medial wall and free wall segments in both basal and mid levels (Ts-med-free).
Absolute difference in Ts between basal medial wall and basal free wall segments (Ts-basal-med-free).
Absolute difference in Ts between the basal septal and basal lateral walls (Ts-sep-lat).
Absolute difference in Ts between the basal septal and basal posterior walls (Ts-sep-post).
For the last 2 parameters, medial wall refers to the septal and anteroseptal wall segments, and the free wall refers to the lateral and posterior wall segments.
The parameter that combined the use of TDI and SRI is the number of segments with PSS (or delay longitudinal contraction), ie, a positive velocity occurred after systole that was greater than the systolic peak during ejection phase, which was confirmed by SRI to be an active movement by the presence of a negative peak strain rate. Two parameters were derived: number of segments with PSS among the 6 basal and 6 mid LV segments (PSS-12) and number of segments with PSS among the 6 basal segments (PSS-6-basal).
In SRI, the time to peak systolic strain rate was assessed (Tsr). On this basis, parameters similar to that of TDI were assessed for intraventricular synchronicity. They included the following.
Standard deviation of Tsr of the 12 LV segments (Tsr-SD).
Maximal difference in Ts between any 2 of 6 basal and 6 mid LV segments (Tsr-12).
Maximal difference in Tsr between any 2 of 6 basal LV segments (Tsr-6-basal).
Absolute difference in Tsr between any medial wall and free wall segments (Tsr-med-free).
Absolute difference in Tsr between basal medial wall and basal free wall segments (Tsr-basal-med-free).
Absolute difference in Tsr between the basal septal and basal lateral walls (Tsr-sep-lat).
Absolute difference in Tsr between the basal septal and basal posterior walls (Tsr-sep-post).
For interventricular asynchrony, parameters measured included the following.
Absolute difference in Ts between the basal septal and basal right ventricular free wall (Ts-IVD).
Absolute difference in Tsr between the basal septal and basal right ventricular free wall (Tsr-IVD).
Statistics
For the comparison of parametric variables before and after CRT, paired-sample t test was used. The comparison of clinical and echocardiographic parameters between ischemic and nonischemic groups was performed by unpaired t test or Pearson 
2 test where appropriate. Correlation analysis was used to compare the relationship between parameters of systolic asynchrony and the change of LV end-systolic volume after pacing in a univariate model, followed by multivariate analysis in a stepwise multiple regression model. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) were analyzed for TDI and PSS parameters. All data were expressed as mean±SD. A probability value of P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
|
Results |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
LV Reverse Remodeling and Cardiac Function
At the end of 3 months, reverse remodeling was achieved, with significant reduction of LV end-diastolic (193±81 versus 164±79 cm3, P<0.001) and end-systolic (148±75 versus 114±67 cm3, P<0.001) volumes. The LV ejection fraction was increased (24.9±9.6% versus 32.9±10.9%, P<0.001). There was significant increase in LV end-diastolic (1.58±0.17 versus 1.73±0.28, P<0.001) and end-systolic (1.74±0.22 versus 1.93±0.32, P<0.001) sphericity indices. Other parameters of systolic function, including +dP/dt (622±196 versus 881±221 mm Hg/s, P=0.001), cardiac output (2.6±0.8 versus 3.0±0.8L/min, P=0.01), and mean Sm (2.9±1.3 versus 3.3±1.1 cm/s, P=0.02), were also significantly increased after CRT. Mitral regurgitation was reduced (32±18 versus 21±16%, P=0.002), and isovolumic contraction time was shortened (126±39 versus 96±30 ms, P<0.001). The LV filling time was increased (370±108 versus 442±117 ms, P=0.006).
Successful LV reverse remodeling was defined as a reduction of LV end-systolic volume (LVVs) of >15%,5,9,20 which was observed in 31 patients (57%) after CRT for 3 months. The others were regarded as nonresponders who had a relatively stable LVVs (between –15% and +15%) in 19 patients (35%) or the LVVs was further enlarged >15% in 4 patients (8%). There was no difference in baseline clinical and echocardiographic parameters between responders and nonresponders of reverse remodeling (Table 1). However, improvement of ejection fraction was observed only in responders (25.3±9.5% versus 38.0±8.8%, P<0.001) but not the nonresponders (24.5±10.0% versus 26.6±10.1%, P=NS).
|
Comparison of TDI, PSS, and SRI Parameters on the Prediction of Reverse Remodeling
As shown in Table 2, all the TDI parameters significantly predicted LV reverse remodeling. Among them, Ts-SD had the strongest predictive value (r=–0.74, P<0.001). A good correlation was also observed when the 6 basal LV segments or all the LV segments (both r=–0.60, P<0.001) were included into the model (Figure 1). The predictive values by other TDI parameters were significant but lower. The PSS and SRI parameters were unable to predict reverse remodeling (Figure 1). The parameters of interventricular asynchrony also failed to predict reverse remodeling. Furthermore, only responders of reverse remodeling showed significant improvement of most TDI parameters, which was worsening in the nonresponders. On stepwise multivariate regression analysis in which the significant parameters were entered into the statistical model, Ts-SD remained the only independent predictor of reverse remodeling response (ß=–1.38; CI, –1.79 to –0.97). Other TDI parameters, including PSS and QRS duration, were unable to predict reverse remodeling.
|
|
) and nonischemic (
) causes are shown separately in each graph.The ROC for parameters with significant correlation with reverse remodeling in the univariate model are shown in Table 2. The area under the curve was largest for Ts-SD (0.94, P<0.001) and was significant for all the other TDI parameters (Figure 2). On the basis of the data on the ROC curve, we concluded that a Ts-SD value of 31.4 ms has a sensitivity of 96% and a specificity of 78% to predict significant reverse remodeling.
|
Predictive Values of TDI, PSS, and SRI for Reverse Remodeling in Ischemic and Nonischemic Heart Failure
The baseline clinical and echocardiographic features were similar between ischemic and nonischemic groups (Table 3). The degree of prepacing systolic asynchrony, as shown by Ts-SD and PSS-12, was similar between the 2 groups. Three months after CRT, the reduction of LV volume and gain in ejection fraction were also comparable between the 2 groups. In the ischemic group, 13 of 22 patients (59%) had significant reverse remodeling, and this proportion was comparable to the nonischemic group (18 of 32 patients [56%]; 2=0.28, P=NS).
|
In the ischemic group, the predictive values of TDI parameters were in general lower than in patients with nonischemic pathogenesis (Table 2 and Figures 1 and 3
). In ischemic patients, the best predictor was Ts-SD (r=–0.65, P=0.001). However, this was decreased precipitously for other TDI parameters, especially Ts-12 and Ts-6-basal (r=–0.46 to –0.43). The parameters by PSS, SRI, and interventricular delay were unable to predict reverse remodeling. In the stepwise multivariate analysis model, Ts-SD was the only independent predictor of reverse remodeling (ß=–1.37; CI, –2.22 to –0.53; P=0.003).
|
In the nonischemic group, there were 3 TDI parameters that correlated closely with reverse remodeling: Ts-SD was an excellent predictor (r=–0.79, P<0.001), followed by Ts-12 (r=–0.72, P<0.001) and Ts-6-basal (r=–0.69, P<0.001). Interestingly, PSS-12 and PSS-6-basal in the nonischemic group is a reasonably reliable predictor of reverse remodeling (r=–0.64 to 0.66, both P<0.001). None of the parameters of SRI or interventricular delay predicted reverse remodeling. By stepwise multivariate analysis model, the 2 independent predictors of reverse remodeling were Ts-SD (ß=–1.09; CI, –1.59 to –0.59; P<0.001) and PSS-12 (ß=–2.90; CI, –5.43 to –0.38; P=0.03).
|
Discussion |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
TDI, PSS, SRI, and Reverse Remodeling
LV reverse remodeling after CRT illustrates the improvement of systolic function and reduction of LV volume that reflects less adverse wall stress. It is probably a combination of improvement in intraventricular synchronicity,4 hemodynamics,20,21 atrioventricular synchronicity,22 interventricular synchronicity,4,6 and mitral regurgitation.4,6 Reverse remodeling response was consistently observed,5,6,9,20 which was thought to contribute to the beneficial effect on symptoms and may herald the improvement of long-term survival.6–8
Clinical and volumetric nonresponders to CRT are consistently observed in approximately one third of patients.2,5,9 Recent efforts were envisaged to search for echocardiographic predictors of response, in which TDI plays a vital role.4,10–12 An early study observed that Ts-SD, the systolic asynchrony index, was a powerful predictor of LV reverse remodeling and was able to identify responders.5 Studies also observed that volumetric responders were associated with clinical improvements.5,11 The technique of TDI was also combined with SRI to search for PSS, or delayed longitudinal contraction.10,23 The presence of PSS in the basal LV segments was found to correlate with the gain in ejection fraction in 25 patients receiving CRT.10 In that study, ejection fraction (but not volumetric data) was used as an indicator of reverse remodeling.10 The septoposterior wall by M-mode measurement was observed to predict reverse remodeling in 20 patients, of whom the majority (n=16) had a nonischemic pathogenesis.9 Very recently, the assessment of strain has also been suggested to be useful to assess mechanical events in the ventricle.24 The present study is the largest prospective study that used TDI, PSS, and SRI to assess cardiac intraventricular and interventricular asynchrony for patients receiving CRT and in a balanced number of patients with ischemic and nonischemic causes. The results demonstrated that TDI parameters closely predict LV reverse remodeling and that Ts-SD (the "asynchrony index") is the single best predictor. This parameter encompasses information of all the 12 LV segments and reflects systolic asynchrony even if the pattern is more heterogeneous. Furthermore, the more segments analyzed, the higher the predictive value.
In this study, PSS is a very weak predictor of reverse remodeling. The PSS actually described a contractile response observed during early diastole after closure of the aortic valve.23 Therefore, it is a semiquantitative and indirect marker of systolic asynchrony. Furthermore, occurrence of PSS has been described in normal subjects who had no evidence of cardiac disease.23 Also, none of the SRI parameters predict reverse remodeling. Tsr reflects the time to peak regional deformation by contractile force and theoretically will be affected by asynchronous contraction but not affected by translational movement. However, such benefit may be offset by the relatively large interobserver and intraobserver variability (at least >16%).24
Role of TDI, PSS, and SRI in Ischemic and Nonischemic Heart Failure
In this study, the asynchrony index, Ts-SD, is the strongest independent predictor of LV reverse remodeling for both groups. Interestingly, the predictive values of all the TDI parameters were consistently higher in the nonischemic than the ischemic group. The discrepancy of predictive values with different causes of heart failure may be related to the more heterogeneous pattern of systolic asynchrony in patients with an ischemic pathogenesis.10 Unlike patients with nonischemic pathogenesis of heart failure, in whom there is a dominant pattern of relative mechanical delay between the septal and free wall regions, systolic asynchrony in ischemic cardiomyopathy may occur in any region of the LV, depending on the vascular territory of ischemia or infarction.25 As a result, placement of the LV lead in the lateral or posterolateral vein of the coronary sinus in these patients may not be optimal if delay is not at the free wall region. Another interesting observation is that the predictive value of PSS was good only for the nonischemic group. In the ischemic group, PSS may not be a marker of systolic asynchrony but may represent myocardial ischemia18 or viability.26 In these situations, CRT may not have altered the occurrence of PSS. We suggest that evaluation of systolic asynchrony by PSS also needs to consider the pathogenesis of heart failure.
Limitations of the Study
The study was conducted by relatively dated echocardiographic instruments that were acquired a few years ago. Although the current state-of-the-art machine may not significantly enhance the image quality of TDI, the better hardware and software equipment may improve the signal-to-noise ratio of SRI and its predictive value. Mitral regurgitation was assessed only by the change in jet area relative to left atrial area. The use of more complex methods, such as the proximal isovelocity surface area method, is preferable for accurate quantitative assessment of its severity.
Conclusions
As an important and objective marker of response to CRT, LV reverse remodeling occurs only in the majority of patients, not in all, after CRT. Direct assessment of systolic asynchrony by Ts-SD provides strong and independent predictive value of reverse remodeling of both ischemic and nonischemic causes. The semiquantitative evaluation of PSS-12 is potentially useful for nonischemic but not ischemic patients.
|
References |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
1. Cazeau S, Leclercq C, Lavergne T, et al. Effects of multisite biventricular pacing in patients with heart failure and intraventricular conduction delay. N Engl J Med. 2001; 344: 873–880.
2. Abraham WT, Fisher WG, Smith AL, et al. Cardiac resynchronization in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2002; 346: 1845–1853.
3. Gras D, Leclercq C, Tang AS, et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy in advanced heart failure: the Multicenter InSync Clinical Study. Eur J Heart Fail. 2002; 4: 311–320.
4. Yu CM, Chau E, Sanderson JE, et al. Tissue Doppler echocardiographic evidence of reverse remodeling and improved synchronicity by simultaneously delaying regional contraction after biventricular pacing therapy in heart failure. Circulation. 2002; 105: 438–445.
5. Yu CM, Fung WH, Lin H, et al. Predictors of left ventricular reverse remodeling after cardiac resynchronization therapy for heart failure secondary to idiopathic dilated or ischemic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2003; 91: 684–688.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
6. St John Sutton MG, Plappert T, Abraham WT, et al. Effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy on left ventricular size and function in chronic heart failure. Circulation. 2003; 107: 1985–1990.
7. Salukhe TV, Francis DP, Sutton R. Comparison of medical therapy, pacing and defibrillation in heart failure (COMPANION) trial terminated early: combined biventricular pacemaker-defibrillators reduce all-cause mortality and hospitalization. Int J Cardiol. 2003; 87: 119–120.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
8. Bradley DJ, Bradley EA, Baughman KL, et al. Cardiac resynchronization and death from progressive heart failure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2003; 289: 730–740.
9. Pitzalis MV, Iacoviello M, Romito R, et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy tailored by echocardiographic evaluation of ventricular asynchrony. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002; 40: 1615–1622.
10. Sogaard P, Egeblad H, Kim WY, et al. Tissue Doppler imaging predicts improved systolic performance and reversed left ventricular remodeling during long-term cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002; 40: 723–730.
11. Ansalone G, Giannantoni P, Ricci R, et al. Doppler myocardial imaging in patients with heart failure receiving biventricular pacing treatment. Am Heart J. 2001; 142: 881–896.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
12. Bax JJ, Molhoek SG, van Erven L, et al. Usefulness of myocardial tissue Doppler echocardiography to evaluate left ventricular dyssynchrony before and after biventricular pacing in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2003; 91: 94–97.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
13. Yu CM, Lin H, Fung WH, et al. Comparison of acute changes in left ventricular volume, systolic and diastolic functions, and intraventricular synchronicity after biventricular and right ventricular pacing for heart failure. Am Heart J. 2003; 145: e23-G1–G7.
14. Miyatake K, Yamagishi M, Tanaka N, et al. New method for evaluating left ventricular wall motion by color-coded tissue Doppler imaging: in vitro and in vivo studies. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995; 25: 717–724.[Abstract]
15. Yu CM, Wang Q, Lau CP, et al. Reversible impairment of left and right ventricular systolic and diastolic function during short-lasting atrial fibrillation in patients with an implantable atrial defibrillator: a tissue Doppler imaging study. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2001; 24: 979–988.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
16. Yu CM, Lin H, Zhang Q, et al. High prevalence of left ventricular systolic and diastolic asynchrony in patients with congestive heart failure and normal QRS duration. Heart. 2003; 89: 54–60.
17. Voigt JU, Arnold MF, Karlsson M, et al. Assessment of regional longitudinal myocardial strain rate derived from Doppler myocardial imaging indexes in normal and infarcted myocardium. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2000; 13: 588–598.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
18. Edvardsen T, Gerber BL, Garot J, et al. Quantitative assessment of intrinsic regional myocardial deformation by Doppler strain rate echocardiography in humans: validation against three-dimensional tagged magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation. 2002; 106: 50–56.
19. Fleming AD, McDicken WN, Sutherland GR, et al. Assessment of colour Doppler tissue imaging using test-phantoms. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1994; 20: 937–951.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
20. Stellbrink C, Breithardt OA, Franke A, et al. Impact of cardiac resynchronization therapy using hemodynamically optimized pacing on left ventricular remodeling in patients with congestive heart failure and ventricular conduction disturbances. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001; 38: 1957–1965.
21. Kass DA, Chen CH, Curry C, et al. Improved left ventricular mechanics from acute VDD pacing in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and ventricular conduction delay. Circulation. 1999; 99: 1567–1573.
22. Auricchio A, Stellbrink C, Sack S, et al. Long-term clinical effect of hemodynamically optimized cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with heart failure and ventricular conduction delay. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002; 39: 2026–2033.
23. Voigt JU, Lindenmeier G, Exner B, et al. Incidence and characteristics of segmental postsystolic longitudinal shortening in normal, acutely ischemic, and scarred myocardium. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2003; 16: 415–423.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
24. Popovic ZB, Grimm RA, Perlic G, et al. Noninvasive assessment of cardiac resynchronization therapy for congestive heart failure using myocardial strain and left ventricular peak power as parameters of myocardial synchrony and function. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2002; 13: 1203–1208.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
25. Sogaard P, Egeblad H, Pedersen AK, et al. Sequential versus simultaneous biventricular resynchronization for severe heart failure: evaluation by tissue Doppler imaging. Circulation. 2002; 106: 2078–2084.
26. Hosokawa H, Sheehan FH, Suzuki T. Measurement of postsystolic shortening to assess viability and predict recovery of left ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000; 35: 1842–1849.
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  N. R. Van de Veire, V. Delgado, J. D. Schuijf, E. E. van der Wall, M. J. Schalij, and J. J. Bax The role of non-invasive imaging in patient selection Europace, November 1, 2009; 11(suppl_5): v32 - v39. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. J. van Bommel, J. J. Bax, W. T. Abraham, E. S. Chung, L. A. Pires, L. Tavazzi, P. J. Zimetbaum, B. Gerritse, N. Kristiansen, and S. Ghio Characteristics of heart failure patients associated with good and poor response to cardiac resynchronization therapy: a PROSPECT (Predictors of Response to CRT) sub-analysis Eur. Heart J., October 2, 2009; 30(20): 2470 - 2477. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Jeilan, J. H. Tuan, and G. A. Ng Letter by Jeilan et al Regarding Article, "Longitudinal Strain Delay Index by Speckle Tracking Imaging: A New Marker of Response to Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy" Circulation, June 30, 2009; 119(25): e599 - e599. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G W-K Yip, Q Shang, L-S Tam, Q Zhang, E K-M Li, J W-H Fung, and C-M Yu Disease chronicity and activity predict subclinical left ventricular systolic dysfunction in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus Heart, June 15, 2009; 95(12): 980 - 987. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. J. Bax and J. Gorcsan III Echocardiography and noninvasive imaging in cardiac resynchronization therapy: results of the PROSPECT (Predictors of Response to Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy) study in perspective. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 26, 2009; 53(21): 1933 - 1943. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. M. Hawkins, M. C. Petrie, M. I. Burgess, and J. J.V. McMurray Selecting patients for cardiac resynchronization therapy: the fallacy of echocardiographic dyssynchrony. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 26, 2009; 53(21): 1944 - 1959. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. J. Buss, P. M. Humpert, R. Bekeredjian, S. E. Hardt, C. Zugck, D. Schellberg, A. Bauer, A. Filusch, H. Kuecherer, H. A. Katus, et al. Echocardiographic phase imaging to predict reverse remodeling after cardiac resynchronization therapy. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Img., May 1, 2009; 2(5): 535 - 543. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Mele, T. Toselli, F. Capasso, G. Stabile, M. Piacenti, M. Piepoli, S. Giatti, C. Klersy, L. Sallusti, and R. Ferrari Comparison of myocardial deformation and velocity dyssynchrony for identification of responders to cardiac resynchronization therapy Eur J Heart Fail, April 1, 2009; 11(4): 391 - 399. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q Zhang, J W-H Fung, J Y-S Chan, G Yip, Y-Y Lam, Y-J Liang, and C-M Yu Difference in long-term clinical outcome after cardiac resynchronisation therapy between ischaemic and non-ischaemic aetiologies of heart failure Heart, January 15, 2009; 95(2): 113 - 118. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Rocchi, M. Bertini, M. Biffi, M. Ziacchi, E. Biagini, I. Gallelli, C. Martignani, E. Cervi, M. Ferlito, C. Rapezzi, et al. Exercise stress echocardiography is superior to rest echocardiography in predicting left ventricular reverse remodelling and functional improvement after cardiac resynchronization therapy Eur. Heart J., January 1, 2009; 30(1): 89 - 97. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. D'Andrea, P. Caso, R. Scarafile, L. Riegler, G. Salerno, F. Castaldo, R. Gravino, R. Cocchia, L. Del Viscovo, G. Limongelli, et al. Effects of global longitudinal strain and total scar burden on response to cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy Eur J Heart Fail, January 1, 2009; 11(1): 58 - 67. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q. A. Truong, J. P. Singh, C. P. Cannon, A. Sarwar, K. Nasir, A. Auricchio, F. F. Faletra, A. Sorgente, C. Conca, T. Moccetti, et al. Quantitative Analysis of Intraventricular Dyssynchrony Using Wall Thickness by Multidetector Computed Tomography. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Img., November 1, 2008; 1(6): 772 - 781. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F Bauer, F Mghaieth, N Dervaux, E Donal, G Derumeaux, A Cribier, and J-P Bessou Preoperative tissue Doppler imaging differentiates beneficial from detrimental left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with surgical aortic stenosis. A postoperative morbidity study Heart, November 1, 2008; 94(11): 1440 - 1445. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. A. Marsan, O. A. Breithardt, V. Delgado, M. Bertini, and L. F. Tops Predicting response to CRT. The value of two- and three-dimensional echocardiography Europace, November 1, 2008; 10(suppl_3): iii73 - iii79. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Gorcsan III and M. S. Suffoletto The role of tissue Doppler and strain imaging in predicting response to CRT Europace, November 1, 2008; 10(suppl_3): iii80 - iii87. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T S Kato, H Izawa, K Komamura, A Noda, H Asano, K Nagata, S Hashimoto, N Oda, C Kamiya, H Kanzaki, et al. Heterogeneity of regional systolic function detected by tissue Doppler imaging is linked to impaired global left ventricular relaxation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Heart, October 1, 2008; 94(10): 1302 - 1306. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Lim, A. Buakhamsri, Z. B. Popovic, N. L. Greenberg, D. Patel, J. D. Thomas, and R. A. Grimm Longitudinal Strain Delay Index by Speckle Tracking Imaging: A New Marker of Response to Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Circulation, September 9, 2008; 118(11): 1130 - 1137. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Gorcsan III Is the magnet a better crystal ball for predicting response to cardiac resynchronization therapy? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Img., September 1, 2008; 1(5): 569 - 571. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Cleland, N. Freemantle, S. Ghio, F. Fruhwald, A. Shankar, M. Marijanowski, Y. Verboven, and L. Tavazzi Predicting the Long-Term Effects of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy on Mortality From Baseline Variables and the Early Response: A Report From the CARE-HF (Cardiac Resynchronization in Heart Failure) Trial J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 5, 2008; 52(6): 438 - 445. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S-A Chang, H-K Kim, H-Y Lee, S-Y Choi, B-K Koo, Y-J Kim, D-W Sohn, B-H Oh, Y-B Park, Y-S Choi, et al. Restoration of left ventricular synchronous contraction after acute myocardial infarction by stem cell therapy: new insights into the therapeutic implication of stem cell therapy for acute myocardial infarction Heart, August 1, 2008; 94(8): 995 - 1001. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. H. Lim, G. Y.H. Lip, and J. E. Sanderson Ventricular optimization of biventricular pacing: a systematic review Europace, August 1, 2008; 10(8): 901 - 906. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M Marciniak, B Bijnens, A Baltabaeva, A Marciniak, C Parsai, P Claus, and G R Sutherland Interventricular interaction as a possible mechanism for the presence of a biphasic systolic velocity profile in normal left ventricular free walls Heart, August 1, 2008; 94(8): 1058 - 1064. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Miyazaki, G. Lin, B. D. Powell, R. E. Espinosa, C. J. Bruce, F. A. Miller Jr, B. L. Karon, R. F. Rea, D. L. Hayes, and J. K. Oh Strain Dyssynchrony Index Correlates With Improvement in Left Ventricular Volume After Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Better Than Tissue Velocity Dyssynchrony Indexes Circ Cardiovasc Imaging, July 1, 2008; 1(1): 14 - 22. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. K. Friedberg, S. L. Roche, A. F. Mohammed, M. Balasingam, E. G. Atenafu, and P. F. Kantor Left Ventricular Diastolic Mechanical Dyssynchrony and Associated Clinical Outcomes in Children With Dilated Cardiomyopathy Circ Cardiovasc Imaging, July 1, 2008; 1(1): 50 - 57. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Abraham and T. P. Abraham Is echocardiographic assessment of dyssynchrony useful to select candidates for cardiac resynchronization therapy?: Echocardiography Is Useful Before Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy if QRS Duration Is Available Circ Cardiovasc Imaging, July 1, 2008; 1(1): 79 - 85. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. H.M. Jansen, F. Bracke, J. m. van Dantzig, K. H. Peels, J. C. Post, H. C.M. van den Bosch, B. van Gelder, A. Meijer, H. H.M. Korsten, J. de Vries, et al. The influence of myocardial scar and dyssynchrony on reverse remodeling in cardiac resynchronization therapy Eur J Echocardiogr, July 1, 2008; 9(4): 483 - 488. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. S. Chung, A. R. Leon, L. Tavazzi, J.-P. Sun, P. Nihoyannopoulos, J. Merlino, W. T. Abraham, S. Ghio, C. Leclercq, J. J. Bax, et al. Results of the Predictors of Response to CRT (PROSPECT) Trial Circulation, May 20, 2008; 117(20): 2608 - 2616. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Miyazaki, B. D. Powell, C. J. Bruce, R. E. Espinosa, M. M. Redfield, F. A. Miller, D. L. Hayes, Y.-M. Cha, and J. K. Oh Comparison of Echocardiographic Dyssynchrony Assessment by Tissue Velocity and Strain Imaging in Subjects With or Without Systolic Dysfunction and With or Without Left Bundle-Branch Block Circulation, May 20, 2008; 117(20): 2617 - 2625. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. J. Anderson, C. Miyazaki, G. R. Sutherland, and J. K. Oh Patient Selection and Echocardiographic Assessment of Dyssynchrony in Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Circulation, April 15, 2008; 117(15): 2009 - 2023. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Chattopadhyay, M. F. Alamgir, N. P. Nikitin, A. G. Fraser, A. L. Clark, and J. G.F. Cleland The effect of pharmacological stress on intraventricular dyssynchrony in left ventricular systolic dysfunction Eur J Heart Fail, April 1, 2008; 10(4): 412 - 420. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. W.L. De Boeck, M. Meine, G. E. Leenders, A. J. Teske, H. van Wessel, J. H. Kirkels, F. W. Prinzen, P. A. Doevendans, and M. J. Cramer Practical and conceptual limitations of tissue Doppler imaging to predict reverse remodelling in cardiac resynchronisation therapy Eur J Heart Fail, March 1, 2008; 10(3): 281 - 290. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. van Dijk, P. Knaapen, I.K. Russel, T. Hendriks, C.P. Allaart, C.C. de Cock, and O. Kamp Mechanical dyssynchrony by 3D echo correlates with acute haemodynamic response to biventricular pacing in heart failure patients Europace, January 1, 2008; 10(1): 63 - 68. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. van Dijk, P. A. Dijkmans, M. J.W. Gotte, M. D. Spreeuwenberg, C. A. Visser, and O. Kamp Evaluation of global left ventricular function and mechanical dyssynchrony in patients with an asymptomatic left bundle branch block: a real-time 3D echocardiography study Eur J Echocardiogr, January 1, 2008; 9(1): 40 - 46. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Leclercq, G. B. Bleeker, C. Linde, E. Donal, J. J. Bax, M. J. Schalij, and C. Daubert Cardiac resynchronization therapy: clinical results and evolution of candidate selection Eur. Heart J. Suppl., December 1, 2007; 9(suppl_I): I94 - I106. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. P. Abraham, V. L. Dimaano, and H.-Y. Liang Role of Tissue Doppler and Strain Echocardiography in Current Clinical Practice Circulation, November 27, 2007; 116(22): 2597 - 2609. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. D'Andrea, P. Caso, S. Romano, R. Scarafile, L. Riegler, G. Salerno, G. Limongelli, G. Di Salvo, P. Calabro, L. Del Viscovo, et al. Different effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on left atrial function in patients with either idiopathic or ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy: a two-dimensional speckle strain study Eur. Heart J., November 2, 2007; 28(22): 2738 - 2748. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Yoshida, Y. Seo, H. Yamasaki, K. Tanoue, N. Murakoshi, T. Ishizu, Y. Sekiguchi, S. Kawano, S. Otsuka, S. Watanabe, et al. Effect of triangle ventricular pacing on haemodynamics and dyssynchrony in patients with advanced heart failure: a comparison study with conventional bi-ventricular pacing therapy Eur. Heart J., November 1, 2007; 28(21): 2610 - 2619. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. B Bleeker, C.-M. Yu, P. Nihoyannopoulos, J. de Sutter, N. Van de Veire, E. R Holman, M. J Schalij, E. E van der Wall, and J. J Bax Optimal use of echocardiography in cardiac resynchronisation therapy Heart, November 1, 2007; 93(11): 1339 - 1350. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Johnson, H. K. Kim, M. Tanabe, J. Gorcsan, D. Schwartzman, S. G. Shroff, and M. R. Pinsky Differential effects of left ventricular pacing sites in an acute canine model of contraction dyssynchrony Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2007; 293(5): H3046 - H3055. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Gorcsan III, M. Tanabe, G. B. Bleeker, M. S. Suffoletto, N. C. Thomas, S. Saba, L. F. Tops, M. J. Schalij, and J. J. Bax Combined Longitudinal and Radial Dyssynchrony Predicts Ventricular Response After Resynchronization Therapy J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 9, 2007; 50(15): 1476 - 1483. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Vitarelli, P. Franciosa, and S. Rosanio Tissue Doppler Imaging in the assessment of selection and response from cardiac resynchronization therapy Eur J Echocardiogr, October 1, 2007; 8(5): 309 - 316. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Sirker, M. Thomas, S. Baker, J. Shrimpton, S. Jewell, L. Lee, R. Rankin, V. Griffiths, N. Cooter, R. James, et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy: left or left-and-right for optimal symptomatic effect the LOLA ROSE study Europace, October 1, 2007; 9(10): 862 - 868. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Authors/Task Force Members, P. E. Vardas, A. Auricchio, J.-J. Blanc, J.-C. Daubert, H. Drexler, H. Ector, M. Gasparini, C. Linde, F. B. Morgado, et al. Guidelines for cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy: The Task Force for Cardiac Pacing and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in Collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association Europace, October 1, 2007; 9(10): 959 - 998. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. I Burgess, C. Jenkins, J. Chan, and T. H Marwick Measurement of left ventricular dyssynchrony in patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy: a comparison of real-time three-dimensional and tissue Doppler echocardiography Heart, October 1, 2007; 93(10): 1191 - 1196. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. A. Kass Highlighting the R in CRT Circulation, September 25, 2007; 116(13): 1434 - 1436. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. B. Bleeker, S. A. Mollema, E. R. Holman, N. Van De Veire, C. Ypenburg, E. Boersma, E. E. van der Wall, M. J. Schalij, and J. J. Bax Left Ventricular Resynchronization Is Mandatory for Response to Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: Analysis in Patients With Echocardiographic Evidence of Left Ventricular Dyssynchrony at Baseline Circulation, September 25, 2007; 116(13): 1440 - 1448. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Authors/Task Force Members, P. E. Vardas, A. Auricchio, J.-J. Blanc, J.-C. Daubert, H. Drexler, H. Ector, M. Gasparini, C. Linde, F. B. Morgado, et al. Guidelines for cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy: The Task Force for Cardiac Pacing and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in Collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association Eur. Heart J., September 2, 2007; 28(18): 2256 - 2295. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Madaric, M. Vanderheyden, C. Van Laethem, K. Verhamme, A. Feys, M. Goethals, S. Verstreken, P. Geelen, M. Penicka, B. De Bruyne, et al. Early and late effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on exercise-induced mitral regurgitation: relationship with left ventricular dyssynchrony, remodelling and cardiopulmonary performance Eur. Heart J., September 1, 2007; 28(17): 2134 - 2141. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Lim, C. Bars, L. Mitchell-Heggs, C. Roiron, N. Elbaz, B. Hamdaoui, N. Lellouche, J.-L. Dubois-Rande, and P. Gueret Importance of contractile reserve for CRT Europace, September 1, 2007; 9(9): 739 - 743. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Lenarczyk, O. Kowalski, T. Kukulski, M. Szulik, P. Pruszkowska-Skrzep, T. Zielinska, J. Kowalczyk, S. Pluta, A. Duszanska, B. Sredniawa, et al. Triple-site biventricular pacing in patients undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy: a feasibility study Europace, September 1, 2007; 9(9): 762 - 767. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C.-M. Yu, F. Fang, Q. Zhang, G. W.K. Yip, C. M. Li, J. Y.-S. Chan, L. Wu, and J. W.-H. Fung Improvement of Atrial Function and Atrial Reverse Remodeling After Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy for Heart Failure J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 21, 2007; 50(8): 778 - 785. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. K.Y. Chan, J. E. Sanderson, T. Wang, W. Lam, G. Yip, M. Wang, Y.-Y. Lam, Y. Zhang, L. Yeung, E. B. Wu, et al. Aldosterone Receptor Antagonism Induces Reverse Remodeling When Added to Angiotensin Receptor Blockade in Chronic Heart Failure J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 14, 2007; 50(7): 591 - 596. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
U. Wisloff, A. Stoylen, J. P. Loennechen, M. Bruvold, O. Rognmo, P. M. Haram, A. E. Tjonna, J. Helgerud, S. A. Slordahl, S. J. Lee, et al. Superior Cardiovascular Effect of Aerobic Interval Training Versus Moderate Continuous Training in Heart Failure Patients: A Randomized Study Circulation, June 19, 2007; 115(24): 3086 - 3094. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C.-M. Yu, J. E. Sanderson, T. H. Marwick, and J. K. Oh Tissue Doppler Imaging: A New Prognosticator for Cardiovascular Diseases J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 15, 2007; 49(19): 1903 - 1914. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. D'Andrea, P. Caso, S. Cuomo, R. Scarafile, G. Salerno, G. Limongelli, G. Di Salvo, S. Severino, L. Ascione, P. Calabro, et al. Effect of dynamic myocardial dyssynchrony on mitral regurgitation during supine bicycle exercise stress echocardiography in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and 'narrow' QRS Eur. Heart J., April 2, 2007; 28(8): 1004 - 1011. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. W H Fung, J. Y S Chan, G. W K Yip, H. C K Chan, W. W L Chan, Q. Zhang, and C.-M. Yu Effect of left ventricular endocardial activation pattern on echocardiographic and clinical response to cardiac resynchronization therapy Heart, April 1, 2007; 93(4): 432 - 437. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.K. Oh Echocardiography in heart failure: Beyond diagnosis Eur J Echocardiogr, January 1, 2007; 8(1): 4 - 14. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. White, R. Yee, X. Yuan, A. Krahn, A. Skanes, M. Parker, G. Klein, and M. Drangova Delayed Enhancement Magnetic Resonance Imaging Predicts Response to Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Patients With Intraventricular Dyssynchrony J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 21, 2006; 48(10): 1953 - 1960. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C.-M. Yu, Q. Zhang, G. W.K. Yip, P.-W. Lee, L. C.C. Kum, Y.-Y. Lam, and J. W.-H. Fung Diastolic and Systolic Asynchrony in Patients With Diastolic Heart Failure: A Common but Ignored Condition J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 31, 2006; (2006) j.jacc.2006.10.022v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. E. Sanderson Systolic and Diastolic Ventricular Dyssynchrony in Systolic and Diastolic Heart Failure J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 31, 2006; (2006) j.jacc.2006.10.024v1. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. E. Sanderson Assessment of ventricular dyssynchrony: global or regional function? Eur. Heart J., October 2, 2006; 27(20): 2380 - 2381. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. C. Stecker, M. Zargarian, V. Dogra, B. T. John, J. Kron, J. H. McAnulty, and S. S. Chugh Native QRS duration predicts the occurrence of arrhythmic events in ICD recipients Europace, October 1, 2006; 8(10): 859 - 862. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C-M Yu, Q Zhang, Y-S Chan, C-K Chan, G W K Yip, L C C Kum, E B Wu, P-W Lee, Y-Y Lam, S Chan, et al. Tissue Doppler velocity is superior to displacement and strain mapping in predicting left ventricular reverse remodelling response after cardiac resynchronisation therapy Heart, October 1, 2006; 92(10): 1452 - 1456. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Lafitte, P. Bordachar, M. Lafitte, S. Garrigue, S. Reuter, P. Reant, K. Serri, V. Lebouffos, M. Berrhouet, P. Jais, et al. Dynamic Ventricular Dyssynchrony: An Exercise-Echocardiography Study J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 6, 2006; 47(11): 2253 - 2259. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q. Zhang, J. W.-H. Fung, A. Auricchio, J. Y.-S. Chan, L. C.C. Kum, L. W. Wu, and C.-M. Yu Differential change in left ventricular mass and regional wall thickness after cardiac resynchronization therapy for heart failure Eur. Heart J., June 2, 2006; 27(12): 1423 - 1430. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. M. Hawkins, M. C. Petrie, M. R. MacDonald, K. J. Hogg, and J. J.V. McMurray Selecting patients for cardiac resynchronization therapy: electrical or mechanical dyssynchrony? Eur. Heart J., June 1, 2006; 27(11): 1270 - 1281. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Mele, G. Pasanisi, F. Capasso, A. De Simone, M.-A. Morales, D. Poggio, A. Capucci, G. Tabacchi, L. Sallusti, and R. Ferrari Left intraventricular myocardial deformation dyssynchrony identifies responders to cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with heart failure Eur. Heart J., May 1, 2006; 27(9): 1070 - 1078. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. H. Marwick Measurement of Strain and Strain Rate by Echocardiography: Ready for Prime Time? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 4, 2006; 47(7): 1313 - 1327. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G B Bleeker, P Steendijk, E R Holman, C-M Yu, O A Breithardt, T A M Kaandorp, M J Schalij, E E van der Wall, P Nihoyannopoulos, and J J Bax Assessing right ventricular function: the role of echocardiography and complementary technologies Heart, April 1, 2006; 92(suppl_1): i19 - i26. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Y. Ho and S. D. Solomon A Clinician's Guide to Tissue Doppler Imaging Circulation, March 14, 2006; 113(10): e396 - e398. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. A Flachskampf and J.-U. Voigt Echocardiographic methods to select candidates for cardiac resynchronisation therapy. Heart, March 1, 2006; 92(3): 424 - 429. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. B. Bleeker, T. A.M. Kaandorp, H. J. Lamb, E. Boersma, P. Steendijk, A. de Roos, E. E. van der Wall, M. J. Schalij, and J. J. Bax Effect of Posterolateral Scar Tissue on Clinical and Echocardiographic Improvement After Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Circulation, February 21, 2006; 113(7): 969 - 976. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. S. Suffoletto, K. Dohi, M. Cannesson, S. Saba, and J. Gorcsan III Novel Speckle-Tracking Radial Strain From Routine Black-and-White Echocardiographic Images to Quantify Dyssynchrony and Predict Response to Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Circulation, February 21, 2006; 113(7): 960 - 968. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S Ellery, L Williams, and M Frenneaux Role of resynchronisation therapy and implantable cardioverter defibrillators in heart failure Postgrad. Med. J., January 1, 2006; 82(963): 16 - 23. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. J. Bax, T. Abraham, S. S. Barold, O. A. Breithardt, J. W.H. Fung, S. Garrigue, J. Gorcsan III, D. L. Hayes, D. A. Kass, J. Knuuti, et al. Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: Part 1--Issues Before Device Implantation J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., December 20, 2005; 46(12): 2153 - 2167. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. M. Marcus, E. Rose, E. M. Viloria, J. Schafer, T. De Marco, L. A. Saxon, E. Foster, and for the VENTAK CHF/CONTAK-CD Biventricular Pacing Septal to Posterior Wall Motion Delay Fails to Predict Reverse Remodeling or Clinical Improvement in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., December 20, 2005; 46(12): 2208 - 2214. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. J.M. Zwanenburg, M. J.W. Gotte, J. T. Marcus, J. P.A. Kuijer, P. Knaapen, R. M. Heethaar, and A. C. van Rossum Propagation of Onset and PeakTime of Myocardial Shortening in Time of Myocardial Shortening in Ischemic Versus Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy: Assessment by Magnetic Resonance Imaging Myocardial Tagging J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., December 20, 2005; 46(12): 2215 - 2222. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Fukuda, R. Grimm, J.-M. Song, T. Kihara, M. Daimon, D. A. Agler, B. L. Wilkoff, A. Natale, J. D. Thomas, and T. Shiota Electrical Conduction Disturbance Effects on Dynamic Changes of Functional Mitral Regurgitation J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., December 20, 2005; 46(12): 2270 - 2276. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||