Published online before print April 5, 2004, doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000124225.43852.50
(Circulation. 2004;109:1783-1788.)
© 2004 American Heart Association, Inc.
Basic Science Reports |
KCNE2 Protein Is Expressed in Ventricles of Different Species, and Changes in Its Expression Contribute to Electrical Remodeling in Diseased Hearts
From the Departments of Physiology and Cardiology/Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (M.J., M.Z., H.F.C., J.L., G.-N.T.); the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond (D.G.T., D.H., V.K.); the Medical Faculty, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany (E.W.); and the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind (A.L.P.).
Correspondence to Gea-Ny Tseng, PhD, Department of Physiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 E Marshall St, Richmond, VA 23298. E-mail gtseng{at}hsc.vcu.edu
Received June 24, 2003; de novo received November 18, 2003; accepted December 22, 2003.
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Abstract |
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Background— Mutations in KCNE2 have been linked to long-QT syndrome (LQT6), yet KCNE2 protein expression in the ventricle and its functional role in native channels are not clear.
Methods and Results— We detected KCNE2 protein in human, dog, and rat ventricles in Western blot experiments. Immunocytochemistry confirmed KCNE2 protein expression in ventricular myocytes. To explore the functional role of KCNE2, we studied how its expression was altered in 2 models of cardiac pathology and whether these alterations could help explain observed changes in the function of native channels, for which KCNE2 is a putative auxiliary (ß) subunit. In canine ventricle injured by coronary microembolizations, the rapid delayed rectifier current (IKr) density was increased. Although the protein level of ERG (IKr pore-forming, 
, subunit) was not altered, the KCNE2 protein level was markedly reduced. These data are consistent with the effect of heterologously expressed KCNE2 on ERG and suggest that in canine ventricle, KCNE2 may associate with ERG and suppress its current amplitude. In aging rat ventricle, the pacemaker current (If) density was increased. There was a significant increase in the KCNE2 protein level, whereas changes in the -subunit (HCN2) were not significant. These data are consistent with the effect of heterologously expressed KCNE2 on HCN2 and suggest that in aging rat ventricle, KCNE2 may associate with HCN2 and enhance its current amplitude.
Conclusions— KCNE2 protein is expressed in ventricles, and it can play diverse roles in ventricular electrical activity under (patho)physiological conditions.
Key Words: ion channels • electrophysiology • hypertrophy
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Introduction |
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The KCNE gene family encodes small proteins (103 to 170 amino acids) with 1 transmembrane domain.1 They function as ß-subunits of voltage-gated cation channels by associating with
-subunits and modulating their properties.2–7 Heterologously expressed KCNE1–KCNE3 can interact with multiple target -subunits.2–5,8–11 Conversely, some -subunits can interact with multiple KCNE subunits.2,6,7,9,11 Therefore, the relationships between KCNE and -subunits are complicated.
Among the KCNE subunits, KCNE2 seems to be the most promiscuous one. Heterologously expressed KCNE2 can associate with ERG (IKr -subunit),3 Kv4.x (x=2 or 3)4 and Kv3.4 (M. Pourrier, PhD, et al, unpublished data, 2002) (transient outward or Ito -subunit), KCNQ1 (slow delayed or IKs -subunit9; M. Zhang, PhD, et al, unpublished data, 2003), and HCNx (x=1 or 2, If -subunits).10 The importance of KCNE2 in maintaining the ventricular electrical stability is suggested by the linkage between inherited mutations or a polymorphism in KCNE2 and sporadic or acquired long-QT syndrome (LQT6).3,12
Investigators studying the role of KCNE2 in ventricular repolarization and arrhythmogenic mechanism(s) of LQT6 face two problems. First, expression of KCNE2 protein in the ventricle has not been established.13 Second, so far, all the experiments studying the functional roles of KCNE2 have been conducted in heterologous expression systems. The exact role of KNCE2 in native channels in the heart requires confirmation.
Here, we first show that 2 antibodies (Abs) (targeting 2 regions of KCNE2 sequence highly homologous among species [Data Supplement, Figure I-C]) can readily detect KCNE2 protein in ventricles of human, dog, and rat. We then describe changes in the protein level of KCNE2 and its putative target -subunits in 2 animal models of cardiac pathology. The observations suggest that KCNE2 is involved in native channel function and that changes in its expression may contribute to electrical remodeling in cardiac pathology.
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Methods |
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Human and Animal Subjects
Human and animal protocols were reviewed and approved by Institutional Review Board and the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Virginia Commonwealth University, respectively. All patients gave informed consent. Human specimens were taken from explanted end-stage failing hearts (HF) or healthy donor hearts not suitable for transplantation (NF). A canine model of coronary microembolizations was produced using male mongrels as described previously.14 Male Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats were purchased from Harlan (Indianapolis, Ind).
Western Blot Experiments
Membrane fractions were prepared from ventricular myocardium as described previously.15 In vitro translation of human KCNE2 isoform (hKCNE2) was performed using a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system with canine pancreatic microsomes and 35S-labeled methionine according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Promega). Proteins were fractionated by SDS-PAGE. After fractionation, proteins were blotted onto a PVDF membrane. Residual proteins in the gel were stained with Coomassie blue (CB) and used for correction of loading variation. The PVDF membrane was probed with a primary Ab, and immunoreactivity was visualized with an ECL detection kit (Amersham). Images were acquired and analyzed with ChemiImager and related software (-Innotech).
Immunocytochemistry
COS-7 cells were transfected with c-myc–tagged hKCNE2. One day after transfection, cells were fixed by 4% paraformaldehyde and permeabilized with 0.2% Triton X-100. Cells were incubated with mouse anti–c-myc monoclonal Ab (mAb) and rabbit anti-KCNE2 polyclonal Ab (Ab1) simultaneously. Immunoreactivity was detected by labeling cells simultaneously with 2 secondary Abs: Alexa 488–conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG and Alexa 568–conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (Molecular Probes). Canine ventricular myocytes were processed similarly but probed with Ab1 and anti-rabbit secondary Ab only. Immunofluorescence was viewed with a confocal laser scanning microscope (Olympus, Fluoview FV300).
Immunoprecipitation
Membrane proteins were prepared as described above. Protein preparations (300 µg each) were precleared by incubating with washed Protein-G beads (Pierce) at 4°C for 1 hour. The beads were removed by centrifugation, and the precleared protein preparations were incubated with KCNE2 Ab2 (50-fold dilution) at 4°C for 1 hour. The mix was then incubated with Protein-G beads (coated with 1% BSA overnight and then washed) on a rotation platform at 4°C for 1 hour, followed by centrifugation. The supernatant fractions were dried, boiled in SDS sample buffer, and loaded in the "Sup" lanes (see Figure 5). The beads were washed, and bound proteins were eluted by boiling in SDS sample buffer and loaded in the "IP" lanes. For comparison, the original protein preparations were loaded in the "Tot" lane (60 µg/lane).
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28-kDa band in Tot and IP lanes most likely equivalent to 25-kDa band seen in 14% homogeneous gel in
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Ab Production and Sources
The following Abs were used: KCNE2 Ab1 (raised against a peptide corresponding to the hKCNE2 sequence shown in Figure I-C), ERG (anti-C),16 KCNE2 Ab2 and HCN2 (Alomone), and c-myc mAb (Oncogene).
Single-Cell Preparation and Patch-Clamp Experiments
Single myocytes were isolated from the midmyocardial region of canine left ventricle (LV).17 Whole-cell currents were recorded with AxoPatch 200 (Axon Instruments). Data acquisition/analysis was performed with pClamp suite software as described previously.17
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Results |
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Ab1 Detected Core and Glycosylated KCNE2 Proteins in Western Blot Experiments
We tested Ab1 in Western blots of in vitro translated, 35S-methione–labeled, hKCNE2 protein. The radioactivity served as an independent test for the band size(s) of translation products. Translation primed by hKCNE2 cRNA generated 3 radioactive bands at 25, 20, and 15-kDa (Figure 1A, bottom). There was no radioactive band if cRNA was omitted (–cRNA). Therefore, all 3 bands in the "+cRNA" lane derived from newly translated hKCNE2 proteins. The corresponding immunoblot (Figure 1A, top) shows that in the +cRNA lane, Ab1 could recognize 3 strong bands of the same sizes as seen in the autoradiogram. Similar observations were obtained in 5 other experiments.
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The expected size of core hKCNE2 is 15 kDa. There are 2 consensus N-glycosylation sites: N6 and N29. Therefore, the banding pattern in Figure 1A suggested that in vitro translation of hKCNE2 under our experimental conditions yielded the core (15-kDa), singly glycosylated (20-kDa), and doubly glycosylated (25-kDa) forms. Indeed, treatment with N-glycosidase F collapsed the 25- and 20-kDa bands into the 15-kDa band (Figure 1B; similar observations in another experiment).
Ab1 also detected a 20-kDa band in the –cRNA lane (Figure 1A, top). This is probably dog KCNE2 protein from the canine pancreatic microsomes present in the translation reaction, because (1) KCNE2 transcript has been detected in pancreas,18 (2) a 20-kDa band was consistently detected by both KCNE2 Abs (Ab1 and Ab2) in membrane proteins from dog hearts (Figures 1D and 2A; see also Figures 4A and 5
), and (3) after N-glycosidase F treatment, this band was not detectable, consistent with the notion that it too was collapsed by the enzyme into a smaller band (Figure 1B).
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Ab1 Detected Native KCNE2 Proteins in Ventricles
In membrane fractions from human, dog, and rat LV, Ab1 could detect protein bands with sizes suggestive of the expression of differentially glycosylated KCNE2 isoforms: 25 kDa in human and rat (with a 20- or 15-kDa band in some but not all human samples) and 20 kDa in dog (Figure 1, C through E). To verify these observations, we used an independent Ab (Ab2) that should also recognize KCNE2 isoforms from all 3 species (Figure I-C in the Data Supplement).
Ab2 Detected the Same Major Bands in Native Proteins as Ab1
Figure 2A shows that indeed, Ab2 detected a major 25-kDa band in rat LV and a major 20-kDa band in dog LV. Both bands were abolished if Ab2 was preincubated with excess Ag (Figure 2A, right). Figure 2B shows that Ab2 could detect a strong 25-kDa band in membrane fraction from human LV of 2 nonfailing and 2 failing hearts (different hearts than those used in Figure 1C). Therefore, Ab1 and Ab2 generated similar banding patterns in membrane proteins from human, dog, and rat hearts. Neither Ab1 nor Ab2 cross-reacted with KCNE1 protein (Figure II in the Data Supplement).
Ab1 Detected KCNE2 Protein in Canine Ventricular Myocytes
Ventricular myocardium contained both myocyte and nonmyocyte elements. To test whether KCNE2 protein is indeed expressed in the myocytes, we applied immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy to myocytes isolated from canine LV. The suitability of Ab1 in this type of experiment was confirmed by data presented in Figure 3A. COS-7 cells were transfected with an hKCNE2 construct that had an extracellular c-myc tag inserted between amino acids 19 and 20. The c-myc tag did not interfere with trafficking of hKCNE2 within cells or its interaction with target -subunits in cell membrane.4 Therefore, it served as an independent test for the expression and localization of hKCNE2 protein. The left and right panels of Figure 3A show immunofluorescence signals from the same field of confluent COS-7 cells originating from c-myc mAb and from Ab1, respectively. The two had very similar distribution patterns (superposition in the right panel), indicating that Ab1 could specifically detect KCNE2 in immunocytochemistry.
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Figure 3B shows that Ab1 generated clear immunofluorescence signals in a canine ventricular myocyte. Similar observations were obtained from 6 cells from 2 animals. If Ab1 was omitted from the incubation buffer, only autofluorescence was detected using a strong laser intensity (Figure 3B, right). Ab1 immunofluorescence in canine ventricular myocytes had a preferential cell surface localization, with some clustering in the t-tubules. This pattern of subcellular distribution appears to be similar to that described for ERG16 and Kv4.3.19
We then studied whether there are changes in the KCNE2 protein level, alone or with target -subunits, in the ventricle under pathological conditions and whether these changes could explain changes in the function of putative target channels (on the basis of heterologous expression experiments, Figure I-B). We used Ab2 because it gave stronger and cleaner bands than Ab1.
KCNE2 Downregulation Accompanied an Increase in IKr in Microembolized Canine Ventricle
A canine model of ischemic cardiomyopathy was produced by repetitive coronary microembolizations. Three months after the last microembolization (LV ejection fraction dropped from 60±5% to 28±7%), hearts were harvested (n=5). In all hearts, there was a widespread microinfarction in the anterior and lateral wall of LV as well as in the apex. Midmyocardial myocytes were isolated from the affected regions of LV free wall and subjected to patch-clamp recordings. There was severe cellular hypertrophy (cell capacitance increased from 188±9 to 258±8 pF, n=67 and 72, respectively, P<0.001). Action potential duration was prolonged (33°C with 1 Hz stimulation, action potential duration measured when repolarization reached –60 mV prolonged from 424±17 to 538±20 ms, n=27 and 38, respectively, P<0.001). This was accompanied by a decrease in 3 repolarizing currents: Ito, IKs, and inward rectifier (M. Jiang et al, unpublished data, 2003). However, IKr (when detectable as a dofetilide-sensitive time-dependent outward current at –20 mV) had a higher current density in myocytes from microembolized hearts than in control myocytes (0.57±0.11 versus 0.25±0.04 pA/pF, n=11 and 7, respectively, P<0.05, Figure 4B). There was no significant difference in IKr gating kinetics between these 2 groups of myocytes (Figure III in the Data Supplement).
It has been suggested that KCNE2 associates with ERG to form native IKr channels in the heart.3 Indeed, ERG protein could be coimmunoprecipitated with KCNE2 using Ab2 from membrane proteins prepared from both control and microembolized ventricles (Figure 5). We used Western blots to quantify the protein level of KCNE2 and ERG in membrane proteins from the LV apical region of microembolized hearts as well as control hearts (n=4 and 5, respectively). Figure 4A shows that the average level of ERG protein was not altered in microembolized hearts, whereas the KCNE2 protein was markedly reduced.
KNCE2 Upregulation Accompanied an Increase in Pacemaker Current in Aging Rat Ventricle
It has been well documented that If density is increased in LV myocytes from aging (18- to 24-month-old) versus young (2- to 4-month-old) WKY and SHR rats.20 Between aging WKY and SHR ventricles, If density is higher in the latter.20 The increase in If density is not accompanied by any change in the voltage-dependence of activation, ruling out an age-related change in cAMP modulation of If channels as a possible cause. The main -subunit of If channels in ventricular myocardium is HCN2.21 It has been shown that KCNE2 can associate with HCN2 in oocytes and increase its current amplitude without altering the voltage-dependence of activation.10 However, it is not clear whether KCNE2 plays any role in the increase in If density in aging WKY and SHR ventricles. We used Western blots to quantify the protein level of KCNE2 and HCN2 in membrane fractions prepared from the right ventricles of WKY and SHR rats of 3 age groups: young (4 to 5 months), middle-aged (9 to 11 months), and old (18 to 22 months).
The KCNE2 protein level showed a clear age-related increase in SHR ventricles (P<0.05, old versus young or middle-aged). A similar trend was seen in WKY, but the change was not statistically significant. Compared between WKY and SHR, the KCNE2 protein level appeared to be lower in SHR in the young and middle-aged groups (when there was only mild hypertrophy in SHR versus WKY, Figure 6C) but not in the old-age group (when SHR animals began to develop severe hypertrophy, Figure 6C).
The predicted size of rat HCN2 protein is 97 kDa. The HCN2 Ab consistently detected a single 67-kDa band in rat ventricles. The signal could be greatly attenuated if the Ab was preincubated with excess Ag (data not shown). Similar findings were reported for HCN2 Western blots in canine ventricles.19 It is possible that the 67-kDa band reflected a splice variant of HCN2 in the heart, or it could represent the major proteolytic product of HCN2 protein in the membrane protein preparations despite the inclusion of protease inhibitor cocktail in the buffers. The average Western blot data (Figure 6B, bottom) suggested that the HCN2 protein in both WKY and SHR ventricles showed a similar biphasic change as the animals aged: HCN2 protein appeared to decrease from young to middle age but appeared to increase again in the old animals. Probably because of the biphasic age-related change, the HCN2 protein level in the old WKY and SHR ventricles showed marked variations: Of 4 Western blots, 2 showed a marked increase in the old age group (one shown in Figure 6A), whereas 2 others showed a modest decrease. Therefore, the HCN2 protein levels in the old animals did not reach statistically significant changes either between WKY and SHR or when compared with other age groups.
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Discussion |
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Our major findings can be summarized as follows: (1) KCNE2 protein is readily detectable in the ventricles of human, dog, and rat. Both Ab1 and Ab2 recognized a major 25-kDa band in human and rat ventricles and a major 20-kDa band in dog ventricle that might represent doubly and singly glycosylated KCNE2 isoforms, respectively. (2) KCNE2 protein was detected in canine ventricular myocytes, and its subcellular distribution appeared to be similar to that of ERG and Kv4.3, 2 of its putative target
-subunits. (3) KCNE2 protein level was markedly reduced in microembolized canine ventricles but increased in aging rat ventricles. Data shown in Figure 4 are consistent with the notion that in LV myocytes from normal canine hearts, many or most of the ERG channels are associated with KCNE2, which exerts a suppressing effect on the IKr current amplitude. After microembolizations, the KCNE2 protein is severely downregulated. This might relieve the ERG channels of the suppressing effect of KCNE2, leading to an increase in the IKr current density. However, the molecular mechanism of KCNE2–ERG interaction is not entirely clear, and KCNE2 might also interact with Ito4 and IKs (M. Zhang et al, unpublished data, 2003) in the canine ventricle. Therefore, the impact of changes in the KCNE2 protein level on ventricular repolarization and risk for arrhythmias in diseased heart is complicated and requires further investigation.
Figure 6 shows that in SHR ventricles from aging versus young or middle-aged animals, there was a significant increase in the KCNE2 protein level, whereas changes in the HCN2 protein level were variable and not statistically significant. These observations are consistent with the notion that KCNE2 can associate with HCN2 in aging rat ventricle and increase its current amplitude. The role of HCN2 requires further investigation but may contribute to the more pronounced increase in If in aging SHR versus WKY.
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Acknowledgments |
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This study was supported by grants HL-67840 (Dr Tseng) and HL-65435 (Dr Clemo) from National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health and HPMD-CT-2001-00119 (Dr Wettwer) from the European Union.
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Footnotes |
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Figures I through IV are available in the Data Supplement provided with the online-only version of this article at http://www.circulationaha.org.
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References |
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